I realize STEM subjects aren't for everyone, but this is the kind of content RUclips should be promoting. I'm not a physicist nor will I ever be, but I've been a curious person all my life about almost everything around me, and this channel always feeds that curiosity which is why I appreciate it so much!
A ~15 minute video to explain ~1 second of time - it's because of things like this that I subscribed a long time ago. Always looking forward to more. 😊
One thing that I feel has to be mentioned: The Big Bang is not the beginning of the universe, they're separate events, but since we have no information of the theoretical start point, we tend to lump the two together. I only learned this recently from a cosmologist, it kinda blee my mind.
Prof. Ed Copeland on SixtySymbols made this distinction clear for me too. What we all refer to as Big Bang in the usual sense, should be referred to as the "Hot Big Bang".
@@bastiaan7777777 This explanation is going to sound like nonsense, but it's the best I can do: The universe is "everywhere", so there was no "anywhere" before the universe started. After the Big Bang, "everywhere" started expanding. The stuff that comprised the universe was not traveling through space so to speak, space itself was expanding.
@@bastiaan7777777 every point moved away from each other equally, with no center. like if u draw dots on a balloon and blow it up they dont expand from a center, they just expand everywhere
So happy about a new upload! I'd run out of videos on your channel to watch. Especially loved the one you did about Magnetars! and also the videos about possible habitable planets
Fascinating. Not sure my brain (or any other) is fully capable of actually fully and truly understanding the mechanism or implications, but... I;m certainly reconsidering how I perceive the concept of time...
Excellent video. I've always thought they need to figure out what could have made the universe so phenomenally hot - heat seems to be the key to inflation? Your video is the first I've seen that explains possible theories about that. Brilliant 😊
Thank you for inviting us to not smash anything. I’ve instead subscribed by getting one of our cats to nuzzle the button. (Well, no. I had to do that part. But she’s certainly given your channel info page her scent of approval.)
I like to think that the "unexplainable" speeding up of the expansion of our universe is just a black hole from another world that is consuming its surroundings faster and faster as time moves forward (because it's getting more massive and thus its gravity is growing stronger). The more matter that reaches singularity, the more our universe "expands" to accomodate the matter coming into existence after reaching that singularity in the other world.
The speed of light is really the speed of causality, hence "c" being the symbol for it. This speed limit applies to objects within the universe, but not to the fabric of spacetime itself. We can still see this to a lesser extent today in hubble expansion.
The reason why they're still similar without being Connected is due to entanglement no matter how far away it's still interacts with The parts that they were entangled within the beginning when everything was Smash together In that single point
Thanks for your interesting video. Area under a curve is often equivalent to energy. Buckling of an otherwise flat field shows a very rapid growth of this area to a point. If my model applies, it may show how the universe’s energy naturally developed from the inherent behavior of fields. Your subscribers might want to see this 1:29 minutes video showing under the right conditions, the quantization of a field is easily produced. The ground state energy is induced via Euler’s contain column analysis. Containing the column must come in to play before over buckling, or the effect will not work. The sheet of elastic material “system”response in a quantized manor when force is applied in the perpendicular direction. Bonding at the points of highest probabilities and maximum duration( ie peeks and troughs) of the fields “sheet” produced a stable structure when the undulations are bonded to a flat sheet that is placed above and below the core material. Some say this model is no different than plucking guitar strings. You can not make structures with vibrating guitar strings or harmonic oscillators. ruclips.net/video/wrBsqiE0vG4/видео.htmlsi=waT8lY2iX-wJdjO3 At this time in my research, I have been trying to describe the “U” shape formed that is produced before phase change. In the model, “U” shape waves are produced as the loading increases and just before the wave-like function shifts to the next higher energy level. Over-lapping all frequencies together using Fournier Transforms, can produce a “U” shape or square wave form. Wondering if Feynman Path Integrals for all possible wave functions could be applicable here too? If this model has merit, seeing the sawtooth load verse deflection graph produced could give some real insight in what happened during the quantum jumps between energy levels. The mechanical description and white paper that goes with the video can be found on my LinkedIn and RUclips pages. You can reproduce my results using a sheet of Mylar* ( the clear plastic found in some school essay folders. Seeing it first hand is worth the effort!
The universe may not be causally connected in the classical sense with light traveling through spacetime being the limiting factor, but more fundamentally, entanglement “knits” spacetime together meaning there may be connections of vast distances via wormholes. 😮
That was brilliant. I had to stop n just tell you something. What about the idea that matter, being energy moving around, takes up space. Ow we know that our earths core displaces the mantle, the atmosphere displaces the cosmological constant curving it around a mass. We know that compression snuffs out these forces. So if we remove all the empty space in a given volume, we might be adding to the overall volume in the process. Is matter making space get bigger? That’s probably why it grows at different rates depending on where you’re at. Don’t forget, we haven’t even been out of the galaxy. Is the galaxy expanding? Or is it all of space? We don’t know. We think it’s all of it. Lastly, what about galaxies being time dilated space storms? Heated working gaseous regions would be quite naturally attracted to that absolute zero center. Thermodynamics might be our missing dark matter. Energy cannot be seen like matter can. There may be condensate matter that gives off no visible light wavelengths. But generally speaking, I think heat chasing cold explains how galaxies don’t fly apart.”
I saw on a video a brief mention that the earths magnetic field is partially caused by the rotation of the planet. This was news to me, I had only ever heard that it was because of the large iron molten core that we have. Can you please do a video about this?
I have question about the matter antimatter anahilation part: If the matter that's left after the anahilation is very small, where did the energy of the anahilation go? Was it absorbed as heat by the leftover matter part?
He says that an explosion happens from🎉 one point. But the inflation of the universe happens everywhere at once. But everywhere means that it started from a single point just like an explosion because the universe at the time of the Big Bang was a tiny Singularity supposedly
Use dimensions of quantum consciousness as the origin snd projected dimensions of time and space that separate out as form differentiate as matter and energy. Literally as thoughts given a form, at this point time had meaning. Running simulation of this is mind melting and brain breaking. 😮
How much of what is thought to be a lot of mass is actually a smaller mass moving really really, I mean really fast approaching the Speed of Light? Is this in a small volume so that it's more likely that things will often collide?
I think space vibrates (pop ang disappear) like virtual particles beyound expand and waving. This cause at high speed particle through space experience less appear and disappearence of space.
There was no first second. Nor is there a last. The universe is eternal. Time is a construct of consciousness that we created to help us comprehend what we observe.
To be pedantic, it wouldn't be a construct of our minds, it would be an inescapable constraint of the universe our physical bodies inhabit. Your current phaneron in this moment can only exist when your body is at one specific place in spacetime. Considering the "loaf of bread" model, physical events in your brain that precipitate collectively as consciousness can only exist as slices in the "loaf" that are strictly causally related. It would make sense that the experience of time is underpinned by the arrow of time, and not the other way around.
If the speed of light is the limiting factor with regards to causality, what is that limiting factor in the pre-inflationary universe? No one flipped the light switch yet…🤔
I believe that the universe is infinite but not in the way you think. I believe it is a self-contained system ever flowing in a repeating pattern. Creation existence destruction creation existence destruction. ♾️
'Start' and 'first second' (?) Were You Born, or 'Started' (?) Rainbow picture the Eternal Basic-Developing-Circuit, of our Consciousness, and Functions in This Device. They would Not work without.
Gravity is not a force. The energy noted is a by product of geometry . Spacer/Time is a dimension and geometry generator, the time dimension is one way, into the future. There is no past, everything is in the present. Time moves forward allowing change and processes.
We don't "know" any of this for sure, it's just our best guess so far. That's what happens when you follow the scientific method: your theory gets more refined, and thusly more _accurate_ over time.
It takes just as much faith, if not more so, to believe in the Big Bang THEORY as to believe in the all powerful creator. God never changes, but the BB THEORY keeps changing over time.
@@Xnoob545 The evidence I've seen is a fudge factory that manufactured dark energy to fudge the THEORY to account for the acceleration of the expansion of the universe. I've also seen the same fudge factory manufacture dark matter to fudge the THEORY to explain how galaxies stay intact with relative low mass. There has been so much dark fudge manufactured, which no one has ever seen, let alone measure, that it now supposedly comprises 95% of the universe. Now that is one big piece of big bang fudge! And we are to believe and have faith that it all came from a black hole singularity so small that it makes a single atom look like the size of the visible universe?
@@higgsbonbon I haven't mentioned about the over 2,000 prophecies in the Bible already fulfilled so, no I'm not Bible thumping. But it is an astronomical improbably that science can never prove, leaving supernatural and spiritual forces as the explanation.
The goal of science is not to know everything but to reach the conclusions that are most likely based on what we observe and that is it. It was never intended to replace religion or be a alternative to it and they can both exist simultaneously. I mean well if you are a young earth creationist then maybe not so much but otherwise science and the big bang can get along. Georges Lemaitre was the man who pioneered the theory is regarded as one of the most brilliant scientists ever was a peer and personal friend of Albert Einstein and also just happened to be a catholic priest and if he had no issues believing both i dont see why you should either.
@@bryces9951 I agree with most of what you said. Science and religion can coexist. But when science contradicts the creation view, but only allows one view to be taught to children and drilled year after year, fencing out the alternate view under the guise of separation of church and state, we end up with a society that only believes in one view. And the text books and teachers no longer refer to them as THEORIES. The most important descriptive word has been dropped off so it is universally now refered to as the Big Bang and Evolution as if they are fact, not THEORY. It's not semantics or expediency. It's unfair, deceptive, and brainwashing.
When are astronomers going to understand the "BIG BANG"as they understand it never happened, and that the "HUBBLE CONSTANT" is NOT a doppler effect of light? Then and only then will their math become correct. 😮
That was brilliant. I had to stop n just tell you something. What about the idea that matter, being energy moving around, takes up space. Ow we know that our earths core displaces the mantle, the atmosphere displaces the cosmological constant curving it around a mass. We know that compression snuffs out these forces. So if we remove all the empty space in a given volume, we might be adding to the overall volume in the process. Is matter making space get bigger? That’s probably why it grows at different rates depending on where you’re at. Don’t forget, we haven’t even been out of the galaxy. Is the galaxy expanding? Or is it all of space? We don’t know. We think it’s all of it. Lastly, what about galaxies being time dilated space storms? Heated working gaseous regions would be quite naturally attracted to that absolute zero center. Thermodynamics might be our missing dark matter. Energy cannot be seen like matter can. There may be condensate matter that gives off no visible light wavelengths. But generally speaking, I think heat chasing cold explains how galaxies don’t fly apart.”
![Kodak Black - Sharp Vibes [Official Music Video]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/oEV0OoLJeIs/mqdefault.jpg)
Pass along this content, folks. I don’t want our boy here to stop making videos
I fully agree.
I fully agree too!!!
I would like to see, though I would certainly not understand, the equation(s) for just one of these epochs.
yes, same. i watch ALOT of science utub, and this guy stands out cuz what he taught me (the planck vids) stuck.
also, if u enjoy biology, check out moth light media and the budget museum. entertaining, interesting and no bullshit at all.
I realize STEM subjects aren't for everyone, but this is the kind of content RUclips should be promoting. I'm not a physicist nor will I ever be, but I've been a curious person all my life about almost everything around me, and this channel always feeds that curiosity which is why I appreciate it so much!
The branching of a fundamental force being directly related to inflation is a cool theory, never thought of it that way.
A ~15 minute video to explain ~1 second of time - it's because of things like this that I subscribed a long time ago. Always looking forward to more. 😊
Goodie, that means we'll be getting a trillion years worth of series to go through all of time.
One thing that I feel has to be mentioned: The Big Bang is not the beginning of the universe, they're separate events, but since we have no information of the theoretical start point, we tend to lump the two together.
I only learned this recently from a cosmologist, it kinda blee my mind.
Prof. Ed Copeland on SixtySymbols made this distinction clear for me too. What we all refer to as Big Bang in the usual sense, should be referred to as the "Hot Big Bang".
These episodes really put their subjects into perspective. Every Learning Curve episode is so precious.
It’s criminal that he doesn’t have 100k subs yet…. Gotta get him there
5:35 The grape -> observable universe inflation expansion visual is something I had never actually considered and it is astounding to think of.
So it started somewhere and expanded from there.... it didn't happen everywhere, it started in a point and expanded from there...?
@@bastiaan7777777 This explanation is going to sound like nonsense, but it's the best I can do:
The universe is "everywhere", so there was no "anywhere" before the universe started. After the Big Bang, "everywhere" started expanding. The stuff that comprised the universe was not traveling through space so to speak, space itself was expanding.
@@flanger001 Thanks on your answer.
@@bastiaan7777777 every point moved away from each other equally, with no center. like if u draw dots on a balloon and blow it up they dont expand from a center, they just expand everywhere
Can’t wait for the rest of this series. It’ll be so fun. I love the history and future of the universe. Love it. ❤
So happy about a new upload! I'd run out of videos on your channel to watch. Especially loved the one you did about Magnetars! and also the videos about possible habitable planets
Thank you. This summary has helped broaden my knowledge of everything. Off to watch Pt II now.
Can’t wait for the series! I’d love this to be a massive series!
Loved the vid! Keep um coming!!!
Excellent - thank you very much and glad you're back.
Thanks for the video! Very interesting and mind blowing...
ahh the leftover saved us,like my fridge does everyday i come back from work,thx 4 video !
Fascinating. Not sure my brain (or any other) is fully capable of actually fully and truly understanding the mechanism or implications, but... I;m certainly reconsidering how I perceive the concept of time...
Good to see a new video, mate! Excited to see more! I struggle with the theories about tue beginning, crazy maths going on for sure!
Glad to see you are still making videos! :D
Excellent video. I've always thought they need to figure out what could have made the universe so phenomenally hot - heat seems to be the key to inflation? Your video is the first I've seen that explains possible theories about that. Brilliant 😊
Next video please explain how those exact numbers are established. Like 10^(-36) and so on
I love your videos and i can't wait for the next in this series!
Next video: "What happened in the Second Second of the Universe?"
I am annoyed that i was not notified of this videos release, despite having the bell set to "all"
Great video!!
Thank you for inviting us to not smash anything. I’ve instead subscribed by getting one of our cats to nuzzle the button. (Well, no. I had to do that part. But she’s certainly given your channel info page her scent of approval.)
I like to think that the "unexplainable" speeding up of the expansion of our universe is just a black hole from another world that is consuming its surroundings faster and faster as time moves forward (because it's getting more massive and thus its gravity is growing stronger). The more matter that reaches singularity, the more our universe "expands" to accomodate the matter coming into existence after reaching that singularity in the other world.
Interesting that the size of the universe can expand at a rate 300,000,000 times faster than light.
The speed of light is really the speed of causality, hence "c" being the symbol for it. This speed limit applies to objects within the universe, but not to the fabric of spacetime itself. We can still see this to a lesser extent today in hubble expansion.
JWST is making all of this harder and harder to believe
Or it's simply highlighting how we measure things at large distances is flawed ...
The reason why they're still similar without being Connected is due to entanglement no matter how far away it's still interacts with The parts that they were entangled within the beginning when everything was Smash together In that single point
Thanks for your interesting video.
Area under a curve is often equivalent to energy. Buckling of an otherwise flat field shows a very rapid growth of this area to a point. If my model applies, it may show how the universe’s energy naturally developed from the inherent behavior of fields.
Your subscribers might want to see this 1:29 minutes video showing under the right conditions, the quantization of a field is easily produced.
The ground state energy is induced via Euler’s contain column analysis. Containing the column must come in to play before over buckling, or the effect will not work. The sheet of elastic material “system”response in a quantized manor when force is applied in the perpendicular direction.
Bonding at the points of highest probabilities and maximum duration( ie peeks and troughs) of the fields “sheet” produced a stable structure when the undulations are bonded to a flat sheet that is placed above and below the core material.
Some say this model is no different than plucking guitar strings. You can not make structures with vibrating guitar strings or harmonic oscillators.
ruclips.net/video/wrBsqiE0vG4/видео.htmlsi=waT8lY2iX-wJdjO3
At this time in my research, I have been trying to describe the “U” shape formed that is produced before phase change.
In the model, “U” shape waves are produced as the loading increases and just before the wave-like function shifts to the next higher energy level.
Over-lapping all frequencies together using Fournier Transforms, can produce a “U” shape or square wave form.
Wondering if Feynman Path Integrals for all possible wave functions could be applicable here too?
If this model has merit, seeing the sawtooth load verse deflection graph produced could give some real insight in what happened during the quantum jumps between energy levels.
The mechanical description and white paper that goes with the video can be found on my LinkedIn and RUclips pages.
You can reproduce my results using a sheet of Mylar* ( the clear plastic found in some school essay folders.
Seeing it first hand is worth the effort!
I’ve always wanted to get into space 😄👍
There are over 25 orders of magnitude more planck times in one second than there are seconds since the beginning of time.
Makes sense
you're back😢
The universe may not be causally connected in the classical sense with light traveling through spacetime being the limiting factor, but more fundamentally, entanglement “knits” spacetime together meaning there may be connections of vast distances via wormholes. 😮
I would very gently press the subscribe button, but unfortunately I am already subscribed. Please understand.
That was brilliant. I had to stop n just tell you something. What about the idea that matter, being energy moving around, takes up space. Ow we know that our earths core displaces the mantle, the atmosphere displaces the cosmological constant curving it around a mass. We know that compression snuffs out these forces. So if we remove all the empty space in a given volume, we might be adding to the overall volume in the process. Is matter making space get bigger? That’s probably why it grows at different rates depending on where you’re at. Don’t forget, we haven’t even been out of the galaxy. Is the galaxy expanding? Or is it all of space? We don’t know. We think it’s all of it. Lastly, what about galaxies being time dilated space storms? Heated working gaseous regions would be quite naturally attracted to that absolute zero center. Thermodynamics might be our missing dark matter. Energy cannot be seen like matter can. There may be condensate matter that gives off no visible light wavelengths. But generally speaking, I think heat chasing cold explains how galaxies don’t fly apart.”
Come on folks, gotta feed that algorithm. 😎
I saw on a video a brief mention that the earths magnetic field is partially caused by the rotation of the planet. This was news to me, I had only ever heard that it was because of the large iron molten core that we have. Can you please do a video about this?
I have question about the matter antimatter anahilation part: If the matter that's left after the anahilation is very small, where did the energy of the anahilation go? Was it absorbed as heat by the leftover matter part?
I thought you did a good job with your points but it was a broad overview. Detailing this video would greatly be appreciated
He says that an explosion happens from🎉 one point. But the inflation of the universe happens everywhere at once. But everywhere means that it started from a single point just like an explosion because the universe at the time of the Big Bang was a tiny Singularity supposedly
Use dimensions of quantum consciousness as the origin snd projected dimensions of time and space that separate out as form differentiate as matter and energy. Literally as thoughts given a form, at this point time had meaning. Running simulation of this is mind melting and brain breaking. 😮
wut.
How much of what is thought to be a lot of mass is actually a smaller mass moving really really, I mean really fast approaching the Speed of Light?
Is this in a small volume so that it's more likely that things will often collide?
❤ it.
How much last the first second after big bang?
I think space vibrates (pop ang disappear) like virtual particles beyound expand and waving. This cause at high speed particle through space experience less appear and disappearence of space.
This was good but I liked Mel Brook’s version better
What makes anyone believe there was a first second? Isn’t it quite possible that the cosmos have always been and will always be?
What happened before the first second?
Nooo tell us about symmetry breaking and the Higgs field
There was no first second. Nor is there a last. The universe is eternal. Time is a construct of consciousness that we created to help us comprehend what we observe.
To be pedantic, it wouldn't be a construct of our minds, it would be an inescapable constraint of the universe our physical bodies inhabit. Your current phaneron in this moment can only exist when your body is at one specific place in spacetime. Considering the "loaf of bread" model, physical events in your brain that precipitate collectively as consciousness can only exist as slices in the "loaf" that are strictly causally related. It would make sense that the experience of time is underpinned by the arrow of time, and not the other way around.
how can something start everywhere but yet be expanding ?
If the speed of light is the limiting factor with regards to causality, what is that limiting factor in the pre-inflationary universe? No one flipped the light switch yet…🤔
🚩FACT🚩
Time was extremely slow in early dense universe 🤏
Thus, the true age of the universe should be almost infinite 🤏
There was no density yet....
I believe that the universe is infinite but not in the way you think. I believe it is a self-contained system ever flowing in a repeating pattern. Creation existence destruction creation existence destruction. ♾️
'Start' and 'first second' (?)
Were You Born, or 'Started' (?)
Rainbow picture the Eternal
Basic-Developing-Circuit,
of our Consciousness,
and Functions in This Device.
They would Not work without.
Gravity is not a force. The energy noted is a by product of geometry . Spacer/Time is a dimension and geometry generator, the time dimension is one way, into the future. There is no past, everything is in the present. Time moves forward allowing change and processes.
that forward movement caused by 2nd principle of thermodynamic entropy
13:52
If time doesn't really exist during the plank era how can we say it lasts a certain fraction of seconds?
Good point, our frames of reference completely break down when trying to describe stuff like this.
What happened in the first what now?
What (or better: who) caused inflation?
I know, I know, Pick ME!!!!
IMO the big bang was a little bang before it got big.😂
So here is your answer
Well truth be told, God had to pull on the start cord a couple of times before the engine caught...
…and thus began the age of pollution.
Forgot to pull the choke out
I thought it started first time…every time. I hope he kept the warranty.
@@rwarren58 By the time inflation ended the dealer was nowhere to be found!
Fuel filter clogged 😓
If the universe is infinitely big how could it all be in the singularity?
the isngularity itslef is infinite spot with infinite density
higs field is more of a mexican sombrero
Ah yes the sombrero model.
In a world of shity AI junk science s*** remembering there's an old school guy like you there makes me feel better when I want to go to sleep at night
How the f.... you know what happened the first second! Your science is like chameleon changes color
We don't "know" any of this for sure, it's just our best guess so far. That's what happens when you follow the scientific method: your theory gets more refined, and thusly more _accurate_ over time.
Everything.
👍👍👍
Is this AI generated video?
NO. Those animations took me ages
@@LearningCurveScienceIs this an AI generated comment?
❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤very very happy good ❤
❤
❤❤❤❤❤❤❤
It takes just as much faith, if not more so, to believe in the Big Bang THEORY as to believe in the all powerful creator. God never changes, but the BB THEORY keeps changing over time.
At least our theories have some evidence behind them
Faith has no evidence and can not be trusted
@@Xnoob545 The evidence I've seen is a fudge factory that manufactured dark energy to fudge the THEORY to account for the acceleration of the expansion of the universe. I've also seen the same fudge factory manufacture dark matter to fudge the THEORY to explain how galaxies stay intact with relative low mass. There has been so much dark fudge manufactured, which no one has ever seen, let alone measure, that it now supposedly comprises 95% of the universe. Now that is one big piece of big bang fudge! And we are to believe and have faith that it all came from a black hole singularity so small that it makes a single atom look like the size of the visible universe?
@@higgsbonbon I haven't mentioned about the over 2,000 prophecies in the Bible already fulfilled so, no I'm not Bible thumping. But it is an astronomical improbably that science can never prove, leaving supernatural and spiritual forces as the explanation.
The goal of science is not to know everything but to reach the conclusions that are most likely based on what we observe and that is it. It was never intended to replace religion or be a alternative to it and they can both exist simultaneously. I mean well if you are a young earth creationist then maybe not so much but otherwise science and the big bang can get along. Georges Lemaitre was the man who pioneered the theory is regarded as one of the most brilliant scientists ever was a peer and personal friend of Albert Einstein and also just happened to be a catholic priest and if he had no issues believing both i dont see why you should either.
@@bryces9951 I agree with most of what you said. Science and religion can coexist. But when science contradicts the creation view, but only allows one view to be taught to children and drilled year after year, fencing out the alternate view under the guise of separation of church and state, we end up with a society that only believes in one view. And the text books and teachers no longer refer to them as THEORIES. The most important descriptive word has been dropped off so it is universally now refered to as the Big Bang and Evolution as if they are fact, not THEORY. It's not semantics or expediency. It's unfair, deceptive, and brainwashing.
fiction
When are astronomers going to understand the "BIG BANG"as they understand it never happened, and that the "HUBBLE CONSTANT" is NOT a doppler effect of light? Then and only then will their math become correct. 😮
That was brilliant. I had to stop n just tell you something. What about the idea that matter, being energy moving around, takes up space. Ow we know that our earths core displaces the mantle, the atmosphere displaces the cosmological constant curving it around a mass. We know that compression snuffs out these forces. So if we remove all the empty space in a given volume, we might be adding to the overall volume in the process. Is matter making space get bigger? That’s probably why it grows at different rates depending on where you’re at. Don’t forget, we haven’t even been out of the galaxy. Is the galaxy expanding? Or is it all of space? We don’t know. We think it’s all of it. Lastly, what about galaxies being time dilated space storms? Heated working gaseous regions would be quite naturally attracted to that absolute zero center. Thermodynamics might be our missing dark matter. Energy cannot be seen like matter can. There may be condensate matter that gives off no visible light wavelengths. But generally speaking, I think heat chasing cold explains how galaxies don’t fly apart.”