When I was first introduced to expanding Earth theory was over a decade ago... a young co-worker was pushing it and when I argued against him he simply rebuted with arguments against flat earth... turns out he grew up in a house where they pushed flat earth and yeah expanding earth makes more sense... I blew his mind when I explained plate tectonics
@@suruxstrawde8322 was he? Unless i misunderstood OP, the guy was a believer in expanding earth even though his household pushed for flat earth. Even if he was still wrong about how earth is, that to me is a sign of open mindedness and not of brainwashing
@@rainbowsorceress2082 Both can exist simultaneously, to be brainwashed isn't to completely lack open mindedness, but to have your knowledge so closed off from reality by your surroundings that you assume there's nothing missing beyond even what you're curious about. Thus his surprise when he explained plate tectonics.
The expanding Earth theory may be ridiculous as a scientific hypothesis, but it's honestly a really cool idea for world-building, especially for an MMO.
My DND group have a donut earth world which is the core of the world building, essentially the planet extends all the way around its stars orbit, and the day night cycle is because the ring rotates around its centre, as well as wobbling in place to explain seasons. The main cool thing from this is that the surface area of the world at night (facing away from the sun) has to be bigger than the surface area facing the world in the day. This means that everyone who lives there is used to the land expanding and contracting constantly on a 24 hour cycle, and there are "night / dusk realms" where if it gets too close to daytime you will simply disappear along with the ground under your feet, and reappear the next time that land shows up later in the day, but for you it will be like no time passed. Different people live in different regions and so experience different levels of time dilation from "disapearing" and "reappearing" at different times. Land developers and city planners have to account for how much of the day they will actually exist for if they build their houses in specific areas
It was a plot point in Magic: The Gathering. An ancient evil was sealed out of their home plane (the planet Dominaria) so they created the Rathi Stronghold in planar coordinates that overlapped Dominaria's physical coordinates. The Stronghold absorbed the energies from the space between planes, converting it into mass. Over thousands of years, the plane of Rath was generated around the Stronghold, and when it reached the same size as Dominaria their planar frequencies aligned and the planets fused, instantly bringing the amassed armies on Rath's surface to Dominaria and commencing a brutal war.
@@vulcanfelinelol, my first thought was that the extra material/mass was created using a cobblestone generator in the centre of the planet. Extra material from nothing.
Yeah well that’s what I made my bet on: quality over quantity. That’s probably why subscriber count is so low 😅 but I’m planning to keep going as is for now
@@HardCoreSciFi Just found you. Liked and subbed early on. You bet well, keep doing your thing, don't be tempted to dilute your idea for trends. Love the work :)
Actually, the earth is a four-dimensional hypersphere. You can test this by leaving two socks in the washing machine, and finding only one in return. Where did the other go? That's right, it fell into a different axis of the fourth dimension.
Careful, you might run into the 96hour day with that sort of logic... and run afoul to the conspiracy stopping people from learning the truth of the TimeCube (Four corners of the globe, 24 hours in a day, ergo 96 hour day--simple logic)
@@Projectdarke I've figured out how to put in USB-A in right way around the first time I attempt. However, as a side effect I now have issues with accidentally putting in USB-C in upside down
They will literally go to any extreme to avoid testing their childish, and embarrassingly stupid view of reality. While simultaneously yelling about how they are being critical thinkers and everyone else is brainwashed. Yeah put a flat earther against a bologna sandwich to test which one has better critical thinking skills, it might just be a draw.
Nah they'd explain that with the spotlight sun thing. Even though that doesn't make sense cause a flat plane would still see a glowing sphere, regardless of any beam focusing properties.
I know the hollow Earth theory is not true, but I honestly wish it was. There is a really good novel called "Tunnels" shows what may happen if hollow was true.
Yeah well I’ve read my fair share of cool fantasy and sci-fi novels on hollow earth as well… but at the very best, we can probably have a very sturdy and not very big artificial structure, which is certainly not our current planet 🤷🏻
"Tunnels" is actually the beginning of a series. I've never read any of them, but if you liked the first one, you should probably check out the others.
Then lets make it real by digging out the earth 😊 Just curious, I wonder how the earth would stay together if it was hollow. Or, would it be completely hollow and not have gravity? Who knows?
No, it comes from asteroids that impact Earth, thus giving Earth all the mass that wasn't burnt off. This process is egregiously slow, so we can confidently say Earth's biggest increase in mass was when it ate half of Theia, and the other half formed our moon.
Are you sure it isn't the virtual mass from the Casimir effect building up over time because it needs to go somewhere after you've used quantum physics to make it interact with the mass of the non imaginary world? Because we legit don't have enough information to prove that's not a thing that's happening. (It is, however, astronomically unlikely. Pun-intended.)
Training to be a pilot, can confirm we are a grand cabal of flat earth conspiracists. We couldn't charge as much for flights if everyone knew we just fly off the edge.
got recommended this and as an almost semi maybe professional hobby pixel artist i can say this is some high quality pixel art and something i have basically never seen on youtube the documentary aspect is really interesting as well
@@HardCoreSciFiI love it so much, the amount of details is just right. Not too cluttered but it feels like a nearest neighbour zoom in without the ugly outlines.
There is actually areas on the planet where gravity is stronger or weaker due to fluctuations in the earth's core. But these changes are so minor that it only makes things hundredths of grams heavier or lighter.
It can also somewhat change depending on what minerals are directly beneath the surface and this tiny difference is actually used in geological surveys.
I mean Game Theory is a math thing so the word theory isn't used in the same way as it is in science. It only becomes a hypothesis when you try to use it to explain real world phenomena because at that point you're making the assumption that people behave like this IRL, so it'd be the Game Theory Hypothesis.
So I got recommended this out of nowhere and I'll be damned if your production value isn't amazing. This is top-tier pixel art and scriptwriting. Subbed!
@@HardCoreSciFi One thing I think you'd really have a knack for covering is proposals for FTL travel. Your simplifications of the proposals in this video were really easy to follow!
The main limiting factor today for the size of megafauna (and megaflora too) is actually the ability to take in energy and nutrients, and expell waste. This ability is determined by two things: the environmental availability of resources, and the ratio of a creature's surface area to volume. For the first, availability of resources changes over time. The concentration of oxygen in the went up as flora evolved, until it actually began choking the flora and microbes and fauna evolved prolifically to feed on that oxygen, lowering it again. Similar peaks and valleys happen with other nutrients, leading up to and following major extinctions and geological events. As for the ratio of surface area to volume, this is the main tool fauna have to compensate for lower availability of resources. Having more body surface compared to body mass makes it easier to exchange enough resources with the environment to support that mass. As a creature's overall size increases if its shape stays the same, its volume and mass actually increase much faster than it's surface area, so without a change to its shape it will quickly find itself without enough surface to take in the nutrients and energy that extra mass needs to live. In the case of animals, a few evolutionary steps helped with this, from the respiratory system both massively increasing surface area via the lungs and then making extremely good use of it by forcing air over that surface through breathing, and by using a circulatory system to actively force acquired nutrients throughout the body, also increasing effective surface area. Because of this, larger fauna need more complex body shapes to provide more surface area, and desperately require consistency in resource availability. As a bonus, more active creatures will meed to work harder to scour for reaources, which actually increases the amount of energy needed and creates diminishing returns. And finally as you suggested, gravity can be rather punishing on vreatures as they grow larger. The same square cube law which affects resource acquisition also affects structural support, with cross-sectional area being the important factor this time. As a creature grows larger, it must remain thin and complex enough for resource exchange, paradoxically thick enough for structural support, and still hits a size ceiling based on the availability of resources. All of this to say, the resources the dinosaurs needed were more plentiful at the time, so that ceiling was much higher. That gave them room to grow, but the other factors mentioned meant the largest of them grew strangely stout yet long, with a variety of ridges, fins, and head plates for reasons sometimes as simple as getting rid of extra body heat, the same way an elephant's ears do. Incidentally, these are the same reasons trees and sea life can grow much bigger than land animals. The resources they need are much more abundant where they live, and their needs for structural support are diffent due to their differing locomotion. Trees still require an incredibly fractal structure to get enough surface area, but it's not so different from a lung turned inside out. Aquatic fauna have no need to support their bodies upon their limbs, using them only for locomotion, and live in oceans absolutely teeming with energy and nutrients. Anyway, as resource availability decreased, so did the size cap. Dinosaurs got to live in eras with more oxygen, so it was literally easier to breathe. Many would suffocate in the modern world.
They were suffocating before the asteroid hit .It went from 30% to 20% oxygen over a period of millions of years and dinosaurs didnt have a diaphragm to assist breathing . Mamals did
My favourite wrong Earth is the one from the ancient people of my home country. The Celtic Irish believed the earth was saucer shaped and the tides all swished around in the middle in a giant whirlpool.
If the earth had gained that much mass from space over time then the fossils of the dinosaurs should be 1/3rd of the way to the earths core by now. If it expanded from the inside, that is possible, but not likely. However in that case you would only be gaining volume, not mass. So this doesn't make much sense either.
The world is on the back of a giant magical liopleurodon swimming around the sun a good distance away. As for the sun, it's highly compacted nuclear spaghetti that belches fresh hot radiation because it just came right out the oven. Seriously though, love the video. It's got it's own whimsy vibe despite the hard science.
Thank you for creating this video. Not that I needed convincing, but the historical bent of this one may make those who are truly on the fence look at where the flat earth claims come from.
Dinos had hollow bones, hence were lighter. The earth had much more oxygen, which supported larger lifeforms of both animals and insects. Solved. There you go ;)
Actually oxygen levels weren’t that different form today during the time of the dinosaurs. Certainly not high enough to have faint insects. That was the Carboniferous.
wow. this was actually very nostalgic for me because i devised the concave earth theory on my own in 7th grade😂 i made diagrams and everything for explaining space and the planet. i never really believed it but thought it was more of a cool world building thing. funny that some guy in a cult made it up before me! i would’ve never known
While Hollow Earth is very obviously bogus, I do still like to imagine about how big cave systems can get and the unknown ecosystems that could be down there. Especially in underwater caves that are very dangerous to explore. I'm sure there are tons of cave systems we've never documented. I know it's not the same as Hollow Earth, but that's like my "hard sci-fi" version of it.
There are actually two shapes possible for hydrostatic equilibrium, spheres and toruses although it's unknown how a torus shaped body can form in space.
I feel like (as someone who believes the Earth is a sphere) hating on flat earth is a sort of shibboleth bonding ritual for people of middling intelligence, and not actually something anyone feels particularly strongly about
@@HardCoreSciFi You post frequently compared to other youtubers, Once every 2-3 months or so. The gap between this video and the last seems to be even shorter. I can't wait to see the day you EXPLODE in popularity.
Sace dust growing the erth, increasing it's gravity, since the time of the dinosaurs . . . so if the mass falls on top of the erth why aren't dinosaurs faaar below earth's crust?
you use 'he or she' several times in quick succession, which sounds clunky and dated. the modern way to refer to an unspecified person is singular 'they'
less than 500 subscribers is crazy, this is one of those channels that should have like 50,000 subscribers or something lol I also really like the pixel art stuff! Slightly bias, since that's *my* preferred artstyle too, but oh well.
Thanks 😅 well I guess it’s mostly because I put quality before quantity and that takes a shitload of time to produce each video 🤷🏻 if I posted more often, I suspect subscriber count might have been higher… but for now I’m going to keep the things how they are, I enjoy making good videos.
Damn, my bad! That's me doing pixelart late at night 😅 thanks for pointing out! However, I believe conversion to exagrams and further calculations were correct.
In a very technical sense, you could argue Earth is expanding - though not increasing in mass. Under General Relativity, “falling” isn’t a force due to gravity, but just the natural trajectory of an object in a curved space-time (where the mass of the Earth causes the spacetime curvature). Since Earth’s surface isn’t falling, that must mean it is being accelerated upwards against the natural (falling) trajectory. Thus Earth’a surface is “expanding” outwards, but that expansion is counteracted by the space it’s in “shrinking” inwards. Definitely slight questionable use of the words “expand” and “shrink”, but nonetheless it is a fair argument. Of course that’s not what these “expanding earthers” actually believe, because no mass is added in this process.
Some of the Flat Earthers claim that gravity is an effect of the flat Earth perpetually accelerating upwards at 9.8 meters per second squared. That's actually kind of clever (in relativity, endless acceleration actually can be continued indefinitely--you just get closer and closer to the speed of light, from the perspective of a non-accelerating observer). And it's in a sense almost correct, since, as you say, you can think of the round Earth's surface as accelerating outward relative to the inertial frames in general relativity. It's just that spacetime is curved in such a way that this can happen without the planet getting any bigger.
Finally a video that talks about the concave Earth view outside of concave earthers themselves even if it's just for like a minute. If you wanna dive into a whole rabbit hole of cult-like conspiracy and just insanity, look up Lord Steven Christ.
Oh damn, and I was pretty sure that delusion ended with Koreshans 😅 somehow I didn’t stumble upon that modern incarnation of insanity while preparing this video
I don't like how he implies that the Greeks first figured out the sperical earth. Nearly every ancient civilization knew about the sphere of the earth. The Babylonians, the Assyrians, the Egyptians, Whoever built Gobekli Tepe, They all built their astonomy and astrology around it. And their buildings around their astronamy.
the best earth shape theories come from ancient greek philosophers, one example is a man who I don't remember the name of said that the Earth is the top face of an infinetly high column; it's complete bullshit but it's still sounds very funny to me, what the fuck have these people smoked to come to such a conclusion without any kind of evidence (not even round earth, this was before that); another man said that the earth (I don't remember what exact shape) was floating on a plate of water, I don't even need to say anything.
Amazing content dude, I'm so glad i found your channel. Also as someone with christian beliefs, the whole "Bible says flat so its flat!!!" schtick is so tiresome, all it does is uses extreme extrapolations of out of context passages of scripture with the concept of the Bible being "true" meaning "everything in it is 1000% scientific fact no matter what," which the Bible does not even claim. It just makes the rest of us look bad lol
I feel we might need to find a new word for Theory for it really does tend to sound like its in the works sometimes instead of being the word for proven. To me Hypothesis sounds like an idea that has no evidence, while a Theory is an idea with some evidence and backing, while a Fact sounds like its indisputable.
I’d say, fact is a simple, atomic unit of proven information, while theory is more like a network of facts, connected with causality and interdependence links and arranged into a more complex structure through logical and mathematical methods 🤔
@@HardCoreSciFi Fair. I was just saying need a new word for Hypothesis is not something most people will say most days now outside the scientific community. Like again I always thought that Hypothesis is just the idea of a trail run, while a Theory was the trail run itself. Vocabulary does change over time, some words don't have the meaning they used to have.
Hello, on Hollow earth theory Strugacki's brothers did play with that idea well at least kind of. In their book "Prisoners of Power" (cleverly translated to my native language polish as "Przenicowany świat" - inverted world.) they describe a soceiaty that did not discover that their planet is round, but rather that is a sphere but they live inside of it. There is no sun, but "Wszechjasność"/allglow (sorry this is my own translation I do not have access to english version of the book). This theory comes from fact that cloud's on that planet have high refraction and cause of illusion that lets You see a city behind Your horizon on the sky. This was derived from theories about Venus atmosphere at the time of writing this book.
I’m glad to see you brought this up. As a Psychologist and Geology freak-- Geology was my first Major as an Undergrad. And, I always wonder about the level of Human credulity or, lack thereof Re flat-eathers, etc. Although it does make for a good laugh...when I pay any attention at all.
The expanding earth hypothesis is technically true. Given that apparent gravititatinal forces can be described by the river model of general relativity. So, for an inertial observer, it is entirely mathematically accutrate to say that earth is expanding through space. It is important to mention that for all intents and purposes, it is space that is changing in density over time; HOWEVER, mathematically the scenario of an expanding earth, and contracting space (river model GR) are the same thing. (By space, I am referencing any coordinate system within a tensor)
That Theory vs Hypothesis issue, where we treat the word 'theory' as if it were just an educated guess, kills me. I grew up literally being told that theories were just guesses, and I think it caused a ton of confusion later in life for people like me who were raised with that notion (Luckily I don't subscribe to thing I was told in elementary school as gospel truth, but I know many others that aren't so plucky). Maybe it didn't help that I grew up in Texas, which between the book burnings and the general hickishness, being well educated was not exactly a high priority for people down there.
I once read a (fiction) book where Jupiter spat out a new planet, and it destroyed earth - the protags escaped to some colonies around saturn. Was a cool story, until I looked up the author, who apparently wrote said book to support his theory that earth was once a moon of Saturn, but was knocked into a new orbit when Jupiter spat out what would become Venus. I don't think I've seen another theory quite that out-there since.
Honestly, I could accept a theory of expanding earth if we were talking about pico-nanometers of earth growth per year as we collect sunlight energy over time and convert it into materials. It would have to factor in any atmosphere loss we have per year too, which is something I imagine happens. I am firmly in plate tectonics belief for now as a reference.
7:25 Im not entirely sure if this is the same thing but if you hold a digital camera up high you'll see in the video the world bend around the camera. Is that a visual exmaple of atmospheric refraction or something else?
gotta say hollow and expanding earth makes more sense than flat, when people in Greek and medieval knew the earth was round you have to wonder the intelligence of those that have blind faith in FLAT earth
@@quadraticus466 Circle can also be translated as Sphere. Also, the Earth would look like a circle from God's perspective just like the moon looks from our perspective. The text also describes how the inhabitants look like grasshoppers, which further shows how Isaiah is describing things from Gods perspective.
As a child, I had always witness a phenomena where objects such as some old buildings appears to sink to the ground over time if left alone which I assumed Earth was slowly expanding in size. However I know now there could be various of factors that resulting objects to decent into the ground over time such as weight, gravity, water/wind erosions, type of material and soil, etc. I had never heard of any "expansionalist" community or research other than this video. My own assumption of Earth expanding was quickly dissolved by just searching for it online and see no results other than articles debunking it.
So at the "space dust" idea, I paused and considered just how much heat energy that'd dump into the earth. Suppose 10% of the earth's mass arrived in the last 100 million years, and lowball approximate the energy by assuming it fell 100 miles in 1 gee. Divide by number of days, and plug it all into Wolfram Alpha, asking for the result in terms of nuclear explosions. I got ~500,000 nukes PER DAY of heat energy. That would probably have an effect on our climate, to say the least!
Cute pixel-art info-graphics, good explanation, an interesting topic etc. Maybe Earth is neither of mentioned & there are many layers of existence लीला
@@HardCoreSciFi Oh I know. I was mostly making fun of YECs. Comparing Gen 1&2 makes it abundantly clear that the creative days are metaphor and marking vague eras, rather than specific 24 hour days. Yet they say "It's in the Bible" when it's not. Either they haven't read it, read things with the purpose of propping preconceived notions, or they have the reading comprehension of a first grader. Likely a combination of the three.
@@HardCoreSciFi There are actually a lot more young earth arguments than just, "because the Bible says so", and many flat earth arguments also use the Bible as their basis as well.
So, difference between the poles and the equator is 20km. That's a 99.67% similarity. Technically an oblate spheroid, but imperceptibly close. So if the earth being 99.67% spherical is not considered a sphere, then what percentage do we need to reach before we call something a sphere? 99.9%? 100%? Do we have to say that precision machined bearings are the only objects that are actually spherical? Seems a bit nit-picky to me. Anyway, great video. Well produced. I enjoyed it.
Well, I guess here lies the difference between geometrical and practical precision. As I’ve mentioned in the video, Earth is generally more or less a sphere, and it won’t be wrong to call it such, as well as use a sphere as a model for Earth. However, from the geometry point of view I’m afraid we will need 100% sphere to call it sphere, and otherwise it will be oblate ellipsoid (or spheroid).
When I was first introduced to expanding Earth theory was over a decade ago... a young co-worker was pushing it and when I argued against him he simply rebuted with arguments against flat earth... turns out he grew up in a house where they pushed flat earth and yeah expanding earth makes more sense... I blew his mind when I explained plate tectonics
Well that’s quite a story 😅 I guess even water tastes sweet if all you eat is lemons
Omg, poor dude was actually brainwashed.
@@suruxstrawde8322 was he? Unless i misunderstood OP, the guy was a believer in expanding earth even though his household pushed for flat earth. Even if he was still wrong about how earth is, that to me is a sign of open mindedness and not of brainwashing
@@rainbowsorceress2082
Both can exist simultaneously, to be brainwashed isn't to completely lack open mindedness, but to have your knowledge so closed off from reality by your surroundings that you assume there's nothing missing beyond even what you're curious about.
Thus his surprise when he explained plate tectonics.
Or better phrased, brainwashing isn't closed mindedness itself, it's enforced ignorance.
The expanding Earth theory may be ridiculous as a scientific hypothesis, but it's honestly a really cool idea for world-building, especially for an MMO.
hermitcraft after an update
My DND group have a donut earth world which is the core of the world building, essentially the planet extends all the way around its stars orbit, and the day night cycle is because the ring rotates around its centre, as well as wobbling in place to explain seasons.
The main cool thing from this is that the surface area of the world at night (facing away from the sun) has to be bigger than the surface area facing the world in the day. This means that everyone who lives there is used to the land expanding and contracting constantly on a 24 hour cycle, and there are "night / dusk realms" where if it gets too close to daytime you will simply disappear along with the ground under your feet, and reappear the next time that land shows up later in the day, but for you it will be like no time passed. Different people live in different regions and so experience different levels of time dilation from "disapearing" and "reappearing" at different times. Land developers and city planners have to account for how much of the day they will actually exist for if they build their houses in specific areas
Yeah most of this ideas would be good for world building
It was a plot point in Magic: The Gathering. An ancient evil was sealed out of their home plane (the planet Dominaria) so they created the Rathi Stronghold in planar coordinates that overlapped Dominaria's physical coordinates. The Stronghold absorbed the energies from the space between planes, converting it into mass. Over thousands of years, the plane of Rath was generated around the Stronghold, and when it reached the same size as Dominaria their planar frequencies aligned and the planets fused, instantly bringing the amassed armies on Rath's surface to Dominaria and commencing a brutal war.
@@vulcanfelinelol, my first thought was that the extra material/mass was created using a cobblestone generator in the centre of the planet. Extra material from nothing.
As we discovered in my senior year AP Environmental Science class, the Earth is actually a COSTCO rotisserie chicken.
Great
That's roughly a sphere, right?
@@joshuahughes8336 Maybe? like kinda in a way that 100% legit no other questions
this changes everything
so coscto made everything
I love this “small channels with surprisingly high quality production” core
Yeah well that’s what I made my bet on: quality over quantity. That’s probably why subscriber count is so low 😅 but I’m planning to keep going as is for now
I love small indie channels with high quality productions, gotta be one of my favorite genders.
@@HardCoreSciFi
Just found you. Liked and subbed early on. You bet well, keep doing your thing, don't be tempted to dilute your idea for trends.
Love the work :)
@@HardCoreSciFiwell you just got another sub! Your content is fantastic :)
@@RestlessBenjamin Thanks!
Actually, the earth is a four-dimensional hypersphere. You can test this by leaving two socks in the washing machine, and finding only one in return. Where did the other go? That's right, it fell into a different axis of the fourth dimension.
Fun fact, USB ports also exits in the 4th dimension, that's why it's so hard to slot them in
Careful, you might run into the 96hour day with that sort of logic... and run afoul to the conspiracy stopping people from learning the truth of the TimeCube (Four corners of the globe, 24 hours in a day, ergo 96 hour day--simple logic)
@@Projectdarke I've figured out how to put in USB-A in right way around the first time I attempt. However, as a side effect I now have issues with accidentally putting in USB-C in upside down
you need some devils lettzce bro
I thought it was gremlins that ate it.
never in my life would i expect to recieve a scientific lecture from dr. zoidberg
Well that’s new 😅 I’ve mostly been labeled as Bane for my previous videos
@@HardCoreSciFiThere will be a reckoning, maybe?
@@HardCoreSciFi I need to start finishing videos BEFORE reading comments
His doctorate is in art history 😁
@@HardCoreSciFiyea, I would go more with Bane if choosing
"we ended up having flat Earthers all around the globe"
Who somehow won't do a goddamn Zoom call to one other that shows the time of day by the sun.
They will literally go to any extreme to avoid testing their childish, and embarrassingly stupid view of reality. While simultaneously yelling about how they are being critical thinkers and everyone else is brainwashed. Yeah put a flat earther against a bologna sandwich to test which one has better critical thinking skills, it might just be a draw.
Nah they'd explain that with the spotlight sun thing. Even though that doesn't make sense cause a flat plane would still see a glowing sphere, regardless of any beam focusing properties.
ah but you see, the sun (although being always above the earth) just doesnt light up some of it to make it night in those places 🙃
If I understand correctly, flat earthers believe light diminishes, thus when it is over a distant part of the platter it's rays don't reach us.
I know the hollow Earth theory is not true, but I honestly wish it was. There is a really good novel called "Tunnels" shows what may happen if hollow was true.
Yeah well I’ve read my fair share of cool fantasy and sci-fi novels on hollow earth as well… but at the very best, we can probably have a very sturdy and not very big artificial structure, which is certainly not our current planet 🤷🏻
The better sci-fi version of hollow Earth is a Birch World.
"Tunnels" is actually the beginning of a series. I've never read any of them, but if you liked the first one, you should probably check out the others.
Then lets make it real by digging out the earth 😊
Just curious, I wonder how the earth would stay together if it was hollow. Or, would it be completely hollow and not have gravity? Who knows?
The Tunnels series is criminally underrated 😭
The matter that makes the earth expand comes from unicorn farts
Your making the real points here
ive been converted to a new belief, thank you for embuing me with this knowledge
No, it comes from asteroids that impact Earth, thus giving Earth all the mass that wasn't burnt off. This process is egregiously slow, so we can confidently say Earth's biggest increase in mass was when it ate half of Theia, and the other half formed our moon.
Are you sure it isn't the virtual mass from the Casimir effect building up over time because it needs to go somewhere after you've used quantum physics to make it interact with the mass of the non imaginary world? Because we legit don't have enough information to prove that's not a thing that's happening. (It is, however, astronomically unlikely. Pun-intended.)
@@abxy_real_official_since2020I hope you’re being sarcastic
Training to be a pilot, can confirm we are a grand cabal of flat earth conspiracists. We couldn't charge as much for flights if everyone knew we just fly off the edge.
Well that’s a good one 😅
Dissenters get pushed off the edge by cats.
got recommended this and as an almost semi maybe professional hobby pixel artist i can say this is some high quality pixel art and something i have basically never seen on youtube
the documentary aspect is really interesting as well
Thank you ☺️ I keep working on both my pixelart and research skills 👨🏻🎨👨🏻🔬
@@HardCoreSciFiI love it so much, the amount of details is just right. Not too cluttered but it feels like a nearest neighbour zoom in without the ugly outlines.
Man looks into crackpot science, discovers crackpot science is like a mind virus.
Science is by definition insane, because no sane monkey would build a civilization.
@@quadraticus466
Super sane individual "go back to monke"
There is actually areas on the planet where gravity is stronger or weaker due to fluctuations in the earth's core. But these changes are so minor that it only makes things hundredths of grams heavier or lighter.
To Enrico Pucci that was all the difference he needed.
It can also somewhat change depending on what minerals are directly beneath the surface and this tiny difference is actually used in geological surveys.
Depending on the thing, the changes could be hundreds of kilograms heavier or lighter!
Ok, but "Game Theory" sounds a lot better than "Game Hypothesis"
And definitely way better than game "game surprise mechanics"
I mean Game Theory is a math thing so the word theory isn't used in the same way as it is in science. It only becomes a hypothesis when you try to use it to explain real world phenomena because at that point you're making the assumption that people behave like this IRL, so it'd be the Game Theory Hypothesis.
"Gamepothesis"
But that is just a Conjecture... a GAAAAAAAME Conjecture!
@@hedgehog3180 this comment's about the youtube channel not that math theory
Love the animation and how well it’s explained! Thank you!
You're very welcome!
14:35 I know this theory isn’t true, but the idea of having multiple hollow earths inside of each other sounds really cool.
So I got recommended this out of nowhere and I'll be damned if your production value isn't amazing. This is top-tier pixel art and scriptwriting. Subbed!
Thanks! I don't post new videos often, but there's much more cool content to come!
@@HardCoreSciFi One thing I think you'd really have a knack for covering is proposals for FTL travel. Your simplifications of the proposals in this video were really easy to follow!
The main limiting factor today for the size of megafauna (and megaflora too) is actually the ability to take in energy and nutrients, and expell waste. This ability is determined by two things: the environmental availability of resources, and the ratio of a creature's surface area to volume.
For the first, availability of resources changes over time. The concentration of oxygen in the went up as flora evolved, until it actually began choking the flora and microbes and fauna evolved prolifically to feed on that oxygen, lowering it again. Similar peaks and valleys happen with other nutrients, leading up to and following major extinctions and geological events.
As for the ratio of surface area to volume, this is the main tool fauna have to compensate for lower availability of resources. Having more body surface compared to body mass makes it easier to exchange enough resources with the environment to support that mass. As a creature's overall size increases if its shape stays the same, its volume and mass actually increase much faster than it's surface area, so without a change to its shape it will quickly find itself without enough surface to take in the nutrients and energy that extra mass needs to live. In the case of animals, a few evolutionary steps helped with this, from the respiratory system both massively increasing surface area via the lungs and then making extremely good use of it by forcing air over that surface through breathing, and by using a circulatory system to actively force acquired nutrients throughout the body, also increasing effective surface area. Because of this, larger fauna need more complex body shapes to provide more surface area, and desperately require consistency in resource availability.
As a bonus, more active creatures will meed to work harder to scour for reaources, which actually increases the amount of energy needed and creates diminishing returns. And finally as you suggested, gravity can be rather punishing on vreatures as they grow larger. The same square cube law which affects resource acquisition also affects structural support, with cross-sectional area being the important factor this time. As a creature grows larger, it must remain thin and complex enough for resource exchange, paradoxically thick enough for structural support, and still hits a size ceiling based on the availability of resources.
All of this to say, the resources the dinosaurs needed were more plentiful at the time, so that ceiling was much higher. That gave them room to grow, but the other factors mentioned meant the largest of them grew strangely stout yet long, with a variety of ridges, fins, and head plates for reasons sometimes as simple as getting rid of extra body heat, the same way an elephant's ears do.
Incidentally, these are the same reasons trees and sea life can grow much bigger than land animals. The resources they need are much more abundant where they live, and their needs for structural support are diffent due to their differing locomotion. Trees still require an incredibly fractal structure to get enough surface area, but it's not so different from a lung turned inside out. Aquatic fauna have no need to support their bodies upon their limbs, using them only for locomotion, and live in oceans absolutely teeming with energy and nutrients.
Anyway, as resource availability decreased, so did the size cap. Dinosaurs got to live in eras with more oxygen, so it was literally easier to breathe. Many would suffocate in the modern world.
They were suffocating before the asteroid hit .It went from 30% to 20% oxygen over a period of millions of years and dinosaurs didnt have a diaphragm to assist breathing .
Mamals did
My favourite wrong Earth is the one from the ancient people of my home country. The Celtic Irish believed the earth was saucer shaped and the tides all swished around in the middle in a giant whirlpool.
If the earth had gained that much mass from space over time then the fossils of the dinosaurs should be 1/3rd of the way to the earths core by now. If it expanded from the inside, that is possible, but not likely. However in that case you would only be gaining volume, not mass. So this doesn't make much sense either.
The core is iron and the surface water that seeps down rusts the core therefore adding additional matter but not mass. Rust expands.
The world is on the back of a giant magical liopleurodon swimming around the sun a good distance away. As for the sun, it's highly compacted nuclear spaghetti that belches fresh hot radiation because it just came right out the oven.
Seriously though, love the video. It's got it's own whimsy vibe despite the hard science.
The world rests on the back of a giant turtle!
A magical liopleurodon! Of hope and wonder!
I thought you had 874k subscribers, not 874. Becouse you sound really profecional
Eeeh I wish I had 😅 but this video seems to be improving the situation, it has already doubled my subscriber count 😀
God I wish hollow earth was true, it would be so awesome
that's where all the reptilians would live tho
hit the ground too hard and fall to australia
Thank you for creating this video. Not that I needed convincing, but the historical bent of this one may make those who are truly on the fence look at where the flat earth claims come from.
Wow, youtube's been recommending me *very* underrated stuff
I like your funny words, science man.
Dinos had hollow bones, hence were lighter. The earth had much more oxygen, which supported larger lifeforms of both animals and insects. Solved. There you go ;)
Actually oxygen levels weren’t that different form today during the time of the dinosaurs. Certainly not high enough to have faint insects. That was the Carboniferous.
It ain’t right how this vid don’t have enough likes, because this is very well made.
Well hopefully it will grow 😀
wow. this was actually very nostalgic for me because i devised the concave earth theory on my own in 7th grade😂 i made diagrams and everything for explaining space and the planet. i never really believed it but thought it was more of a cool world building thing. funny that some guy in a cult made it up before me! i would’ve never known
While Hollow Earth is very obviously bogus, I do still like to imagine about how big cave systems can get and the unknown ecosystems that could be down there. Especially in underwater caves that are very dangerous to explore. I'm sure there are tons of cave systems we've never documented. I know it's not the same as Hollow Earth, but that's like my "hard sci-fi" version of it.
There are actually two shapes possible for hydrostatic equilibrium, spheres and toruses although it's unknown how a torus shaped body can form in space.
I feel like (as someone who believes the Earth is a sphere) hating on flat earth is a sort of shibboleth bonding ritual for people of middling intelligence, and not actually something anyone feels particularly strongly about
The best anti-conspiracy video every! Now i will have true scientific arguments against flat earthers for life!🤩
If only they were sensitive to logic 😅
heh, you believe the earth is real?
I really like all the pixel art visuals. Makes it feel unique and aesthetically pleasing.
Thanks! It takes loads of time to draw it all 😅
@@HardCoreSciFi Yeah, I have dabbled in art. I can imagine.
The pixel art style is sick. Great job.
YOU ONLY HAVE 490 SUBSCRIBERS!?!? I genuinely thought you had like a 100k subs but WOW! Keep up the great work!
I don’t post new vids often, but I am not going to stop in the foreseeable future 😀
@@HardCoreSciFi You post frequently compared to other youtubers, Once every 2-3 months or so. The gap between this video and the last seems to be even shorter. I can't wait to see the day you EXPLODE in popularity.
Sace dust growing the erth, increasing it's gravity, since the time of the dinosaurs . . . so if the mass falls on top of the erth why aren't dinosaurs faaar below earth's crust?
That’s exactly what I mentioned in the video at 29:40 😀
@@HardCoreSciFi I know i just felt the needed to say that the second i herd the dust theory
you use 'he or she' several times in quick succession, which sounds clunky and dated. the modern way to refer to an unspecified person is singular 'they'
not clunky at all
Sailers always knew the earth was round. They can tell with the naked eye.
I always figured the Greeks' tendency to travel around in boats a lot helped them figure it out.
Recently discovered that Australians see the moon flipped. Literally the easiest way to disprove the flat earth.
Most of them don't even believe in Australia
I went to near the equator and saw it turned over on its side. Also saw some stars I can't see from here.
Love the pixel art! Plus I love truth. And it’s always fun to hear about the more… sideways intellect theories.
less than 500 subscribers is crazy, this is one of those channels that should have like 50,000 subscribers or something lol
I also really like the pixel art stuff! Slightly bias, since that's *my* preferred artstyle too, but oh well.
Thanks 😅 well I guess it’s mostly because I put quality before quantity and that takes a shitload of time to produce each video 🤷🏻 if I posted more often, I suspect subscriber count might have been higher… but for now I’m going to keep the things how they are, I enjoy making good videos.
Its more than 500 now
@@yakirfrankoveig8094 75 or so subscribers in 8 hours is pretty good actually
Dude has the best tinfoil hat I’ve ever seen
2K subscribers for this level of quality?? I'll definitely be checking out more of your videos
I believe Earth is not a sphere. It's an oblate spheroid.
It's called Fat Earth Theory.
Condolences for your Friend group.
DapperDinosaur likes to lump Flat-Earthers and Creationists together as Wrong Earthers.
Imagine talking about hollow earth without talking about agartha.
29:00 5.972*10^24 kg, not tonnes
Damn, my bad! That's me doing pixelart late at night 😅 thanks for pointing out! However, I believe conversion to exagrams and further calculations were correct.
@@HardCoreSciFi yea seems like the rest is fine
2:55 the way he said big belly made me think of the Tom Hardy Bane, and now i cant un-hear it. help
The Bane in Harley Quinn and Kite Man Hell Yeah kept coming to mind for me
In a very technical sense, you could argue Earth is expanding - though not increasing in mass. Under General Relativity, “falling” isn’t a force due to gravity, but just the natural trajectory of an object in a curved space-time (where the mass of the Earth causes the spacetime curvature). Since Earth’s surface isn’t falling, that must mean it is being accelerated upwards against the natural (falling) trajectory. Thus Earth’a surface is “expanding” outwards, but that expansion is counteracted by the space it’s in “shrinking” inwards. Definitely slight questionable use of the words “expand” and “shrink”, but nonetheless it is a fair argument. Of course that’s not what these “expanding earthers” actually believe, because no mass is added in this process.
Some of the Flat Earthers claim that gravity is an effect of the flat Earth perpetually accelerating upwards at 9.8 meters per second squared. That's actually kind of clever (in relativity, endless acceleration actually can be continued indefinitely--you just get closer and closer to the speed of light, from the perspective of a non-accelerating observer). And it's in a sense almost correct, since, as you say, you can think of the round Earth's surface as accelerating outward relative to the inertial frames in general relativity. It's just that spacetime is curved in such a way that this can happen without the planet getting any bigger.
Finally a video that talks about the concave Earth view outside of concave earthers themselves even if it's just for like a minute. If you wanna dive into a whole rabbit hole of cult-like conspiracy and just insanity, look up Lord Steven Christ.
Oh damn, and I was pretty sure that delusion ended with Koreshans 😅 somehow I didn’t stumble upon that modern incarnation of insanity while preparing this video
The pixel drawings here are bloody amazing.
Thanks! It takes quite some time to draw them 😅
everyone knows that the earth is a pyramid. sheesh, get it right
Well that's a good one, how could I have overlooked it...😅
what the heck, only 1.4 thousand subscribers? this channel deserves to be bigger. this was very well done!
No matter what the earth couldnt be flat, because hills and mountains and canyons exist.
That is a strawman, try not to engage in fallacies to disprove bunk science
@@TiMoThY211991 i do what i want on the internet because its full of idiots like me.
You mean to tell me that a guy named Robot Ham is responsible for all of this flat earth BS?
Well it’s “Rowbotham” to be exact but yeah 😅
I don't like how he implies that the Greeks first figured out the sperical earth. Nearly every ancient civilization knew about the sphere of the earth. The Babylonians, the Assyrians, the Egyptians, Whoever built Gobekli Tepe, They all built their astonomy and astrology around it. And their buildings around their astronamy.
The flat earth website literally says "we have members from around the *globe* ". I don't take them seriously
I dont know why yt recomendet it to me but it is a great channel. Sub :)
Same
Nice! I don’t post very often but there are surely more curious videos to come 😀
@@HardCoreSciFi no way! It’s the cool guy!
Leaving a comment for the algorithm cause ain’t no way you have this few subs
the best earth shape theories come from ancient greek philosophers, one example is a man who I don't remember the name of said that the Earth is the top face of an infinetly high column; it's complete bullshit but it's still sounds very funny to me, what the fuck have these people smoked to come to such a conclusion without any kind of evidence (not even round earth, this was before that); another man said that the earth (I don't remember what exact shape) was floating on a plate of water, I don't even need to say anything.
I enjoyed that. the old-school graphics are nice. and showing how FE is WRONG is always nice. not even talking about YE... haha
Amazing content dude, I'm so glad i found your channel. Also as someone with christian beliefs, the whole "Bible says flat so its flat!!!" schtick is so tiresome, all it does is uses extreme extrapolations of out of context passages of scripture with the concept of the Bible being "true" meaning "everything in it is 1000% scientific fact no matter what," which the Bible does not even claim. It just makes the rest of us look bad lol
I feel we might need to find a new word for Theory for it really does tend to sound like its in the works sometimes instead of being the word for proven. To me Hypothesis sounds like an idea that has no evidence, while a Theory is an idea with some evidence and backing, while a Fact sounds like its indisputable.
I’d say, fact is a simple, atomic unit of proven information, while theory is more like a network of facts, connected with causality and interdependence links and arranged into a more complex structure through logical and mathematical methods 🤔
@@HardCoreSciFi Fair. I was just saying need a new word for Hypothesis is not something most people will say most days now outside the scientific community. Like again I always thought that Hypothesis is just the idea of a trail run, while a Theory was the trail run itself.
Vocabulary does change over time, some words don't have the meaning they used to have.
Normalize tinfoil hats being more stylish
0:27 I mean this in the nicest way possible you look like dr eggman
Subbed
Well I maybe have the goggles, but I have yet a long way to go bald 😅
Sorry, but all those ways to prove the earth is a spheroid isn't enough to convince a flat earther.
of course not. flat earthers refuse evidence that disagrees with them
Hello, on Hollow earth theory Strugacki's brothers did play with that idea well at least kind of. In their book "Prisoners of Power" (cleverly translated to my native language polish as "Przenicowany świat" - inverted world.) they describe a soceiaty that did not discover that their planet is round, but rather that is a sphere but they live inside of it. There is no sun, but "Wszechjasność"/allglow (sorry this is my own translation I do not have access to english version of the book). This theory comes from fact that cloud's on that planet have high refraction and cause of illusion that lets You see a city behind Your horizon on the sky. This was derived from theories about Venus atmosphere at the time of writing this book.
I’m glad to see you brought this up. As a Psychologist and Geology freak-- Geology was my first Major as an Undergrad. And, I always wonder about the level of Human credulity or, lack thereof Re flat-eathers, etc. Although it does make for a good laugh...when I pay any attention at all.
The expanding earth hypothesis is technically true. Given that apparent gravititatinal forces can be described by the river model of general relativity. So, for an inertial observer, it is entirely mathematically accutrate to say that earth is expanding through space. It is important to mention that for all intents and purposes, it is space that is changing in density over time; HOWEVER, mathematically the scenario of an expanding earth, and contracting space (river model GR) are the same thing.
(By space, I am referencing any coordinate system within a tensor)
That Theory vs Hypothesis issue, where we treat the word 'theory' as if it were just an educated guess, kills me. I grew up literally being told that theories were just guesses, and I think it caused a ton of confusion later in life for people like me who were raised with that notion (Luckily I don't subscribe to thing I was told in elementary school as gospel truth, but I know many others that aren't so plucky).
Maybe it didn't help that I grew up in Texas, which between the book burnings and the general hickishness, being well educated was not exactly a high priority for people down there.
I have officially found the most underrated channel on RUclips.
I’ll consider that an achievement 😅
I think i just found my new favorite youtube channel
I once read a (fiction) book where Jupiter spat out a new planet, and it destroyed earth - the protags escaped to some colonies around saturn. Was a cool story, until I looked up the author, who apparently wrote said book to support his theory that earth was once a moon of Saturn, but was knocked into a new orbit when Jupiter spat out what would become Venus. I don't think I've seen another theory quite that out-there since.
Honestly, I could accept a theory of expanding earth if we were talking about pico-nanometers of earth growth per year as we collect sunlight energy over time and convert it into materials. It would have to factor in any atmosphere loss we have per year too, which is something I imagine happens.
I am firmly in plate tectonics belief for now as a reference.
My 6th grade science textbooks stated that earth is expanding 5mm per year lol American education at its finest
7:25 Im not entirely sure if this is the same thing but if you hold a digital camera up high you'll see in the video the world bend around the camera. Is that a visual exmaple of atmospheric refraction or something else?
gotta say hollow and expanding earth makes more sense than flat, when people in Greek and medieval knew the earth was round you have to wonder the intelligence of those that have blind faith in FLAT earth
The Bible also says that the earth is round, even before the Greeks, in Isaiah 40:22
Like pancake they meant.
@@quadraticus466did you write the bible so that you know for a fact?
@@quadraticus466 Circle can also be translated as Sphere. Also, the Earth would look like a circle from God's perspective just like the moon looks from our perspective. The text also describes how the inhabitants look like grasshoppers, which further shows how Isaiah is describing things from Gods perspective.
The guy who thinks the earth is expanding is technically not wrong. Asteroids are hitting Earth all of the time, giving it more mass.
"im not ready to fight god today" me either
Whoa. I think I might've just found a new favorite channel.
As a child, I had always witness a phenomena where objects such as some old buildings appears to sink to the ground over time if left alone which I assumed Earth was slowly expanding in size.
However I know now there could be various of factors that resulting objects to decent into the ground over time such as weight, gravity, water/wind erosions, type of material and soil, etc.
I had never heard of any "expansionalist" community or research other than this video. My own assumption of Earth expanding was quickly dissolved by just searching for it online and see no results other than articles debunking it.
How in the world did you make these graphics? They are both primitive and advanced. I don't understand. 😵💫 🤕 🤯
It’s just hand-pixelled pixelart 😅
Thank you for adding subtitles to this video! I have hearing issues and the subtitles allowed me to fully enjoy this amazing video
You're welcome 😊
I love this pixely art style! With all of these animations. I guess that's why I like so pixely games..
So at the "space dust" idea, I paused and considered just how much heat energy that'd dump into the earth. Suppose 10% of the earth's mass arrived in the last 100 million years, and lowball approximate the energy by assuming it fell 100 miles in 1 gee. Divide by number of days, and plug it all into Wolfram Alpha, asking for the result in terms of nuclear explosions.
I got ~500,000 nukes PER DAY of heat energy. That would probably have an effect on our climate, to say the least!
10:25 I find the idea of a flatearther with a flight certificate fearful...
Dinosaurs are basically prehistoric berds
They had hollow bones= where lighter
Cute pixel-art info-graphics, good
explanation, an interesting topic etc.
Maybe Earth is neither of mentioned &
there are many layers of existence लीला
Man, I love your editing and animation style.
Oh yeah, the topic. I have absolutely no idea what to say. This is very much a "what"
awsome stuff, subbed and commented for the almighty algo
I don't have anything to say, I just want to leave a comment for engagement so that the youtube algorithm is more likely to pick up your channel
Thank you 😀
Young Earth? I don't want to go into it here, but, basically, the Bible does not "say so". 🙄
It was not my point that Bible says so 🤔 what I said was - all the young earth arguments always end up in Bible as the basis for their claims.
@@HardCoreSciFi Oh I know. I was mostly making fun of YECs. Comparing Gen 1&2 makes it abundantly clear that the creative days are metaphor and marking vague eras, rather than specific 24 hour days. Yet they say "It's in the Bible" when it's not. Either they haven't read it, read things with the purpose of propping preconceived notions, or they have the reading comprehension of a first grader. Likely a combination of the three.
@@HardCoreSciFi There are actually a lot more young earth arguments than just, "because the Bible says so", and many flat earth arguments also use the Bible as their basis as well.
So, difference between the poles and the equator is 20km. That's a 99.67% similarity. Technically an oblate spheroid, but imperceptibly close. So if the earth being 99.67% spherical is not considered a sphere, then what percentage do we need to reach before we call something a sphere? 99.9%? 100%? Do we have to say that precision machined bearings are the only objects that are actually spherical? Seems a bit nit-picky to me.
Anyway, great video. Well produced. I enjoyed it.
Well, I guess here lies the difference between geometrical and practical precision. As I’ve mentioned in the video, Earth is generally more or less a sphere, and it won’t be wrong to call it such, as well as use a sphere as a model for Earth. However, from the geometry point of view I’m afraid we will need 100% sphere to call it sphere, and otherwise it will be oblate ellipsoid (or spheroid).
ASTRONEER GAMEPLAY?!??!?
3:55 Like the Otzi reference there, it was hilarious.😂😂😂😂
oh my god that tinfoil hat is awesome