Gigapods: Answering who was the Biggest Dinosaur
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- Опубликовано: 3 фев 2020
- A video about the biggest sauropods, or as I call them in this video “gigapods”, and not only how big they are but how enigmatic they all are as well.
As I said in the video, thanks for paleonerd01 from deviantart for giving me access to his excellent drawings, and thanks for coining the term “gigapod”. I should also note before I made this video I got approval from him to use his artwork, that's why I use them so often.You can find his deviantart page here:
www.deviantart.com/paleonerd01
Also thanks to Paleoking, also on deviantart, because for about two seconds I used his Puertosaurus Reuli picture for a fat joke:
www.deviantart.com/paleo-king
Sources used:
svpow.com/2017/08/09/dont-bel...
www.thoughtco.com/barosaurus-...
www.thoughtco.com/bruhathkayo...
svpow.com/2018/10/21/what-if-...
www.businessinsider.com.au/la...
svpow.com/2016/09/16/how-horr...
If you want to learn more about these animals, here are the Wikipedia pages to get you relatively well-educated:
ARGENTINOSAURUS
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argenti...
PUERTASAURUS
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puertas...
PATAGOTITAN
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagot...
FUTALOGNKOSAURUS
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futalog...
ALAMOSAURUS
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamosa...
BAROSAURUS
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barosaurus
BRUHATHKAYOSAURUS
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruhath...
AMPHICOELIAS/MARAAPUNISAURUS
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraapu...
argentinosaurus on his way to practice dark magic to stay as the biggest sauropod every time a supposed "bigger one" apears
i don't understand how it does it, so your black magic theory is probably the correct
@@aceundead4750 ya its 100% black magic
?
not even barosaurus can withstand the argentinosaurus dark magic as it got downsized to around a bit lighter but still longer than argentinosaurus
I can't stop imagining argentinosaurus with an infinity gauntlet being like "the world must never know" XD
Man, I've interacted with elephants in Asia and Africa and one thing that sucks about being near them is the flies. Can you imagine the giant clouds of flies that followed these dinos around???
I was trying to imagine the poop.
@@jimmiller6704 Must've been epic!
Oh god. OH GOD PLEASE NO
@@Joe_Potts lol
The flies would've been huge too, bc of the oxygen level in the atmosphere
Kid- “I wish I lived in the time of dinosaurs they were so big!”
Guy- “oh well ya know, the blue whale is the largest animal to ever exist on earth and it’s alive today!”
Kid- “that’s boring I want dinosaurs.”
Dinosaurs sucks
Fun fact you could fit a hundred people on a blue whale mouth
yeah the fact that there are all these dinosaurs and non of them come close to the blue whale astounds me like we keep finding these giants from millions of years ago and we're blown away by there size but the largest mobile animal to ever live is floating right now off of the coast of Sri Lanka
@@harrishromero6447 then why are you watching a video about dinosaurs?
@@iridiumSerpent Because he's just a dumb kid agreeing with something he doesn't really agree with just to get attention from strangers
I didn't realize that only fragmented bones were found on the big guys, makes sense though, I mean when one of these dinos died it must've been a field day for many scavengers , someday I think they'll find one in a billion, and have a better understanding, it puts a light on how rare something like Sue the T- Rex is so rare, she was I think 90 pct whole, amazing.
@@MaxVax-dh7rh my man , i see where you are coming from... but honestly i would rather believe several dedicated paleontologists that have studied for decades and made investigations for even longer on the subject... rather than some random skeptic youtube commentator
Sauropod: *dies*
Scavenger: looks like meats back on the menu boys!
@@MaxVax-dh7rh there is no coming back from where you are trapped right now, brother. I hope you find peace one day.
@@MaxVax-dh7rh Oh yeah. It's true! It's all part of the illuminati deep swamp state reptoids plan, for the purpose of hiding the hollow earth. My cousin Jebedeaux-Herald told me so, and he heard it from a friend that worked a few hundred miles from Area 51.
@@MaxVax-dh7rh Have you researched the process the go through? It's not exactly just making stuff up on the fly.
Is it possible that the largest dinosaur to ever exist was simply too big, making its bones too large to properly fossilize?
I guess so, although I wouldn't call it impossible for them to fossilize, more so it would be incredibly rare for them to fossilize. Fossilization is already an incredibly rare process for any individual organism, so we're only finding probably some tiny fraction of all dinosaur species. And because it becomes harder for these animals to fossilize as they grow larger, I would call it very likely we will never find a dinosaur we can certainly call the biggest ever.
hmmmmmm
Well,over 99% of everything that went extinct got “deleted” from existence. (That means the bones didn’t fossilise or they got broken so much they became unidentifiable)
It probably couldn't be covered in soil fast enough, the elements would have moved the bones apart before they got the chance to properly be preserved and fossilized
@@TheBudgetMuseum I do remember reading that the sauropod body could theoretically have gone up to over a thousand tons. It just wasn't an evolutionarily rewarding strategy because such a huge creature would have had problems finding enough food to sustain itself, and they were pretty much predator-proof at a much lower weight.
Imagine if there were somethings bigger and we just can't find fossils for it.
"Where are the Bruhathkayosaurus fossils now?"
"Gone, reduced to atoms..."
The bruhsaurus
Bruh...
Bruh moment
*Bruh* athkaysaurus
I thought they were just piles of tree bark.
"Let's get into all the individual gigapods."
Wow! I said those exact words at a party last week.
So did I, but I got kicked out
@@jblifts5760
When you show up with 5 gallons of lime jello, some rubber tubing, a shaved muskrat, and a Wonder Woman costume, you never get kicked out of parties.
@@mikearmstrong8483 wait what?
@@mikearmstrong8483 lol whoever wearing the costume and what the hell is rhe rubber tubing for and wears the muskrat drug of choice
Can you imagine seeing in person one of these behemoths? That would be so bizarre
also the envyroment they lived.... imagine thoose huge trees larger than them ;o
I saw a deinotherium thraceiensis skeleton in a museum and felt absolutely dwarfed. I can't imagine the size of a sauropod let alone one of these gigapods.
Seeing people on videos running in front of bulls in Spain seem bizarre to me.
Videos of people climbing in pens of gorillas, lions, and bears at zoo is also bizarre to me.
I was one flabbergasted gazing upon a horse. I cannot imagine how I would react seeing these dinosaurs in person
What I love about Sauropods and Titanosaurs in general is that, even if we have the measurements and the numbers, our minds will never truly comprehend how massive these creatures were. Whenever I ponder about their size and scale, I cannot help but feel cold shivers down my spine. I always remain speechless for a moment.
It would have been truly wondrous to witness one of these animals.
I remember as a child when brontosaurus was considered the biggest
I kind of hate this debate. It makes them all blend together because less atention is made to what their unique features are. It feels like there's always this underlying bias to come with the new 'biggest', whilst there's almost no consensus and the actual knowledge usually is barely substantiated. And they all end up in the same ballpark of size anyway.
Also it really depends on how you define ‘biggest’, and I’m disappointed they didn’t to that in this video, because by ‘biggest’ did they mean volume, mass, length or height, or some combination of multiple of them
“Size matters not. Look at me. Judge me by my size, do you?”
- Jedi Master Yoda
hit me in lightsaber combat, you will not
nah i'm pretty sure that was lil wayne
grandmaster yoda, although im not sure if he still has the grandmaster title after the destruction of the jedi order post-order 66
It’s just mind boggling how big they were. Just imagining seeing them walk the earth back then would be amazing and so awe inspiring.
I always considered this interesting of a discussion. I don't think there is a definitive answer but there are good 'candidates' for sure.
There’s an unnamed Chubutisaurid discovered in western France nicknamed “The French Monster” identified from multiple specimens. The largest of which had a femur 2.5 meters long and a rib bone literally taller than four people stacked on top of one another.
unamed? proof?
“and at least one is just a tree” 🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣
imagine the absolute units we're yet to discover and won't EVER discover, or how about the aquatic dinosaurs? there's probably tons of them that are completely inaccessible, I mean, if a whale can get so huge, it's not too far-fetched to think there were even biggah bois all those years ago
Don't forget that the continents have changed drastically. There's probably all sorts of land-animal fossils buried under the sea beds of the world.
Lol imagine a 200 ton 50 metre long pliosaur that would be terrifying
Fully aquatic dinos never existed.
@@SamuelSantos-hu2by * that we know of
it's my point exactly
Ever heard of Bruhathkayosaurus? Like BRUH you missin out.
The dino drawing was both a nice and hilarious touch 😂😁
Normally even documentaries that I enjoy or are interested in make me fall asleep but your videos actually keep me intrigued and excited to hear more
Your awesome!
Dude, this is really good!
The music in the background, with the nice little explanations (the most sauropod-y of the sauropods lol). It's insane this is your first video posted (or maybe you've had experience before and you're just posting a new channel focused on fossils?)
This is inspiring my dude.
If you want a little bit of constructive criticism (and this is all just my taste, so it may not be good advice) - I feel like you could have shortened this up a bit. Like maybe an 8 minute long video and cut out some of the more intricate details (like the dinosaur wars explanation bit, maybe the bruhathkayosaurus?) Idk, i feel like those might be able to be their own separate videos.
I just started taking my video producing a bit more seriously, and my first few videos I think I stretched too far.
Anyway man, Keep up the good work! It's really awesome!
thank you! thanks for the criticism as well, I certainly feel that this was a tad too long, but by the time I realized I have done the voice over and begun editing. Glad to hear you are also trying to make some videos, and wish you the best of luck!
You gotta reach the 10 minute mark. It’s the vibe
@Ric Hicks 10 minutes for a really long time was the cutoff point where you could get more ad revenue out of your videos. That’s why there’s an absurd amount of videos that just happen to end up being 10:01
@Ric Hicks technotardness. That’s hilarious. Don’t worry man I didn’t even know about that until like a year ago and I’m 23
Nah its all stupid and nerdy
The real question is about the tyrannosaurs that hunted the titanosaurs that migrated to North America at the end of the cretaceous.
I dont think tyrannosaurs could take down titanosaurs at any time. They would not risk it for their own survival. Looking at modern predators such as lion, they dont go out their way just to hunt an elephant. A titanosaur is 20+x bigger than any tyrannosaur.
Tyrannosaurs didn't hunt sauropods only giant carnosaurs did like carcharodontosaurus and giganotosaurus.
@@wondersloth1918 It's not out of the question or unbelievable to wonder if tyrannosaurus could take down almosaurus, it was the only larger carnivore we know of that lived around the same time and place as the sauropod, meaning something had to of hunted it, and the only thing large enough was tyrannosaurus. Not to mention giga and carcharo probably wouldn't have hunted adult sauropods, they would've gone for the younger smaller ones, this could also be the case with tyrannosaurus.
The rex was simply not designed for such prey while the carnosaurs were like "hey big meaty dino's hmmmmm i should start eating them" and now we have mapusaurus
@@wondersloth1918 the size difference between tyrannosaurus and said carcharodontosaurs is almost neglible against something as big as a titanosaur.
The difference is that between a lion and a tiger against an elephant
How do they lose one of the biggest fossils ever found, and how do we leave these rarest of rare fossils to people that probably don't care????¿????
Most of this type of research just costs too much so it’s seen as a waste or less useful than other fields by default and therefore less care goes into it. From what I’ve seen anyway.
if you are talking about maraapunisaurus, the fossil was already degradading to elements as its was fairly exposed, plus the vibrations of transport and bad storage made it break into million pieces like a ball of dry sand
All that and we probably didn’t know how rare they were back in the day.
@Maniac 5000 hey, you cant just go around leaking infos from the government
Id say its probably in some rich fuckers house
When you consider how unlikely a fossil of one particular individual animal is likely to be fossilized and add to that the unlikeness of it surviving to be dug up by a paleontologists in the 20th and 21st century without being destroyed by erosion or tectonics or mining.
It is more likely than not that the Argentinosaurus found was an average animal.
With all these big specimens found it's also safe to assume many sauropod species reached the 30 meter+ 50-80 ton size range as super herbivores in their ecosystems.
Now take that a particular species is lucky to last a few million years so you probably have dozen of sauropods who took the niche of super herbivore over just in the late Jurassic and late Cretaceous period and it doesn't seem all that unlikely that one freak existed which actually dwarfs a blue whale.
There's a study which indicates sauropods could be 3 times larger than the Argentinosaurus and still remain functional as their body shape is very well 'optimised' for getting big and the only thing stopping them is food availability.
Too bad we dont have evidence of giant trees existence say in North America right now In the present which can grow to 300 feet tall.
That's a actually really cool I still like to think about the massive trees that existed back then. Those towering mountainous trees you see in dinosaur films or through research
A tree and an animal function very differently. A tree doesn’t have to worry about constant mechanical stress of moving its entire body, and the metabolism and general growth properties would be very different.
You might as well ask why we haven’t evolved to the size of polar bears. We’ve got the resources to do it and the proof that it can be done too.
While i do believe there was at the very very VERY least one gigachad sauropod who grew to like, more then 60 meters long, i think that it would be too much overkill after 60 meters. They were already unkillable by other dinos, no need to take it further and make it harder to find enough food.
@@FarmerSlayerFromTheEdoPeriod Well couldn't we explain one growing larger if it just had a genetic defect? We have evidence of animals that can have tumours grow on areas that supply growth hormones or tells various parts of the body to keep growing.
Of course this results in death or early death a lot of the time. But we still get cases of gigantism in animals when they do make it to adulthood. I don't see why it isn't possible for dinosaurs, especially if these animals were already pre-designed to emphasize growth, a few wrong replications and boom. Mega animal grows too tall to eat from most trees or it can't support it's own weight.
By the same logic, it's not implausible that a freak whale existed at some point that dwarfed even the freak dinosaur. After all, it's easier for a whale to be abnormally huge and get away with it than a land animal.
4:02 Turiasaurus isn't a Titanosaur. It belonged to it's own separate group, the Turiasauria. These were basal sauropods distantly related to titanosaurs.
So glad your channel was recommended to me. Love the layout, your descriptive words and tone of voice. Keep it up 100k approaching fast
Do you ever wonder if there was a dino so big it just COULDN'T fossilize
Anything can theoretically fossilize, for example if it's entomed in volcanic ash like the city of Pompeii /(which was bigger than a dinosaur). It's just unlikely.
That would be amazingly awesome
Literally thought this was a meme cus Bruhathykayosaurus has bruh in there
Lmao Bruhath/Brihath is sanskrit for Huge /Grand and Kaya means body Hence the Bruhathkayosaurus
@@niharg2011 bruhath bruh moment
God the visuals and made up terms make this video such a delight
It’s like megalodon.. if we use the tooth to extrapolate the size (which they did) why then are Hammerheads so large considering their tooth size? Maybe tooth size isn’t indicative of animal size in sharks?
Imagine if the sauropods had like no necks like elephants have, I think that would be pretty funny
would be wierd, but they needed a way to easily acces large amounts of food, so then it wouldve needed a trunk like an elephant
As an Indian man it's just sad how they dealt with Bruhathkayosaurus lmao
Was so excited when I first read about it back in like 2014 or 2015 as a 16-17 year old lmao
Good fossils in India are just destroyed casually.
I've seen rocks with dozens of sea shells in them. One or two were scooped by a local institute while the rest just eroded away over the next rainy season and was blown up during road building next year lmao
It was extremely unprofessional to name and publish *before* the fossils had even been collected, prepared and conserved.
I love this stuff, but it is a real flight of fancy to suppose that an animal looked a certain way by examining one fossilized bone.
Great video! The fossil footprint of the sauropod in Australia has me shook!!!
Excellent work and the artwork was great,
Hey, I have only recently found out about you but I wanted to say I like your videos, keep up the good work and one day you might become successful like PBS Eons
Excellent video - and good choice of music!
Imagine the biggest one of the biggest species. Like one with gigantism. Must’ve been like a walking whale!
It was said that bruhathkayosaurus was bigger than argentinosaurus
I once had a legit panic attack imagining how big one of these things would have been in front of me. (I should mention that I have a panic disorder, but still.)
I get anxiety just looking at horses, as cool as these animals were I couldn't imagine even getting near one!!!
If it makes you feel better, large modern animals like elephants avoid stepping on smaller animals whenever they can.
But given these are bird lizards instead of mammals there's also no telling how aggressive or docile they might have been.
If you ever go to Atlanta there’s a natural history museum with a 123ft Argentinosaurus in it. It’s called the Fernbank Museum of Natural History.
The dinosaur is easily 30ft at the shoulder. There’s a 50ft Giganotosaurus next to it and it’s puny.
@@girlbuu9403 Have you ever been close to wild elephants? They only happen to be some of the most dangerous animals on the planet, and kill hundreds of people a year. And yes...the most common cause of death by an elephant, is being trampled to death.
@@Ispeakthetruthify Cool. Hippos, crocodiles and big cats kill thousands.
Elephants fall into the same category as bears and bison. They generally won't fuck with you unless YOU did something wrong. Sometimes something wrong is being too close to them, which isn't always your fault, but that's just how life goes sometimes.
Woaaahhh underrated channel💖🔥✨
New update on Bruhathkayosaurus!
Photos of the bones have emerged and it turns out it is highly likely to NOT be a tree trunk, and new *conservative* estimates for its size based on other giant sauropods put it at over 100 tonnes at LEAST.
You know you know it’s so funny none of the sauropods have heads they never found the heads of the sauropods it’s always missing
"At least one is just a tree" killed me stone dead.
What a fascinating video, thank you. PS, love the music that plays at 3:58
LOVE THIS CHANNEL
What a wonderful video😗🥂 Just wanted to say thanks 🇫🇮💜
I love how even if Bruhathkayosaurus was real, it now has to contend with the 80-340 metric ton Perucetus for the title of heaviest animal in history
Whenever a "bigger" titanosaur than Argentina saurus, a bigger therapod than T. Rex, or a bigger Pterosaur than Hatz or Quetz (depending on whether we're talking about mass or height) is discovered: *press X to doubt*
Giganotosaurus and Spinosaurus are bigger than T.Rex already
Do you always have to speak in redditisms?
@@4TheWinQuinn bless you, that made me laugh man
@@heiseigojifan2713 Last I remember, Spinosaurus is a good bit larger and heavier than the T-Rex. And Giganotosaurus, while not as sturdily built and thus a bit lighter, was also longer.
Weight is not the same as size. Body composition can make the estimated weight of an animal slightly heavier than an animal slightly larger than it.
@@jiteshjensondas277 In length, yes. In weight, probably not.
"Big dinosaur I found."
I'm dead. hahaha
Outlier in the sense that finding a creature with bones that big is rare… they lived for millions of years there must be literally thousands that were quite a bit bigger than the norm
Fun fact: Welsh is spoken in Patagonia
Source: I live in Wales where this is common knowledge
I half expect that at some point we're gonna find there was just a lineage of super-stocky sauropods not near as long/tall as we expected... but ground-shaking behemoths nonetheless.
The necks in the drawing i wasnt ready.
Thank You for mentioning Bruhathkayosaurus!
i used to call them 'long neck' when i was a kid... i didn't know there are a lot of variations of 'long neck'😭😭😭
As a paleontology nerd with megalophobia this was the most simultaneously fascinating and terrifying video i have ever watched
I read "Gigapods" as "Gigachads" and instantly clicked to be at the end mildy disappointed this video wasn't discussing who's the biggest Gigachad...
I’m so glad I just found this channel !
Anyone remembers the Seismosaurus. (Don't doubt it was renamed, though)
6:51 Well that was ridiculously short-sighted of them.
Where have you been? I love this channel. Now hold me and whisper sweet as-a-matter-of-facts and actuallys in my ear! 💜
This question is really several similar questions. Which is Largest? Which is Tallest? Which is Heaviest? Which is Longest? All of these have different answers, since they are all used as metrics to measure a sauropod's overall size.
The heaviest is always considered the true "biggest". There aren't height classes or length classes, but there are weight classes.
I appreciate the honesty of pointing out how difficult it is to estimate an animals true size from just fragments to a few specimens. I think many people don't realize how few actual full skeletal remains there are in the world. Also human error and arrogance unfortunately make several of the findings questionable as well.
If they find an Ultramassive Giant bigger than all these guys, they should probably name it either Ronniecolemansaurus or Markusruhlsaurus.
Gigarammysauros more massive compare that two 😂
The Bruhathhayosaurus's bones are distentegrated? B R U H !
You sir, have a new sub
There was a sauropod recently discovered in Australia that might be bigger than Argentinosaurus
Gigachad < gigapods
Where did they get the length of the necks and tails, if all they had to go on was a single vertebrae?
There’s a study by Gregory S. Paul that states Maraapunisaurus was the largest land animal to ever exist, because he estimates that it was 35-40 meters long and 88-129 metric tons. He says that the LImaysaurus holotype had confusing scale bars, complicating reconstructions of Maraapunisaurus. He also said that a vertebra the size of that of Maraapunisaurus could not be accomodated inside an animal less than 35 meters in length. It is also likely that since Maraapunisaurus was more basal than Rebbachisaurus and Limaysaurus, it was likely different in terms of proportions. This might make it longer than when scaling up from LImaysaurus. Neck allometry also was not taken into account into Gregory S. Paul’s reconstruction, so it might have been even longer. Both Kenneth Carpenter a d Gregory S. Paul are brilliant paleontologists, but we know little about these animals, so any size estimate should be taken with caution, and should NOT be accepted as if it were a fact etched in stone.
That is the first time I've heard that pronunciation of diplodocus
Damn professional
Wait thats how you are supposed to pronounce Diplodocus? When I found one in ARK I had named it Count Dooku because I thought the last part of its name was a long vowel sound.
Could it be that some off these dino bones that we find are from different ages or stage growths or maybe we haven't found enough specimens to really get a clue of how big they can get , cause if they are like humans they can vary immensely in size ?
Yes but it's of course much more likely that the ones we find are of average size.
nice use of "Fig Leaf Rag" by Scott Joplin
Do you make world of Warcraft videos?
2:40
Regarding this what's your opinion on the Gonzalez Riga et all 2018 study that puts almost all gigantic titanosaurs in the same clade with their phylogenetic series being almost a perfect fit to their size hierarchy? How about the more recent one that found Alamosaurus to also be a (more basal) lognkosaur instead of its usual placement as a derived saltasaurid?
4:00 wow look at all of these “World’s largest dinosaur/animal/T. rex killer”
How do they extrapolate so much of its body (such as neck and skull) from just some hip fragments??
These paleontologists have never seen the motherinlawsaurus,clearly a formidable creature.
bruhathkayosaurus is truly a bruh moment
imagine standing any where near a herd of these amazing creatures and feeling the earth shake as they moved around. would be a source for old religions if they had not gone extinct that's for sure.
It always seems to be some farmer.
an unsubstantiated claim from India that's ridiculous and extreme? Shocking.
They may have been as big as you say but maybe they weren't as heavy as assumed ? I say this because they would have been constantly sinking into the ground especially if they stood still on soil . I don't know its just a thought I have . Good vid : )
I found a new Dinosaur!! His name is nigerosauropod. He had a habit of stealing Dino nuggies
Does anyone know the music used starting at 1:29? I recognize it but I forgot what it is called
Liszt Hungarian Rhapsody 2 in an orchestral arrangement.
How do we determine the largest tho? The tallest? The heaviest? The widest? The size of the footprint?
Gigapods? More like Gigachads
These numbers seem weird to me.
25 - 36 meters is a pretty wide range considering that's just a linear measure.
60 - 100 metric tons seems like a relatively small range
Shouldn't the range for mass be much larger considering that mass should generally grow exponentially relative to length?
Like Im sure there are a ton of factors that minimize this effect in some way but the relative variation in mass is smaller than the relative variation in length which seems pretty intense.
Not necessarily. You scale up using the body plans of smaller species with more complete skeletons. Depending on which species' body plan you use (slim or sturdy) you may arrive at vastly different lengths but similar weights.
Love how increasingly less likely each gigapod is to have existed at all.
I just like that this designation means big ole foot!
Is there a way to proof that something is a footprint? Because that last one looked like a normal rock formation.
Have you ever seen a picture of a human standing next to one of those huge dump trucks? These gigapods are roughly twice as long and twice as tall as one of those trucks.
You could not live with your own failure. Where did that bring you? Back to me
-Argentinosaurus
11:38 Ah, a footprint of a rare _PeggyHillasaurus,_ I see. They're many of them in Texas.
Source: _Believe me, bro._
Whats with the super thick necks? Is there any evidence to support that?
I had this on in the background and at 10:58 I heard "lmao-saurus"
Of course Argentina has the biggest, and we also have the biggest bird and Boquita. MI PAIS MI PAIS
Argentina Papá!!!
Gross
Some dinos may have been bigger, but we don’t know for sure.