62-Year Old Dave Pascoe: Slowing Aging Inside And Out
HTML-код
- Опубликовано: 28 сен 2024
- Join us on Patreon! / michaellustgartenphd
Discount Links/Affiliates:
Blood testing (where I get my labs): www.ultalabtes...
Epigenetic, Telomere Testing: trudiagnostic....
Use Code: CONQUERAGING
At-Home Metabolomics: www.iollo.com?ref=michael-lustgarten
Use Code: CONQUERAGING At Checkout
NAD+ Quantification: www.jinfiniti....
Use Code: ConquerAging At Checkout
Oral Microbiome: www.bristlehea...
Enter Code: ConquerAging
At-Home Blood Testing: getquantify.io...
Green Tea: www.ochaandco....
Use Code: ML10OFF
Diet Tracking: shareasale.com...
If you'd like to support the channel, you can do that with the website, Buy Me A Coffee: www.buymeacoff...
Conquer Aging Or Die Trying Merch! my-store-d4e7d...
Timestamps
0:00 Early Influences And Health Journey
6:30 High School And Coding Beginnings
13:15 Favorite Movies
16:35 College And Tech Career
33:20 Building An App
34:50 Applying Coding Skills To Health, Starting To Track Biomarkers
42:50 Fit, But Short Telomeres?
48:20 Exercise Prescription
1:15:00 Dave Pascoe YT Channel?
1:20:55 Traveling, Living Life
1:22:40 Dave's Diet
1:24:40 A Slow Epigenetic Speed Of Aging-Fitness As The Cause?
1:32:45 Health Issues?
1:39:00 Balance Training
1:41:00 Therapeutics: Exosomes, Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Stem Cells, Plasma Donations
1:53:30 Dave's "Smart House"
1:59:00 PEMF
2:00:00 Which Interventions Have Helped The Most?
2:07:40 Metabolomics
2:11:00 Aliens?
2:15:30 Psychedelics
2:17:30 Brain Scans, Rejuvenation
2:21:00 Looking Young For Your Age
2:22:40 Hair, Beard Dye, Botox
You’re the best Mike
Loved the seemingly random start. Gives insight to how the man got where he got to. Both host and guest were genuinely engaged and made this episode a joy to listen/watch.
Thanks @auricauric8150!
Dave has a nice, chilled out vibe. I wonder if attitude helps with his longevity
Less stress or reactions to it. Lower cortisol levels etc
Agree, I think lower stress levels are critically important as he mentioned in this interview, his biomarkers were terrible when he had major stressors in his life even though he was at peak fitness and felt great.
I’m 57 and this is so much like my past. What a send back. I remember seeing War Games and Wrath of Khan when they came out at the theatre. Mind blown!
Conquer Aging Or Die Trying! , This is amazing! I can't stop smiling!
great stuff man, good to see he's open about the cosmetic stuff he does.
Great episode. Didn't expect him to be such an interesting guy
Conquer Aging Or Die Trying! , great video it was really entertaining
Thanks @LJSheffRBLX
it's a 150 minute video, did you watch it on 10x speed to finish the whole thing in 30 minutes?
@@conqueragingordietrying123 interview more people
I would enjoy watching videos of Dave working out! Would learn a lot from this man!
I think a lot of people would, there's huge interest around Dave already, without a YT channel...
Plasma donation is used to offload PFAS. One caveat - it can temporarily depress immune response. B-cells can really crank out Abs, but I would be cautious about exposures before and after donating plasma.
It’s funny how all these longevity olympians go by combining studies with how they feel. I think your approach is much more helpful for the majority of us.
Feel is a big part of my approach, too-I don't want to have youthful biomarkers, but feel aged...
Mike's tryptophan experiment would be a case in point. Worst set of biomarkers for a long time, yet that could have been expected based on what was happening. I also go on feel and biomarkers. When you have consistency in your approach it becomes much easier to sense when an intervention is no good or needs to be dialed back.
Great podcast. You guys are awesome 🖖
I can relate family and friends want very little to do with longevity conversation lol
i wonder is simply checking cortisol, rather than telomeres, and assuring cortisol and BP are optimal might be at least as important and easier than tracking telomeres. Would be interesting to see how they correlate. Be surprised if they didn't.
Obviously the literature indicates higher cortisol shorter telomeres. I guess the question is how would you measure cortisol. The hair cortisol studies are the most convincing.
👍🙏 Please interview all the top people from the rejuvenation olympics Michael, I appreciate your contributions to the awareness of all things health and longevity. Also I'm wondering what your own score is on Dunedin Pace.
Hi Gordo and thanks! nopara73's cornered the market on that, but I do have an interview with Siim Land scheduled for the 28th.
Most recent DP = 0.82 (7/26/24 test)
Thanks for that reference, I didn't know about that RUclips channel but I just checked it out and it looks very promising.
I'll be 61 in a couple of weeks. Used to dye beard and hair , but my 20 y/o daughter talked me into stopping LOL. For me the whole food plant based nutrition high in starch and low in oil is the way to go combined with bike riding , walking and weights. I found spermadine from wheat germ to be helpful. I had a mild intention tremor that went away for good after starting it, and I think it made my hair darker in my head but not the beard.
Personally, I think natural gray looks better than dyed hair on a man. Interesting observation on spermidine.
@@rhyothemisprinceps1617 as a balding men i wear my grays with proud
Bone marrow stem cell derived exosomes are the best but are awaiting FDA approval before they will be back on the market. Currently Direct Biologics are in a phase 3 trial using them for ARDS (shock lung) . In the phase two it was more effective than any other previous treatment.They are also trials for inflammatory bowel disease. In addition, they reduce wrinkles and boost hair growth when combined with microneedling. I had treatments before they went off of the market. There is nothing like them.
Is it what he took to increase his telomere length?
@@soulnight1606 he used amniotic chord derived exosomes
@@soulnight1606 I think he said that he used amniotic chord stem cell derived exosomes.
@@soulnight1606 He said he took TA-65, which is a molecule (likely cycloastragenol) in some species of Astragalus. I don't think you get much of anything in the bottle. Almost certainly better off with related products like Swanson Telomere Formula.
But, this likely only extends leukocyte telomeres. They naturally extend. This just provokes them to. Most of our cells do not extend their telomeres naturally. They go one way. Down.
Though, you can get genetically modified, if you have a lot of money to throw around.
The disparity in telomere length tests between the leukocyte measure and the epigenetic AI stuff is what I would expect. The leukocytes naturally extend their telomeres. Cells that have to be replaced very rapidly need a strategy to avoid running into the Hayflick division limit. Red blood cells are that funky shape because they have no nucleus. That is their strategy. The DNA never divides, so it does not shorten. The daughter cell gets no nucleus. They do obviously divide, with the nucleus dividing, but they don't do it to make the usual blood cells that course through your veins.
The Astragalus extracts that extend telomeres likely almost entirely just affect those leukocytes. It probably is helpful to some extent, but it is not doing anything for most of the body...in all likelihood. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is likely the same story. If they get too long, I suspect there is some downside.
However, genetic modification to extend telomeres like Elizabeth Parrish did should be a different story. That probably is the real deal. But I still doubt if it is anything like even coverage of tissues. Some cells likely got huge telomeres, and likely most no extension. Still, the best shot. And, of course, very high dollar. In the tens of thousands of dollars, I think.
Telomeres are just one facet of aging, but longer telomeres are associated with leaner, healthier phenotypes and some increase in lifespan.
Can you speak to astragalus and kidney function? It seems to stop the age related decline whether using cystatin c or creatinine with proper testing at least whilst taking it (which I should be enough?).
that 2 * 20 secodn on the Kero bike is interesting. .there was research that 2 * 15 total sprinting pace.. was super effective for
He briefly mentioned using an ampcoil, never heard of this but it costs $8k I wonder if there is any published research the shows evidence for it's benefits.
Algorithm support
Thanks @pursuingtruth13!
Turned out Dave was an OG algorithm whisperer.
Systems analyst ha that is what I thought. Well, you won't forget it now
At 02:08:12 - What does tryptophan degrade into ?
kynurenine, via the de novo NAD synthesis pathway
Argireline + matrixyl serum is keeling my lines under control. Botox was found to reduce empathy - seems like if it affects emotions it could be affecting the brain in other ways.
Am considering cutting tea as well . I’ve noticed a big difference cutting from two glasses to one. Just afraid of the withdrawals
instead of tea you can drink water with lemon and if you want a new addiction add glycine to it. Tea deplets vit b1
These are great videos! I have two issues one my weight in 155 at 6’1 felt far better at 165 and 2) sinus inflammmatikn ongoing for 3-4 months . For me at least if I do too much cardio I get very lean (I was 137 in high school) am considering sinus surgery as no pill or diet modifications. Has helped
what have you tried so far for sinuses? I've heard bhramari pranayama breathing exercises can help - seemed to help me a bit when I had sinus problems, but I had trouble doing it at the right frequency (needs to be lower than I can do comfortably). My sinuses cleared and I'm not sure what did it. Traditional kimchi definitely helps, too, but that's not what fixed my sinuses since I only tried it once (worried about stomach issues from kimchi). It might have been NAC or homemade kefir.
@@rhyothemisprinceps1617 I’ve tried everything to be honest. The supplement derived from kimchi both rinse and oral , I have tried home made kefir tried diet modifications removing common allergens like diary etc. nothing has worked. Tried all the sinus rinses including xylitol, even the antibacterial prescription rinse. The issue is while there may be an infection the structures are enlarged thus making it hard to breathe. Doesn’t feel like I have that much congestion, just inflammation. I do think when I do yoga it seems to help
@@nbtc539 gee whiz - I hope you find something that works. I really wish I knew what fixed mine so I could share the info. Best wishes🍀
@@rhyothemisprinceps1617 ima try nac but ultimately I’m gonna have to get surgery if it doesn’t improve
@@nbtc539 I take 500 mg 2x day. I have not tried nebulized NAC - but I've heard of ppl using it for various issues. I also take 100 mg selenomethionine. I should mention I also saw an anecdotal report of someone saying their sinusitis cleared up after using a red light face mask regularly for skin aging. I suspect that, like the bee breathing, the mechanism is NO production. There's also an NO boosting nasal sprays meant for a certain upper respiratory infection; I have not tried it. One last thing, one of my public playlists is on NO and it includes some videos on humming and bee breathing. Good luck.
Why are we coming back to telomeres...decades after that fell out of favor...what about hyperbaric chamber therapy??? 2 atmospheres and greater...
TL may not be as important as other metrics, but it's a Hallmark of Aging, and slowing it is important, at least to me.
Hypertension is epic. But I wonder how the increases in telomere length from hyperbaric effects our longevity. Been going hyperbaric a couple times a week here in Argentina and have experienced excellent results.
Thank you for such a fascinating interview with the guest. I haven’t had the chance to finish watching it yet, but I have a significant question. My IGF-1 and growth hormone levels are slightly elevated compared to the standard for my chronological age (34). However, based on blood tests, my biological age is estimated to be 10-12 years younger (22-24), which seems to align with those levels. How do you determine the optimal levels of these markers for your age? At what point should one be concerned about potential cancer grow risks, considering that an elevated hsCRP isn’t always present in such cases?
Hi @Heaven-0808, I don't focus on what's optimal for my chronological age, but instead focus on average values found in youth (20yr olds), and what values are associated with maximally reduced all-cause mortality risk in large epidemiological studies.
@@conqueragingordietrying123 Thanks so much for your response, I truly appreciate it! I do have another question: Have you observed any connection between deliberately increasing IGF-1 or GH through diet, exercise, or supplements and an elevated risk of cancer or increased cell proliferation?
Measure your insulin levels as well, they are part of the story of IGF-1.
Thank you for the advice @@jamesgilmore8192 . My recent blood test showed my insulin level on the lower end of normal at 5.7 mIU/L, with my sugar at 5.2 mmol/L (usually is a bit lower) and HBA1C at 5.4%. I believe these results are slightly higher due to a vitamin D deficiency, which led me to occasionally compensate with something sweet for energy.
However, I’ve read that some cancers may use ketones instead of sugar for growth. This raises my question about the connection between IGF-1, GH and cell proliferation. What’s your opinion on this?
Incredible . What’s his diet ?
1:22:40 Dave's Diet
I wonder if I should take tam 818 or anything similar to lengthen telemeres, I'm 28. I just started taking vitamin D, fish oil, multivitamin and creatine daily
test youre nutrients, try to increase per food and then start supplementing. Supplements arent good regulated so they could be contaminated, synthetic... .Also you dosent get the whole spectrum. The things youre taking are nice but most fish oil is sold rancid, if youre take vit d you need k2 and magnesium too and the list goes on. You could induce toxicity with overdosing something, depleting something else by taking to much... . Testing is the cheap route
🎉
Nice interesting interview, from diarrhea to majic mushrooms and aliens. 😸
Thanks @invertage!
You got vaccinated 3 times! Omg!
Yep, mandated by work, didn't have a choice
@@conqueragingordietrying123 I'm sorry to hear that. Thank you for all your videos!!
the probe that is not as harmfull as some try to put it, at least not in already healthy people
@@conqueragingordietrying123loving this video.
Remember… you always have a choice.
Would you rather not have gotten vaccinated?
Goatis has made a video about him.
Pu erh tea and green matcha, and I do black also !
He looks great, but he uses hair dye (according to his own web page). If he did not use dye, he might look a lot closer to his real age. His hair looked unnaturally black to me, so that's why I searched as to whether he uses dye. At least, he does not make faux claims like Bryan Johnson who also use a coloring product, but denies he uses the coloring product cover up grey. Bryan believe his product (which contains a natural dye) reverses grey. rather than covering it up.
Grey hairs definitely make one look older, but imo Dave doesn't physically look 62
@@conqueragingordietrying123 Agree and I think I stated as much. His muscularity does look youthful. Though people with grey hair and youthful muscularity tend to look like old people that workout, at least to me anyway.
Jack -- Bryan has openly said he dyes his hair. I remember he also said he uses a topical that is taken up and put into the hair as it grows. Its changing the colour for looks either way and not a reversal of cellular age.
@@jamesgilmore8192 At 3.47 in Bryan's how I reversed my hair loss & greying v ideo on RUclips, , Bryan emphatically stated that he does not dye his hair. It was published on youtube 8 months ago.
James: RUclips will not let me reply directly. Bryan emphatically stated at timestamp 3.33 in his youtube video on hair loss and grey hair that he does not dye his hair any longer. The video was published 8 months ago.
Ah yes, the two longevity experts who haven't yet figured out how to get a functioning thyroid without daily pharmaceutical hormone replacements.
Interesting that bryan johnson also takes something for his thyroid
@@arihaviv8510 It's a consequence of insufficient overall calories, sluggish liver, lack of animal protein, lack of carbohydrates, and lack of selenium. Anyone who does this fasting, plant-based, heavy supplement stuff will have a slow thyroid because of a combination of a lack of nutrition and an overburdened liver.
My thyroid gland was atrophic in my 20s-what you're talking about is rejuvenation, got any tips?
@@conqueragingordietrying123 My other comments aren't automatically posting, so I'm simplifying it to this:
Garrett Smith here on RUclips. The "Love Your Liver" program.
Remove Vitamin A from the diet
Eat high fiber and high animal flesh
Supplement with potassium, selenium, molybdenum, zinc, and topical magnesium.
Gooooooooooood luck sir and reader
@@conqueragingordietrying123 I left 4 comments and none of them were posted. Nice one.
Have you ever seen his birth certificate, do we have proof he’s actually 62, just because he says he’s 62.
If he did not dye his hair, he would probably look closer to 62.
It would be consistent with his story on how he got into computers
I think he looks 10 years younger, but you look your age
looking younger does not always mean you are healthy.
It is what it is, doing my best!
For advertising, both would be very good though.
He does look young his skin is very smooth and glowy for someone his age it’s just that he doesn’t have hair and also bio markers matter more than small appearance differences.
Nah, Michael definitely looks the younger (relatively speaking) of the 2 IMO.
This dude definitely dyes his beard and hair. Otherwise would look much older
Yes, Daven is open about it, covered in the video
Yes, let him have some vanity if he wants, but the blood tests and muscle mass doesn'ty lie. Not about whether or not you would date him 😅
Sweet
Really enjoyed that interview. Some great info. You guys looked like you had a blast.
Thanks @svenolsk8808, yep, Dave is super cool!
He lost me at “Smart home” NOT good for the body
He will learn eventually
Wow, 62? He doesn’t look it. Whatever he’s doing, it’s working for him. Could you please include timestamps/chapters? For longer videos like this it would be an immense help.
I make my own and happy to share:
00:06 Dave Pascoe, a 62-year-old longevity athlete, discusses his journey and interest in health and fitness.
02:12 Influenced by Rocky into fitness journey.
06:06 Developed early interest in computer science and coding
08:00 Challenges of running programs without computers and terminals
12:07 Dave had the opportunity to change students' grades but chose not to
14:08 Appreciation for a wide variety of movies
17:53 Understanding different perspectives for balanced views
19:40 Dave's early experience with technology shaped his career
24:04 Found niche in coding and programming
25:46 Automated system to perform repetitive tasks
29:44 Realizing the complexity of the body and the lack of a user manual.
31:55 Leveraging simple correlations for personal health optimization
35:12 Challenges of accessing comprehensive health data in the past
36:58 Misconceptions about health optimization and mental health
40:30 P90X fitness program resulted in significant physical improvements for a 62-year-old man.
42:17 P90X completely changed my life at age 50.
46:14 Stressful lifestyle impacting health
48:14 Exercise and stress balance for longer health span
52:00 Integration of recovery tools for enhanced performance.
53:44 Consistent high volume training with various activities boosts overall fitness
57:26 Surprising improvement in performance due to Carol bike training
59:20 Dave Pascoe uses a programmable stationary bike for high-intensity training
1:02:57 Importance of mental mindset in running performance
1:04:43 Influenced by his father's negative experience with sports, Dave Pascoe was discouraged from pursuing athletic activities.
1:08:22 Following a 14-day plan with different workouts each day for muscle confusion.
1:10:05 Managing rest and recovery days in P90X
1:13:53 Dave Pascoe is considering new career paths and exploring biohacking treatments.
1:15:46 Dave Pascoe is unsure about creating a RUclips channel in retirement
1:19:12 Balancing content creation and personal life
1:20:53 Dave Pascoe lives life to the fullest, including travel.
1:24:33 Transition to 100% clean eating slowed aging
1:26:37 Focus on zone five training for improved speed and V02 Max.
1:29:56 Need to maintain body weight to avoid muscle loss during weight loss
1:31:41 Struggling with muscle loss and physical decline due to stress and schedule pressures.
1:35:34 Learning from mistakes with supplements
1:37:29 Dave Pascoe's concussion at a roller coaster park led him to explore brain healing techniques.
1:41:11 Dave Pascoe shares his experience with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) and peptides for improving health.
1:43:02 Dave Pascoe experienced elbow and shoulder issues from a workout with a stability ball.
1:46:53 Balancing potential overuse injury with repairing damage through exosomes and volume training
1:48:45 Exploring personalized dose regimens for exosomes
1:52:25 Optimizing the blood system for youthfulness
1:54:24 Integration of smart home devices for convenience and efficiency
1:58:03 Dave Pascoe talks about his morning routine and biohacking in bed.
1:59:53 Use of PEMF for recovery and wellness
2:03:29 Identified B vitamin deficiency due to excessive tea consumption
2:05:30 Removing tea improved health indicators and energy levels
2:08:56 Maintaining quality time with loved ones is more important than sticking to routines.
2:10:39 Belief in existence of aliens and co-evolution with humans
2:14:28 Exploring the unseen light spectrum and unknown realities
2:16:15 Exploring the potential benefits of psilocybin on consciousness and brain signaling.
2:19:48 Discussion on cognitive enhancing supplements
2:21:35 A 62-year-old man discusses his experiences with aging and appearance.
2:25:13 Discussion on maintaining appearance through grooming techniques.
2:27:03 Dave Pascoe explores slowing aging inside and out.
Thanks @SWLion26, and apologies for the Timestamp omission! Now included in the pinned comment.
@@conqueragingordietrying123 excellent thanks
Well....he also said he does botox compound shots to get rid of age wrinkles. And dies his hair, or it would be white!!
Well....that just ruined it for me with thus video about what he's doing for longevity. As I am Bio-Chemistry, Physiology, Genetics college degreed research person. Researching longevity and metabolic syndromes. And I'm 73...do roughly close to 100 plant compounds. And reversed most of my gray hair...eliminated wrinkles. And my blood tests are that as someone in their kate 30's.
Anyway....
Are u vegan? Also do y have any videos or pics so we can see if u look under 40
Thanks in advance
Impressive and motivating.
Very interesting! I’m glad there will be a second part. What was the supplement that caused diarrhea? I didn’t catch that from the interview and I'd like to try it 😀.
It was a great interview! I hope that you work together.
Real life Aragorn
One of my issues as I’m in my mid 40/ is hairloss. I did try Bryan Johnson’s topical finasteride formulation but really felt awful on it. Apparently the topical fin can still go systemic
Can he share a copy of that P90x??? I really want it so bad
Dave's a super nice guy, I'd look into contacting him on his website: sites.google.com/view/davepascoe/home?authuser=0
What is Dave Pascoe's average HRV ?
We're talking about a Part 2, where we'd cover all of that (and other) biomarker data...
@@conqueragingordietrying123 A part two would be awesome - please do it!
49 hrv for last month : )
Good video
Thanks @iaml.4290!
How does he maintain his hair colour at this age. Especially guys with darker hair get at younger age than other folks grey hair especially in the beard area. Or do you guys think he colour his beard?
Hair dye, see 2:22:40
Great vidéo 😊😊😊
Thanks @benssasiyacine!
Seems like you glossed over the telomeres lengthening drugs. That could be the difference right there
Having seen DNAmTL data in conjunction with TL lengthening drugs, I'm skeptical-I'd like to see more data, though, as there isn't much that's published except for very small studies.
LOL how many tea bags I wonder did he put in there
A great way to reduce stress is to visit a massage therapist once a week. Korean women have a way of reducing stress and increasing joy in one's life. I think of them as angels that bring joy to the world.
Lol
Very nice interview. I wish there was more deep discussion on measurement. This point is not on his website.
We're talking about a Part 2, doing a deep dive on all of Dave's data...
I use same protocol
Lotus 123 Dave
Or quattro
@45:00: Telomeres lengthen and shorten based on what you are doing? Then what good are they for determining the body’s age? If this guys body’s age is 58 one time and then 38 another, how is this relevant other than confirming his health choices are moving him in the right direction?
Every biomarker changes based on what we do. My interest is discovering the recipe that helps keep them young, not prematurely aged.
@@conqueragingordietrying123 Thank you. I appreciate your response. Up until now, my understanding was that telomere length was static and that it only shortened based time and health choices. My question still stands: of what use is telomere length in judging biological age if it changes, both lengthens and shortens, as a result of diet and exercise? I appreciate the experimentation but I do not understand the method of measurement.
@@civlengr68excellent question
I was able to lengthen my telomeres to 14.9 and look forward to discovering how that affects my whole body and brain.
He looks very good for his age, important because how old you look to people that do not know you is currently the most accurate biomaker of aging. Even more impressive because he is 6' tall, tall men simply don't age as well as short men. Does he dye his hair? Very unusual for a 62 year old man to have hair that dark with zero grey hairs. For a guy that frames himself as an endurance athlete, he has very underwhelming race times. And he says he does little strength training. An exceptional score on a epigenetic test is a lot less impressive to me if you don't have elite level endurance and strength stats for your age. (me:63)
It sure is impressive if it means not coming down with serious health conditions
@@xdne-t1e That is possible. Two counter points: 1. The charts I know of compare longevity to exercise volume, not so much VO2max or strength levels. 2. I think it is essential to be elite in both categories, not just one of the two categories, most studies focus on only endurance or strength, for example I recall a study done on the mortality of world class milers, not surprisingly the world class milers exhibited no increased lifespan, I would assert this was because the milers sacrificed upper body muscle mass in order to achieve an extraordinary VO2max. Let me clarify that when I say elite, I mean top 3% relative to your age group, not the top 0.1%.
It might not necessarily be true. It could be simply a function of stress and poor diet
Many of these athletes load on carbs such as pasta, gels, energy drinks etc.
He said in another video that he had a summer job once where he had to use a lot of Ammonia, and he thinks it did a lot of damage to his lungs. That is likely what is holding him back from faster times.
Also, show me the supercentenarians who were elite athletes, or athletes of any kind. They did yoga, danced, sang, swam, walked, and golfed, or did nothing. I have not heard of a single person who reached 110 and regularly exercised at very intense levels.
Did a search. Did find one: Robert Marchand. Well, 109. Searched further. Found one: Herman Smith-Johannsen 111 cross country skier. But if it is that hard to find one, it probably is not a large factor. There are many people that have reached 110.