A climate mystery: the eruption of 1809
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- Опубликовано: 29 сен 2024
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This video is about a climate cold case. Literally. But one that may soon have an answer. Which volcano caused the cooling of 1809?
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Music by Epidemic Sound: epidemicsound.com
Edited by Luke Negus.
What caused the cooling of 1809? This video essay similar to Kurzgesagt, Smarter Every Day, Veritasium and other science RUclips channels helps you understanding volcanic cooling. How do volcanoes change the climate? Which volcano erupted in 1809? How can we tell?
Huge thanks to my supporters on Patreon: Mark Injerd, Mirik Gogri, dryfrog, Justin Warren, Jack Grimm, Angela Flierman, Alipasha Sadri, Calum Storey, Mattophobia, Riz, Jan Krüger, The Confusled, Wessel van der Heijden, Conor Safbom, William Pettersson, Paul H and Linda L, Simon Stelling, Gabriele Siino, Ieuan Williams, Candace H, Tom Malcolm, Marcus Bosshard, Leonard Neamtu, Shab Kumar, Brady Johnston, Liat Khitman, Kent & Krista Halloran, Rapssack, Kevin O'Connor, Timo Kerremans, Ashley Wilkins, Michael Parmenter, Samuel Baumgartner, Dan Sherman, ST0RMW1NG 1, Adrian Sand, Morten Engsvang, Cio Cio San, Farsight101, K.L, fourthdwarf, Daan Sneep, Felix Freiberger, Chris Field, ChemMentat, Kolbrandr, , Sebastain Graf, Dan Nelson, Shane O'Brien, Alex, Fujia Li, Will Tolley, Cody VanZandt, Jesper Koed, Jonathan Craske, Albrecht Striffler, Igor Francetic, Jack Troup, HandsomeCaveman, Sean Richards, Kedar , Omar Miranda, Alastair Fortune, bitreign33 , Mat Allen, Rafaela Corrêa Pereira, Colin J. Brown, Princess Andromeda, Mach_D, Thusto , Andy Hartley, Lachlan Woods, Dan Hanvey, Simon Donkers, Kodzo , James Bridges, Liam , Andrea De Mezzo, Wendover Productions, Kendra Johnson.
I personally believe the culprit was a submarine volcano WSW of Tongatapu. It has a large caldera, is covered by a widespread young ash layer, and its caldera forming eruption was estimated to be ~200 years ago.
Not Krakatoa?
@@chingweixion621 Krakatoa would have DEFINITELY been noticed if it'd produced a volcanic eruption that size in 1808. In fact, Krakatoa has records of activity (and inactivity) dating back all the way to the 17th century.
Because that's one of the things this video didn't mention (though I think GeologyHub's video on the topic a while back did). We'd expect there to BE historical records of any volcanic eruption as recent and as big as the 1808 eruption must have been based on the data, no matter where on the planet it occurred. Yet NO ONE anywhere makes mention of a large volcanic eruption at the time. The best we have (also discussed in GeologyHub's video) are weather observations that point towards a faraway volcanic eruption, which is what GeologyHub used to narrow down the likely location.
Personally, I like GeologyHub's theory, also because a submarine eruption (similar to but bigger than Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai last January) is more likely to remain undetected even in the early 19th century.
@@chingweixion621 Krakatau produced large caldera forming eruptions in 535/540 and 1883.
Partial heating from water vapour would lead me to it being submarine event.
@@Leyrann Maybe it was Hunga Tonga itself.
It is so cool seeing a bit into the process of solving mysteries like this. Astounding how much there is to discover and the brilliance and insight of the people making those discoveries. You chose some great guests.
Have you started using a boom mic? I recommend putting it a little closer to you as I'm getting some echo.
If anyone is interested in more on the socio-political follow up of huge volcanic eruptions in the british empire I can highly recommend "The Age of Victoria" podcast on the Mt. Tamboa eruption and 2 episodes after. Super interesting!
Tambora is located on the island of Sumbawa, east of Java, present day Indonesia. At the time she was part of the Dutch colonial empire. It is belirved to have been a vei 7, 8 being a supervolcano. There was also a large eruption in or around 1812, it's location and impact are not fully understood. Tambora reduced temperatures wordwide for 4 years by several degrees. The Victorian era started with Victoria's reign, 1837-1901. She was born in 1819 so Tambora has nothing to do with Victoria. The 1808 is important because the effect of 3 large eruptions in fairly rapid succesion is bound to have a greater effect on the earth climate.
This is a story that could have been told better, audio is fucked up - the interview specific, close up snap shots.. too fast cutting and movement.
I’m surprised miss thunderberg hasn’t been spotted on the brim of a volcano scolding it for releasing aerosols
I'm impressed how much ignorance you managed to cram into eighteen words
I love it when I find an area of science that I'd known little whispers of and then it gets blown open by clear explanation. Great content.
Personally I love to see very niche research areas like studying sulfur isotopes or at my university there is a professor that focuses on the security implications of DRAM. Extremely niche but at the same time absolutely necessary for our understanding of the world.
I just went from zero to "OH MY GOD THIS IS SO COOL" in a matter of minutes.
absolutely!
1809 is so recent too. You’d think *somebody* would’ve written down that a giant volcano erupted but somehow we don’t know.
Maybe it was in the ocean. So no one wrote it down
@@darthmaul216 People did observe what was probably the aftermath of the eruption in South America, stratospheric cloud in late 1808. So the current hypothesis is that it occurred somewhere east of Indonesia, in the Pacific. That area wouldn't have had a lot of passing ships, hence why there are no direct observations.
If I were some villager in 1809 and a volcano erupted nearby, my first thought wouldn't be, "I should write this down for posterity's sake," it'd be, "AAAHHHHHH!"
@@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721 you have to wonder if it completely destroyed a village or two hence the lack of information
@@darthmaul216 I was about to suggest that also. Maybe a subsea volcano had a really big blast one time. It might require a lot more scanning of the ocean depths and core sampling from the bottom. I always thought it interesting that the nuclear test ban organization had sensors all over the place and think someone may have tested a nuclear bomb in the South Indian Ocean. Without a modern network of hypersensitive sensors, massive things can happen in the middle of nowhere and it is difficult to know.
as someone that had lectures about Volcanology and Stable Isotope Geochemistry earlier this year i want to say this video is really good at explaining complicated concepts in a simple, concise and reasonably accurate way. Definitely some top tier science communication. Now i feel the weird urge to go hike around the Phillipines for my masters thesis 😄
Hiking looking at rocks probably doesn't pay very well I'm guessing. Unless the rocks contain oil or diamonds of course
@@engineeringvision9507 most science research doesn't pay well.
Hike in the Philippines. Most volcanoes beside the most active ones are virtually unstudied.
Is it me or is the ideal that there's a unknown volcano just doesn't sit well with me. Could a asteroid or small comet?
@@mrtodddelaroderie One issue, though, is that this event does correspond to volcanic ash, as well as sulfur, in ice cores. The particles from an asteroid impact would not have the same composition as those from a volcano.
This might be a volcano that does not exist above the ocean level today. Because it simply vanished in the eruption of 1808. Then there are two mystery eruptions that took place in the year 1452/1453. Then there's another mystery eruptions in the year 1458.
There is also a very large eruption in 426BC (from unknown volcano in the tropics i.e. Indonesia) that have the same size as Samalas 1257 eruption
I love Dr Burke's enthusiasm for her specific chemistry field! I now want to learn something about sulphates
I think it's super interesting how these different disciplines like geochemistry, biology, atmospheric science and historical science all come together to solve these mysteries!
Never knew you could CSI a volcano. Brilliant video.
You could say this cold case is really heating up 😎
“Insert The Who - Won’t get fooled again”
536 AD wasn't that one linked to Krakatau specifically the big Caldera from which the mountain that exploded in the much more famously documented in 1883 subsequently formed? I know there is also a VEI 6 candidate eruption in the Americas which may have contributed as well so it might not be a clear case but it was a VEI 7 eruption which almost always have a large climate impact.
Of course you do get a few outliers like millennium eruption Petaku in 946 AD where sulfur dioxide is suspiciously absent in ice cores despite the presence of ash/tephra. Granted the major detail usually neglected is that that volcano is now known to be driven by a hydrous mantle plume which extremely high levels of hydrated material is causing the lower than average density anomaly that is driving the ascent of the material in the mantle to the surface. Sulfur dioxide readily reacts with water to form sulfuric acid instead which rains out more readily. That hydrous component (which sadly can't be well constrained by the ash as water vapor is a volatile) also becomes relevant when we recognize the timing of the eruption suspiciously lines up with the subsequent onset of the Medieval warm period in the northern hemisphere. Given what the Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai eruption reveals about water vapor one of the strongest green house gases' effects in the stratosphere I suspect that isn't a coincidence.
Fascinating video Simon. Really interesting to see this type of scientific research
Can you talk about the last ancient forests in America the last 5% loggers are trying to cut down for money 💰.
Like please help and educate the people who watch you and show theres more to trees then co2 goes in not not lots more to trees then that people.
How do you lose a volcano?
A Bond villain took it.
So how can we tell the difference using these markers between a volcanic event and other cataclysmic events, such as massive forest fires, meteor impacts and even man-made events like wars and bomb tests?
Would love to see a video all about measuring the affects the Tunguska impact, World War I and II and the nuclear bomb tests of the 50s and 60s had on the environment and what traces they may have left in the tree rings and ice deposits.
The detectives are still looking for a smoking gun. (Well, caldera!)
The volcano story is interesting and all, but did you really just spend a whole minute explaining what a newspaper is?
What a great story, can't wait for the conclusion!
"And everybody died. The end."
:P
the real eruption are the friends we made along the way.
Discussions like these remind me how our existence on this earth, at least in the form it is now technologically and socially, is tenuous. We’ve had a pretty lucky run these last 10,000 years. But if a super volcano like Yellowstone were to go off things could change catastrophically for the worse. Existential threats aside, I’m going sailing.
Yellowstone isn't actually expected to go off anytime soon as I recall.
Now we need a video about the 536 A.D. events!
I really enjoyed this video, I think that for people who aren't in scientific academia it'll be a really fun intro to how it works, how evidence is gathered and processed and brought together to form conclusions. Really great science communication!!!
A Hunga Tonga type eruption would be my guess. Look for the culprit under the waves.
On top of great content, this video felt especially well edited. The cuts, subtle zooming in - really well put together!
A good old geological who Done it! Classic
Just a big thank you Dr. Clark. We need more of you on youtube. Thank you.
It can very well be that the culprit for this eruption is not above the surface any more. Like the Tonga volcano that now is nearly gone.
Some years of erosion by the waves can remove the rest.
I think that another piece of evidence could be the lack of written record. In 1809, any such volcanic eruption would have certainly been recorded in many parts of the world. One of European colonialism's side effects is that we have an abundance of sources about natural events in the places they colonised (i.e. destroyed).
For example, if we stick relatively close to the Equator, it would be nigh impossible for a large eruption in the Caribbean, Mexico, or the Andes, to have been missed. Honestly, it might be the same for Java or Sumatra, or pacific islands. This really leaves it , if I recall my volcanoes and my history correctly, to two spots. Eastern Indonesia, Papua, maybe Phillipines, not yet very colonised by the Dutch/Spanish, or the Rift Valley, Kivu area, about a century away from serious European presencs.
Oh my goodness, LOVED this! Very cool science and a cliff-hanger too... Come on someone, please work out 'who' did it - I really want to know the answer now!!
Wait wait wait, you mean there’s no answer at the end of this video?
@@gkess7106 it's probably the previous incarnation of Krakatoa... this volcano blew up its whole mountain and regrew again in 1883 eruption... and today we have Anak Krakatoa which literally means Child of Krakatoa...
I live on a small arctic island that's ALL limestone, minus glacial till.
But right in front of my cabin the rocks seem to be coated in a later of soft, airy, rough stone. It's like pumice. I've yet to find it on other parts of the island. I always wonder if it's from a volcano.
Y'all keep animating the volcano at the north pole and that's what makes me wonder.
are they little small spherules? are they gray or black in color?
@@michealpayton2148 the rocks that seem to have a coating of pumice only have the grey, rough material on one side. The underside is a tan color like the rest of the limestone on the island. There's also red stones that have the same grey coating to them on one side.
@@NexVoidGaming My curiosity is if they may be from the Comets of 1807-1808. Late 1807 a record from Orkney states two comets in the sky. This is preceded by a large Meteorite in Russia of 160lbs and followed over a period several months with a meteor storm in Italy and Moravia and a storm of millions of spherical bodies recorded in Sweden. During this time, you have a large earthquake in Italy with a red cloud and an eruption of Sao George in the Azores. Neither the earthquake nor the volcano can be related to the storm of pellets in Sweden. The most appropriate cause seems to be the passing through the tail of one of the comets.
1807 was a very cold year with New York having 5 ft of snow on the ground in April and Ice flowing on the Niagra river in June. Yet somehow in 1808 we see an abnormally high temp in London in july of 1808 at 96 degrees F
Awesome video again - just hope you don’t have any devices “secured” with your finger print - since showing them so clearly focused into the camera allows Cyber Criminals to make a Finger Print Silicon copy that allows to unlock any devices “secured” with them!
There are Presentations by the famous Chaos Computer Club (CCC) about that having been done before (to show the security implications!)
I don’t want one of my favorite Climate Educators get in additional trouble from that kind of “blind spot”❣️
Also valid for anyone reading this comment, btw.!🤓🧐
This is very interesting! I love seeing how multiple data sources interact.
About once a year some strange material impacts on our planet not being an asteroid or a comet, leaving no descended object behind (perhaps like with the Barringer crater?) Anton Petrov assumed this might be some chunk or patch of dark matter, so why wouldn't such a larger chunk hadn't collided or had fallen into the water in 1809 for a once?
In this video you are saying "when volcanos erupted the temperature will go down in all the earth almost the same drops" but in the video when you are saying that human are creating "the climate change" you are saying that not always affect the world in the same way so temperatures will vary...
Immediately thought of tephra, was not disappointed. Nice video
Is a fourth line of evidence not written sources? Not going to be relevant to every eruption, but it certainly helps.
Morning Brew is so bad. It's written poorly and talks down to the reader.
Ah volcanoes... Earth's mightiest pimples.
Wow that girl was annoying. Why is she laughing the whole time and talking to us like we are three years old?
I had no idea about the geochemical fingerprint, that is so cool! This makes me think of an Interdisciplinary medical mystery where various departments have to work together to figure out what’s causing the symptoms. Multiple big brains are better than one! 😅
Isotope ratios are used in a lot of cool research. Oxygen isotopes are used for temperature proxies in ice. Also, isotope analysis got crazy after we started testing nukes because of all the fallout.
Thanks for the vid!
Still..not knowing which one is the culprit..?
maybe it was cause by System Bug or Glitch
where does the Sao George eruption in 1808 figure in. I'm sure is has been accounted for. The weather records seem to indicate that that the colling period started about 1805 and didn't bottom out until about 1812. Then Tambura happened in 1815 and the temps didn't really start to recover until about 1820
Oof Simon your youtube been hacked? You've been leaving spammy comments under other video's
This episode was explosive. Love it!
In the war of 1809 in Central Europe, it was unseasonably wet in April, but then very hot from late May through into July. Something was certainly unusual that year.
I love large detonation sounds and very large volcanic eruptions do just that. Beautiful, billowing ash plumes and extremely deadly pyroclastic flows that burn and buries everything.
It was actually spainsh celebratory fireworks when they won the peninsular war against napoleon in 1808. Funny people think this was volcanic eruption.
Disprove the sulfur records in Greenland and Antarctica
These cooling events would include (from living memory) the two erruptions of Mt St Hellens in the 1980s? The summers were definately cooler (in the UK at least).
Could be an oceanic eruption not resulting in an island, those hikers looking for samples may need "special gear".....
You do bring the most interesting sciences together in a understandable level... I asked you a question on Instagram that puzzles me alot...
Thanx for science class...
I watched the NOVA Documentary about the 1257 mystery eruption and the amount of scientific feats that the French and Indonesian geologist accomplished that leads them to pinpoint that the mystery eruption were from Samalas were nothing short of brilliant.
Just going off of that name in that history note. I found there is a island of Samal. Maybe it is a unknown volcano there, on that island? It's perfectly in that latitude region you mentioned. Idk. Someone probably already checked that out.
As an Indonesian i was hoping, "please not a volcano from my country this time". 😑😧
Did it have alzheimer's and go wandering off or something? Has it been found and returned back home yet ?
Remember that not all volcanoes look like volcanoes. some are just crates. some look like a lake or a field. some are eroded away. some are under water. some are called lacoliths (spelling?) - a bump of magma pushing up on the ground but it hasn't erupted yet. apparently they are not all big mountains.
Ships' logs are preserved and include daily weather records/observations.
Quite sure it's in Indonesia. Toba, Tambora, Krakatoa, and many others...
There appears what may be a near miss with a comet in 1808. The is some small evidence we may have passed through the tail. Could this also have been part of the situation?
Glacial layers do not represent seasons. Surface glacial ice can melt and freeze several times a day even during sunny winter days.
Interesting thank you for all the great information and with and when they find it , we might finally find our try History of Humanity
But did the eruption in 1808 have the low end boom of an 808 kick?
Just ran into this on Wikipedia the other day. Surveillance is quick nowadays - used to take a week at least
Like the video to make good like/view ratio for the RUclips algorithm.
What if it was underwater and blew itself apart, so that it just looks like flat seabed now?
4:21. Perhaps the nerdiest statement I’ve ever heard on RUclips!
I want to be a tree in my next life
Simion Clark needs to talk about Ecosia they are a search engine that plants trees
You know why it's missing? *Cuz it blew up!* 🌚
I saw this notification and literally thought it said tom simons and i was so confused
Let me guess, Indonesia
Morning Brew? I got Al-Jazeera,
it's Merapi
bruh, are you serious? it's not that mysterious
Your evidence is?
Geologists are so hot 😍
The volcano is very likely completely submerged underwater and is very likely located not far from the poles. The volcano is very likely an Kuril Island/Aleutian volcano as there was no volcano that erupted in Iceland. And on the Kamchatka peninsula no evidence has been found of an eruption to that date And the reason it’s likely the Aleutians or the Kuril Islands, is because there are a lot of small islands there. And a eruption of that scale being around a high end VEI 6 would completely destroy the volcano as the caldera collapse would cause the entire edifice to sink under the water.
There are sulfur signals on both Greenland and Antarctica. It is an equatorial volcano eruption
This is quite interesting, there is nearly no content Simon makes which is not interesting !
I dont know, maybe its that biggest caldera in the world located at east of Philippines (benham rise)
Its not. Sulfur signal and land observations show it is most likely in Southern Hemisphere
Silly Question, what if the source of sulfides is fun a bolide? An atmospheric meteor burst of a sulfur rich rock? How would that look?
The sulphur isotope ratios would show if it was terrestrial or cosmic in origin.
Indonesia
I agree that Hunga Tunga should be looked at, perhaps Simon can ask one of his friends to ask the people in the area for their oral history. It may turn them in the correct direction to solve this cold case.
It would be interesting to see the theories of what would happen, if an eruption occurred during a typhoon or a large water spout in conjunction with a typhoon - would that cause the weird/strange dispersal of ejected matter?
Thanks for the excellent concise explanations!!
Tonga is too far from the equator, isn’t it?
What about historical writings as sources? Did no one write about the big volcano going off somewhere?
The earth is huge. The volcano could have been on an uninhabited island out in the middle of the ocean.
Its in Indonesia
what if the volcano wore gloves?
Mr. Fantastic is a Climate Scientist?
I thought they figured out that the eruption of 536 was krakatoa?
Sulfur signal is only recorded in Greenland for the eruption in 536. Another eruption (larger and equatorial) in 540 is most likely Krakatos
Great video. New sub
What caused the massive climate disruption of the mid 550s? Volcano? Meteor impacts? Whatever it was, the effect was globally devastating.
Two major (VEI 6 in 536, VEI 7 in 540) volcanic eruptions
@@aron1332 True, but there are other possibilities as well.
@@starpawsy sulfur spike are present for both 536 and 540. Only volcanoes could cause that spike
Interestingly the mother mountain of Bali, Mount Agung erupted violently in 1808 and changed the topography of surrounding regions. That eruption were said to be the largest ever recoded. Maybe scientist could find a clue there.
What document that recorded it? The earliest written record of Mt Agung is 1843. Also, Balinese Kingdoms have been existed before and after 1808. If it was "the largest" ever recorded, they'll all be wiped out.
It was actually easier to be ruled it out of options, than to consider it as one of the mystery volcano of 1808.
Any chance it could be Taal 1808?
No. The eruption is near the equator (just few degrees from equator). It is most likely a southern eruption
@@aron1332
How many degrees from the equator?
If it's that narrow and specific, it would make the search so much easier.
Excellent vid!
💐
First?
Yup!
Congrats! reply also for the algorithm : )
Love the quality of videos you produce. :D
Hej simon, could you please use a different noise than the one a 0:04, I personally find it very jarring.
Use LIDAR and UV/IR imaging for satellite 🛰️ archeology studies of the regions your interested in and hopefully you find things that have yet to be found or noticed before.
1:15; oh, cool! the “late wood”, had never known that about tree rings before! Totally had thought, my whole life since learning about trees in elementary school, that the tree rings were old bark rings, covered up by new growth over the year😂. I don’t think I was taught that, I just, somehow, assumed it was that somewhere along the way. lol but now, I learned! Thanks to that scientist guy he was interviewing at the beginning.
Global, and Warming, and Volcanoes, ohh my..... who would have thought. I like that Cold Case I see what you did there