Well Thanks, that was very informative! My Dad was a Tool & Die Maker & I spent a lot of my early years in machine shops on Saturdays as he worked on side jobs. One thing I remember doing was hardening steel, as you've shown - heating to cherry-red & quenching. I remember Dad also adding Carbon to steel in an electric furnace by covering it (the steel work-piece) with coal and or charcoal and bringing the temperature up & holding it (temp) elevated for the carbon in the charcoal / coal to migrate into / penetrate the steel. He showed me how we could make a piece of coat-hanger wire into a tiny knife blade by flattening, carbonizing, hardening, annealing then sharpening. I was only 8 or 9 and didn't fully appreciate what I was being shown, not right away,
You have greatly helped my understanding of material properties. I saw this in my material science classes, but had some horrible lecturers. I decided to watch this video because I was looking for some info on hardening steels for knife making, and I have seen your other videos in the past. I have to say, you always do a great job explaining very complicated subjects in a simple concise matter. Thank you for doing what you do! As for d mac, he shows two methods, the blow torch and the kiln. Watching material harden is like watching paint dry.
You most definitely did a great job explaining how these processes actually work and in which order they are to be completed in to obtain whatever properties are desired. Great video and thank you for breaking it down. Very informational.
Hi Ben, I study Mechatronics Engineering here in Brazil and this is a big part of one of my classes. We did absolutely everything as you did, testing heating and breaking points, crystalline structures, etc. Very good video as always. Thank you very much!
I had a bucket of confusing myths and random facts about this topic and your video was a great way to sort things out. Thanks for sharing your nerdiness
You are awesome. You probably hear that every day but you have so much knowledge. The greatest part about this is that you use this for useful applications. Your you tube channel name is 100% fitting. I wish I I had the "in" to just hang with you. I am a mental sponge and just like to learn how things work and you just put things into perspective. Thank you most people would PAY for this info for a instructor to fly through lectures leaving you confused. Thank you for what you do.
I'm an engineer long since removed from college. It's been quite a while since I've seen a stress/strain graph and you sir did a fine job of explaining it...better than I remember learning it the first time. The applied tests are superb and really help illustrate the theory. Well done!
Wow! I'm new to knife making and was having trouble understanding exactly why the heat treating and tempering are done. Your video made it super easy to understand. Great job!
I've been watching videos about forging and have been wondering about the actual differences between tempering, normalizing, hardening and annealing. You're video was very good at explaining it, especially with the examples you demonstrated.
I just took a metallics class at Texas A&M and I approve of this video :D Very helpful, I'm glad you didn't throw crazy vocabulary around as that would have confused many people that don't know about this subject.
I went to a mechanical engineering university and none explained this stuff enough like you did in this video ben, they didnt show us any experiment too. another great and highly educational video.
Practice becomes chancy & theory becomes ivory-tower-boring when isolated. It is the hallmark of a very, very, good teacher to provide the missing link. Like you just did, and words fail me in praising you adequately. Anyway, cheers !
Im 15 and i just learned more information in 17 minutes 29 seconds than i was taught all day at school today GREAT JOB ben keep up the amazingly educational and intriguing videos:)
I've been watching your videos for a long time and recently got interested in heat treating steel, it was nice to discover that you had this excellent explanation of it.
You have a wonderful method of explaining complex issues. There is useful content in all your videos, regardless of topic, you are a fabulous teacher. I especially enjoyed / learned from this one. Thanks. Ross
I was curious about the science of hardening, and this is the first video I watched. It is a gift to have an understanding of a subject matter, and to be able to impart it to others with interest. You nailed it, and gave me a good foundation to proceed from.Thank you.
This is very helpful, feels like I'm in school or uni. Thanks for the upload!!! That file trick is pretty handy, I noticed when trying to file a hard steel, It felt like there was no progress, it was smooth. I did learn annealing in work experience at a jewellery shop where you heat the silver up then let it cool down slowly, then you can work on it like draw silver wire through different size holes to make the wire thinner. Pretty cool stuff.
Very nicely explained the basic idea. You could go into more depth, but that wouldn't be for the general public, that'll be for scientists and engineers. Keep it coming. Amazing content you've got there boss.
Yes. Thank you for this video. I was never quite to sure on all that, and it's nice to see it approached like this, with examples. It would make for a great in depth analysis review. Keep up the fantastic work!
It is pretty rare to have the instructor who not only understands the material and can apply it, but can also actually teach or convey it to other people. If for some reason the students don't understand, repeating the same words again just doesn't work, other words need to be chosen to get the point across. I can only think of a handful instructors from high school and college who had this talent. I believe Ben has this gift.
Hey Ben, Thanks for this excellent video too. While you would really need to pull the samples to get a more straight forward assessment of tensile strength, I appreciate the bending test, because it relates to the real world more readily. The difference in each radius resulting in the normalized vs your heat treated samples is a great indication of work hardening and gives some insight the stress concentration involved in the higher strength samples failing under far less load. . Also, it is interesting to note that it is possible to harden low carbon steel like a coat hanger with methods very similar to what you describe, thought the hardness will be more apparent in a file test than a bending test. . Carbon diffuses through steel at elevated temperature. This can cause a reduction in carbon in the outer layers of steel when it is at high temperature, so it is important to be aware of this and its possible ramifications. This phenomena is also useful for increasing the carbon levels in steel near the surface. This can be utilized to case harden many types of low carbon steel, providing a hard wear resistant surface, but still maintaining the ductility of low carbon steel for the whole piece. . A convenient low tech way to accomplish this for small pieces of steel from coat hangers or more usefully with things like knives,: - Use a lighter to apply a layer of soot to the piece by holding the piece in the lighter flame. - Use a more powerful torch to heat the entire piece up to a red glow and hold it there for a short time to allow the carbon to diffuse inward... a carburizing or neutral flame would be preferable to oxidizing. -Quench and temper. . Anyway, thanks again for this great video and the many others you have made.
Hi Ben, I really appreciate that you made this video. Its a great introduction to the hardening processes, without being too overwhelming. Thank you very much! :) Michel
God damnit I love Ben Krasnow (in a professional way). Best explanation of hardening and strength of steel I have seen. Didn't spot any errors even. AND he uses SI units! Hurray!
Thank you so much for helping me understand tempering and hardening steel in an easy and practical way, although i'm not clear 100% because i'm not familiar with some of the terms that you use. But it is very good actually.
Hey Ben, I was just contemplating making my own compression coil spring for a mountain bike and came across this old video -- great explanation! Also, a good resource describing various alloys and their hardening properties is Machinery's Handbook. Now if I can only find an annealing kiln...
The upper-case Greek letter delta is often used to represent the relative change in some quantity. So, "delta L" is the change in length for a given beginning and ending condition. Lower-case delta can indicate the deflection of a mechanical system under load.
Round of applause and a like..... Bravo! Perfect execution of explaining how the hardening and tempering process works. Now I can skip a class, thanks man I appreciate the effort good luck.
Nice refresher course Ben - for an old fella :) Be interested later if you cover this again - to get your take on using silver steel to make, say, a small cutter insert for a boring bar - degree of temper you'd apply to back off from too hard. Other thing is oil vs water quench and your approach to that. Oh and - one other thing - making a spring!!! To some more of an art than a science! Thx for another great video.
Great video. I'll have to watch it again to get a better understanding of how to re-harden the pallet nails that come from my woodburner. Reheat to red heat and then cool quickly but not suddenly??
WOW!! - That is REALLY very interesting. Even 4 a newbie like myself. The good Vid. would be concluded even more, if u added and demonstrated the set-up of fire and steel itself while explaining. Everyone would have a demo for him-/herself, how it is done! Appreciated much thought. Keep it up!!
You said that hardening does not change material stiffness. However, metal sample resonating frequency is determined by its geometry and its stiffness and if you harden a metal sample, it's pitch rises significantly. I mean, if you hit a metal sample with something and let it ring, hardened steel rings with higher pitch than normal steel which means it has greater stiffness.
Thanks for the video. Maybe you could do a video on annealing. I realize it might not be worthy of a stand alone subject, but I am interested in what goes on when removing hardness of a metal in order to machine it.
Want a trippy superelastic steel? Austempering. A buddy in my guild quenches in a salt bath normally used for bluing (350-ish C, iirc) can bend a sword almost into a U, and it springs back, but still maintains 50+ R hardness. Google forth fellow science dude. Recipes abound. 😃
Ok, that is feaking awsome! I would love to see that. I looked up the process, it seems fascinating. I believe I will actually spend some time reading about it.
Hi Ben: Great primer on the subject. Ran some steel rod through the procedure you outline and had some good results. Need to learn a bit more and do a bit more fiddling. Thanks, Cheers, Mark
PMMA is used in our lab for conductive flexible thin films. Coat a glass substrate with it, deposit the material and coat it again. Then you can get it off, provided you have a sacrificial layer beneif the first PMMA layer.
dang man, i learned so much and you ended so quickly, i really wanted you to explain those last two graphs in detail, it almost felt like you ended it abruptly lol, you could have gone on for another 15 minutes and i would have watched it
Pure iron (alpha ferrite phase) is very ductile and malleable, it has low yield. As carbon content increases harder phases can form, especially iron carbide phases once the ferrite is saturated with carbon at around 2%. Around 1/3 to 1/2 a percent carbon is where steel peaks in "toughness", beyond that it keeps getting harder but more brittle until cast irons which are more dominated by intermetallic iron carbide phases (eventually graphite too). The iron/carbon system is very complex.
Excellent point. If I understand you, the carbon inclusions no longer reside as part of the cubic array and become inclusions that disrupt the continuum of the crystal structure? And you're saying that this occurs at or about the 2% carbon point? I hope I've worded it right. That seems to be critically important in adjusting the properties of the steel
Well Thanks, that was very informative! My Dad was a Tool & Die Maker & I spent a lot of my early years in machine shops on Saturdays as he worked on side jobs. One thing I remember doing was hardening steel, as you've shown - heating to cherry-red & quenching. I remember Dad also adding Carbon to steel in an electric furnace by covering it (the steel work-piece) with coal and or charcoal and bringing the temperature up & holding it (temp) elevated for the carbon in the charcoal / coal to migrate into / penetrate the steel. He showed me how we could make a piece of coat-hanger wire into a tiny knife blade by flattening, carbonizing, hardening, annealing then sharpening. I was only 8 or 9 and didn't fully appreciate what I was being shown, not right away,
By this time You must be a highly skilled person. Long live thanks.
You have greatly helped my understanding of material properties. I saw this in my material science classes, but had some horrible lecturers. I decided to watch this video because I was looking for some info on hardening steels for knife making, and I have seen your other videos in the past. I have to say, you always do a great job explaining very complicated subjects in a simple concise matter.
Thank you for doing what you do!
As for d mac, he shows two methods, the blow torch and the kiln. Watching material harden is like watching paint dry.
luvmyTM1911 Thanks! Let me know if you ever have a suggestion for a video topic.
+Applied Science Great video, thought about maybe using this to make primitive drillbits. Think it'll work?
Have you seen Alec Steele's channel? He's a mad blacksmith
Yes but can you stab, bludgeon, lacerate, or simply make a al47 receiver with dried paint??
I want to know how to make steel flexible?
You most definitely did a great job explaining how these processes actually work and in which order they are to be completed in to obtain whatever properties are desired. Great video and thank you for breaking it down. Very informational.
for more than 20 years i am a engineer and this is the best way i ever see how hardening works good job interested inthe rest of you videos
Hi Ben, I study Mechatronics Engineering here in Brazil and this is a big part of one of my classes. We did absolutely everything as you did, testing heating and breaking points, crystalline structures, etc. Very good video as always. Thank you very much!
Your "bridge" got me to the point that I realized how much more I'd like to learn. Thank you!
I had a bucket of confusing myths and random facts about this topic and your video was a great way to sort things out. Thanks for sharing your nerdiness
You are awesome. You probably hear that every day but you have so much knowledge. The greatest part about this is that you use this for useful applications. Your you tube channel name is 100% fitting. I wish I I had the "in" to just hang with you. I am a mental sponge and just like to learn how things work and you just put things into perspective. Thank you most people would PAY for this info for a instructor to fly through lectures leaving you confused. Thank you for what you do.
A truly excellent tutorial, has summarised most things I 'know' in a wonderful, concise, clear video. You have my respect sir!
This goes in my "Best lectures" hall of fame. I'd like to see a follow up that shows detail about deformation over time.
Like many others I impressed with and grateful for this video in equal quantities. Thank you very much for posting it, you’ve filled many gaps.
this is likely the best and most informative video I've seen on youtube. Extremely concise and easy to follow. And super informative.
I'm an engineer long since removed from college. It's been quite a while since I've seen a stress/strain graph and you sir did a fine job of explaining it...better than I remember learning it the first time.
The applied tests are superb and really help illustrate the theory. Well done!
Best explanation of the hardening proces I've seen so far. Easy to understand even for a noob :)
Wow! I'm new to knife making and was having trouble understanding exactly why the heat treating and tempering are done. Your video made it super easy to understand. Great job!
Been confounded on heat treating and annealing steel and glass for a while before this.
Than thanks.
Thank you for teaching. To my mind, teaching is among the most noble of professions.
I've been watching videos about forging and have been wondering about the actual differences between tempering, normalizing, hardening and annealing. You're video was very good at explaining it, especially with the examples you demonstrated.
I just took a metallics class at Texas A&M and I approve of this video :D
Very helpful, I'm glad you didn't throw crazy vocabulary around as that would have confused many people that don't know about this subject.
I went to a mechanical engineering university and none explained this stuff enough like you did in this video ben, they didnt show us any experiment too. another great and highly educational video.
Practice becomes chancy & theory becomes ivory-tower-boring when isolated. It is the hallmark of a very, very, good teacher to provide the missing link. Like you just did, and words fail me in praising you adequately. Anyway, cheers !
Thanks I'm an amateur knife maker currently making a blade out of a leaf spring, so this will help a lot. I thought you did a great job explaining.
Im 15 and i just learned more information in 17 minutes 29 seconds than i was taught all day at school today GREAT JOB ben keep up the amazingly educational and intriguing videos:)
This is great. It makes so much sense when you think about materials like glass in a Prince Rupert's drop. Thanks for the time you put into this Ben.
"Ok I hope that was helpful"
You know damn well that it was helpful! Thanks a lot.
TwiztidShet -----You should never give up hope.
You replied to a 3 year old post??!? I *HOPE* he gets a laugh out of it :)
DrKnow65
@@DrKnow65 I HOPE you find this funny too
@@DrKnow65 who cares !
This is probably the best explanation of the stress/strain curve...Well done!!!!
Great video, you cleared up load of things my father tried explaining to me as a child. Now all the pieces fit together.
I've been watching your videos for a long time and recently got interested in heat treating steel, it was nice to discover that you had this excellent explanation of it.
You have a wonderful method of explaining complex issues.
There is useful content in all your videos, regardless of topic, you are a fabulous teacher.
I especially enjoyed / learned from this one.
Thanks.
Ross
Wish I'd had this to reference during my materials science classes!
Perfect mixture of practical and info about physics involved... Was very helpful, thank you
This has been a really useful bit of info. You explained something that has always confused me, and you did a good job.
Extremely helpful to have the science behind the method
He explained it so well of what took me 3 weeks to study. Life.
Great work!
The testing method and examples really helped explain this in a simple way.
thanks
I was curious about the science of hardening, and this is the first video I watched. It is a gift to have an understanding of a subject matter, and to be able to impart it to others with interest. You nailed it, and gave me a good foundation to proceed from.Thank you.
That was extremley helpful in demonstrating what you can find in textbooks. My sincere thanks as a current student.
This is very helpful, feels like I'm in school or uni. Thanks for the upload!!!
That file trick is pretty handy, I noticed when trying to file a hard steel, It felt like there was no progress, it was smooth.
I did learn annealing in work experience at a jewellery shop where you heat the silver up then let it cool down slowly, then you can work on it like draw silver wire through different size holes to make the wire thinner. Pretty cool stuff.
Very nicely explained the basic idea. You could go into more depth, but that wouldn't be for the general public, that'll be for scientists and engineers.
Keep it coming. Amazing content you've got there boss.
i watched this to learn one thing and wound up learning so much more. Terrific presentation!!! Thank You
I went to the top engineering school in Canada and this was 10x better than my first year materials science class.
Just learning about heat treating and tempting. This video was great for this beginner. Thanks for such an informative video.
Yes. Thank you for this video. I was never quite to sure on all that, and it's nice to see it approached like this, with examples. It would make for a great in depth analysis review. Keep up the fantastic work!
Great explanation. I wish I had seen your video tutorial a few years ago. It would have saved me from a lot of hassle.
It is pretty rare to have the instructor who not only understands the material and can apply it, but can also actually teach or convey it to other people. If for some reason the students don't understand, repeating the same words again just doesn't work, other words need to be chosen to get the point across. I can only think of a handful instructors from high school and college who had this talent. I believe Ben has this gift.
Best I'v ever seen on the subject ! Thanks, professor.
Great information ! ! ! You are an effective teacher, Thank You.
I've looked at a bunch of videos, and you covered all the basics.
This sort of explanation was why I subscribed in the first place, great stuff to learn about and presented very well!
Best descriptive video I’ve seen. Thank you
What a helpful video. Your explanation of these processes will help me on a up coming project, thank you.
Excellent video. I had quite a lot of this in patchy background knowledge and this tied it together nicely. Thank you!
Wow...best explanation I've ever heard! Thank you!
Fantastic explanation of how hardening and tempering is accomplished. Thank you!
Hey Ben,
Thanks for this excellent video too.
While you would really need to pull the samples to get a more straight forward assessment of tensile strength, I appreciate the bending test, because it relates to the real world more readily.
The difference in each radius resulting in the normalized vs your heat treated samples is a great indication of work hardening and gives some insight the stress concentration involved in the higher strength samples failing under far less load.
.
Also, it is interesting to note that it is possible to harden low carbon steel like a coat hanger with methods very similar to what you describe, thought the hardness will be more apparent in a file test than a bending test.
.
Carbon diffuses through steel at elevated temperature. This can cause a reduction in carbon in the outer layers of steel when it is at high temperature, so it is important to be aware of this and its possible ramifications. This phenomena is also useful for increasing the carbon levels in steel near the surface. This can be utilized to case harden many types of low carbon steel, providing a hard wear resistant surface, but still maintaining the ductility of low carbon steel for the whole piece.
.
A convenient low tech way to accomplish this for small pieces of steel from coat hangers or more usefully with things like knives,:
- Use a lighter to apply a layer of soot to the piece by holding the piece in the lighter flame.
- Use a more powerful torch to heat the entire piece up to a red glow and hold it there for a short time to allow the carbon to diffuse inward... a carburizing or neutral flame would be preferable to oxidizing.
-Quench and temper.
.
Anyway, thanks again for this great video and the many others you have made.
One of your most-excellent videos! Thanks
Hi Ben,
I really appreciate that you made this video. Its a great introduction to the hardening processes, without being too overwhelming.
Thank you very much! :)
Michel
Thanks for showing us this Ben, superb presentation as always. I'm going to reference back to this one a time or two for sure!
God damnit I love Ben Krasnow (in a professional way). Best explanation of hardening and strength of steel I have seen. Didn't spot any errors even. AND he uses SI units! Hurray!
Very well explained and concise, thank you for taking the time to explain this, specially with the didactic material. Cheers
Excellent!!! I hope you make a video explaining the TTT curve and explain things like austempering, marquenching etc. from the curve..
Agreed, excellent overview. Good food for an engineering brain.
A very clear explanation of a complex topic. Many thanks.
This was an excellent video. I very much hope you put out more videos of this sort.
Thank you so much for helping me understand tempering and hardening steel in an easy and practical way, although i'm not clear 100% because i'm not familiar with some of the terms that you use. But it is very good actually.
Hey Ben, I was just contemplating making my own compression coil spring for a mountain bike and came across this old video -- great explanation! Also, a good resource describing various alloys and their hardening properties is Machinery's Handbook. Now if I can only find an annealing kiln...
Train wheel heat treating is pretty neat. They will only quench the outer rim of the wheel that makes contact with the tracks.
The upper-case Greek letter delta is often used to represent the relative change in some quantity. So, "delta L" is the change in length for a given beginning and ending condition. Lower-case delta can indicate the deflection of a mechanical system under load.
great explanation. thanks for the time to help others to understand the process..
all the best
Patricio
Round of applause and a like.....
Bravo! Perfect execution of explaining how the hardening and tempering process works. Now I can skip a class, thanks man I appreciate the effort good luck.
Concise succinct and completely kick-ass! Good work.
Nice refresher course Ben - for an old fella :) Be interested later if you cover this again - to get your take on using silver steel to make, say, a small cutter insert for a boring bar - degree of temper you'd apply to back off from too hard. Other thing is oil vs water quench and your approach to that. Oh and - one other thing - making a spring!!! To some more of an art than a science! Thx for another great video.
Well. I must say, this is an excellent presentation of a somewhat complex and confusing topic. Well done indeed.
Great video. I'll have to watch it again to get a better understanding of how to re-harden the pallet nails that come from my woodburner. Reheat to red heat and then cool quickly but not suddenly??
Very informative! Helped me to better understand the process and reason behind it. Thanks!
Very well done. Simple and to the point.
Thank you for a clear explanation, the file test is most useful and I have used it after hardening a small hole saw bit.
Outstanding presentation. Clear, concise and extremely informative. Thank you for this.
Excellent job at making a vid on heat treatment of steels.
Such a clear and understandable explanation. Thank you very much.
WOW!! - That is REALLY very interesting. Even 4 a newbie like myself. The good Vid. would be concluded even more, if u added and demonstrated the set-up of fire and steel itself while explaining. Everyone would have a demo for him-/herself, how it is done! Appreciated much thought. Keep it up!!
I love your videos, you always pick the coolest obscure projects man. I'm pretty sure you're some sort of wizard, though.
Never knew Gabe from the office had this kind of knowledge. Jokes aside - perfect video.
EXCELLENT!......highly useful and well delivered information, Thanks Much!
Thank you. Wonderful teacher. You made it very easy to understand, much appreciated
You said that hardening does not change material stiffness. However, metal sample resonating frequency is determined by its geometry and its stiffness and if you harden a metal sample, it's pitch rises significantly. I mean, if you hit a metal sample with something and let it ring, hardened steel rings with higher pitch than normal steel which means it has greater stiffness.
best video on heat treatment. well done for sharing knowledge
REALLY GOOD EXPLANATION ,EVEN MY ENGLISH IS NOT VERY GOOD I'VE UNDERSTOOD 100 %,. YOU REALLY CAN TEACH.
THANKS
Thanks for the video. Maybe you could do a video on annealing. I realize it might not be worthy of a stand alone subject, but I am interested in what goes on when removing hardness of a metal in order to machine it.
This is awesome, thanks for showing me this! I was trying to find information in this and you just helped me hugely!
Want a trippy superelastic steel? Austempering. A buddy in my guild quenches in a salt bath normally used for bluing (350-ish C, iirc) can bend a sword almost into a U, and it springs back, but still maintains 50+ R hardness. Google forth fellow science dude. Recipes abound. 😃
Ok, that is feaking awsome! I would love to see that.
I looked up the process, it seems fascinating. I believe I will actually spend some time reading about it.
Rion Motley does he do them for cutting buhurt or Hema? I'm genuinely interested.
What thickness was the material, the amount of elastic deflection a peice can have goes up with thinner peices.
that was highly informative.. both theoretically and practicaly.. thanks
an exceptional piece of instruction. Thanks.
Hi Ben: Great primer on the subject. Ran some steel rod through the procedure you outline and had some good results. Need to learn a bit more and do a bit more fiddling. Thanks, Cheers, Mark
PMMA is used in our lab for conductive flexible thin films. Coat a glass substrate with it, deposit the material and coat it again. Then you can get it off, provided you have a sacrificial layer beneif the first PMMA layer.
dang man, i learned so much and you ended so quickly, i really wanted you to explain those last two graphs in detail, it almost felt like you ended it abruptly lol, you could have gone on for another 15 minutes and i would have watched it
Quite enjoyable, thank you. I think that was well layed out and explained nicely.
This was a very helpful and informational video.
I really appreciate your making this video! It brings to life the things my dad explained when I was a kid :P
that is really well done and should be shown to engineering students to explain what they are learning. Would have helped me :)
Pure iron (alpha ferrite phase) is very ductile and malleable, it has low yield. As carbon content increases harder phases can form, especially iron carbide phases once the ferrite is saturated with carbon at around 2%. Around 1/3 to 1/2 a percent carbon is where steel peaks in "toughness", beyond that it keeps getting harder but more brittle until cast irons which are more dominated by intermetallic iron carbide phases (eventually graphite too). The iron/carbon system is very complex.
Excellent point. If I understand you, the carbon inclusions no longer reside as part of the cubic array and become inclusions that disrupt the continuum of the crystal structure? And you're saying that this occurs at or about the 2% carbon point? I hope I've worded it right. That seems to be critically important in adjusting the properties of the steel
Excellent video. Explained very well. Thank you.
That was very helpful and well explained. Thank you.