Shostakovich - Stalin's March(From the 7th 'Leningrad' Symphony)
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- Опубликовано: 15 сен 2024
- Performed by the Mariinsky Orchestra, Conducted by Valery Gergiev
Dmitri Shostakovich could not speak against Stalin's Regime directly, therefor he did it through music. Written during the Wehrmacht siege of Leningrad , many believe the childish tune, which began with a light plucking of strings escalating to a strong brass ensemble before erupting into a hellish devastating orchestration of terror, to symbolize Hitler's army marching into Mother Russia. Shostakovich was really speaking about the siege of Leningrad before the Nazis. Stalin's Siege. The upbeat march represents Stalin's smile and fake promise of hope and love for his nation before sweeping his iron fist across the land in a psychopathic rampage, which claimed the lives of Millions, especially in the city of Leningrad.
Shostakovich was brilliant. There's no denying how talented he was.
I imagine the kids, hiding, in st Petersburg from the screaming Stuka dive bombers, pin-point precision bombs, so sorrowful. we (people) could have spent this energy on helping our people. Now, we do it. even more precise. I hate it
This is not Stalin’s march but the German march. As the Germans approach the city, there is a continuous Crescendo in the music.
I think it's also supposed to be a play on the German national anthem, like how the 1812 Overture has La Marseillaise in it.
@@PaulvonOberstein it's referencing the merry widow which was loved by hitler at the time
@@evelyns5258 Anyone who thinks this tune is 'referenced' in the 'Leningrad' should apply for a new pair of ears...
ruclips.net/video/W1Q1fA9Cjfc/видео.html
>>> ya! don"t think its Stalin s ?
It seems to hint also at Russians - by recalling a theme from Tchaikovsky's Fifth Symphony. Shostakovich did know how to mock Stalin while remaining "loyal" on the outside.
This is the german invasion...dont you hear the BOMBS, the planes, the sirens, the screamings, the horror? the theme closes in every second to the listener...I know this piece really really well its one of my favorites pieces.
Soviet music critic Lev Lebedinsky, a friend of the composer's for many years, confirmed after the dawn of glasnost ("openness") under Mikhail Gorbachev that Shostakovich had conceived the Seventh Symphony before Hitler invaded Russia:
The famous theme in the first movement Shostakovich had first as the Stalin theme (which close friends of the composer knew). Right after the war started, the composer called it the anti-Hitler theme. Later Shostakovich referred to that "German" theme as the "theme of evil," which was absolutely true, since the theme was just as much anti-Hitler as it was anti-Stalin, even though the world music community fixed on only the first of the two definitions.[15]
Another important witness was the daughter-in-law of Maxim Litvinov, the man who served as Soviet foreign minister before the war, then was dismissed by Stalin. She heard Shostakovich play the Seventh Symphony on the piano in a private home during the war. The guests later discussed the music:
And then Shostakovich said meditatively: of course, it's about fascism, but music, real music is never literally tied to a theme. Fascism is not simply National Socialism, and this is music about terror, slavery, and oppression of the spirit. Later, when Shostakovich got used to me and came to trust me, he said openly that the Seventh (and the Fifth as well) was not only about fascism but about our country and generally about all tyranny and totalitarianism.[16]
While Shostakovich could speak like this only in a very narrow circle of friends, it did not stop him from hinting to the Soviet Press about a hidden agenda for the Seventh Symphony.[17] He insisted, for instance, that the "central place" of the first movement was not the "invasion section" (the part journalists usually asked about first). Rather, the movement's core was the tragic music which followed the invasion section, which the composer described as "a funeral march or, rather, a requiem." He continued, "After the requiem comes an even more tragic episode. I do not know how to characterize that music. Perhaps it is a mother's tears or even the feeling that the sorrow is so great that there are no more tears left."[18]
@@dfdhgtrss212 the man who wrote this didn't listened that theme and hopen that no one will. If THIS is anti-Stalin theme, then this: ruclips.net/video/LkJmdDUW6XU/видео.html is anti-Revolution theme.
Ссылка на википедию не говорит вообще ничего. Смотрим источники: Какая-то газета, распространяющая мифы из 1990 года. Во время горбачевских перемен вообще все лили говно на прошлое. Тем более, что тогда сам Шостакович уже не жил, и от его лица очень много можно было рассказать, чего он сам не знал.
For example, in fact george washington hated USA. He even said that to my grand-grand-grand-grand-father, that he hates his own state. He said it in private room, so no one could hear him. So, if Shostackovich actually hated stalin and wrote 7th symphony about him, he could join anti-stalin move after Stalin died.
Но вместо этого, он решил промолчать(даже не смотря на "оттепель", после которой критиковать Сталина стало модно). Зато, через 20 лет после его смерти, оказывается, он писал тему изначально не про фашизм, а про сталинизм! А он сам этого и не знал!
Watch ballet Leningrad Symphony, this theme shows Germans, not Russians
G SM, you are correct. i played this piece on the violin (vilolin section) at Interlochen in 1992, we had a very fine cnoductore named Dr. Larry Livingstong music professor from UCLA, this guy was clearly incrediblyknowledgable. this piece was a little difficuilt in parts to play but then agian interlocehen is an internationanl music camp. anyhow, he told us about this 10 minute section being a march from germany towards russia and it is a military march of sorts,and gets louder as the germans march closer. excellent work sir!
This Symphony will Going into my February Music List
I see Artillery, Armor and men fighting in Snow...Fighting to save their city and what they endured.
Geschichte in Musik verpackt. Kraftvoll, sehr patriotisch. Schostakowitsch ist ein musikalisches Genie, man kann förmlich spüren, was er dem Zuhörer damit sagen will. Hoffen wir, dass sich Geschichte nicht wiederholt, egal wo! Völkerverständigung und Frieden sind primär , es gibt nichts wichtigeres!
I agree. Greetings from Poland!
8:07 the drum line sounds like gunshots to me
This not Stalin's march. This theme of invasion nazi on soviet ground
Not only. Sostakovich himself said it treated all kinds of terror
Yes I am rereading Testimony. Any other good sources?
@@johnlogan6212 what "Testimony" ? This false faked "Memoires"???
@@canaleteatrale6662 shut up
@@unrelentingawesomeness7501 You sound very cultured - like a wapon
The lowering of the crescendo at the middle-end probably signifies the most violent German attack has been withstood and there is some respite from the battle.
Shostakovich rejected any programmatic notions attached to this piece by others, rather simply stating that he "wanted to convey the context of grim events"
Personally given both the context of when the piece was written and the context in which I learned of of it, I've always associated this theme with the preparation of the city for the coming siege. Initially playful in a seven-dwarfian kinda a way, the looming terror of conflict becomes ever nearer until the full senseless brutality of war tries to drown out the theme, but the continied presence of the theme still suggests that there is hope.
Of course it's impossible to discuss Shostakovich without addressing the big red elephant in the room. Even before WW2 life in Russia was tumultuous, with rapid industrialization, purges, famine, and censorship taking a heavy toll on just about everyone.
From what I can gather Shostakovich's views on communism varied throughout his life, at points he was completely indifferent to politics (not good in a country demanding political conformity), to sympathizing with the ideals of Marx.
But what is hard to dispute is that he despised totalitarian in all forms, whether it be Hitler's war machine or Stalin's terror.
But Shostakovich was a patriot through and through.
My two cents in a few words : Shostakovich Boléro....
@@ferdinanddestouches3085 I agree fully ! Actually I'm wondering if Shostakovich ever heard Ravel's Bolero considering that in the late 30ies were no record players (at that time 78rpm) and certainly not in Russia who barely provided bread, meat or milk to its population. On the other hand, I have to assume that he heard it because the similarity is enormous. For sure he could've read the score, an usual way of listening to music by people comfortable with music scores but it's possible he listened to it at a concert.
@@Purrete Actually I remember reading some note taken from Shostakovich's diary that said "I am sure it will be compared to Ravel's Bolero", you can probably google it.
>>> who didn"t get purged }}} as in SHOT! good ol " COMMIEs!
@@ferdinanddestouches3085 That's a good one!
So, it was the Leningrad symphony, about the Leningrad blockade, about German troops marching to the foreign land, and yet it’s ‘Stalin’s march’. You have to know nothing about Shostakovich, citizen and patriot, and his music to soil this highest achievement of the Soviet culture.
The drumming sounds like endless machine guns
The snare drum part reminds me of the snare drum part in Bolero. ie: Persistent and Relentless
Variation on the German national anthem which is itself based on the Imperial Hymn by Joseph Haydn.
The title is misleading.
You can realize how genius is he when you are listening this masterpiece
There was, of course, the initial (false) peace of the Ribbentrop pact, with its apparent agreeableness towards the Soviet Union, followed by increasingly sinister omens and finally betrayal and war. Certainly, Stalin had been at fault by agreeing to the pact in the first place and by seeming nonresponsive to the impending threat. Yet he had seen Britain and France both let down Czechoslovakia, and believed with some foundation that they'd do as much with the USSR. He knew tyrants. He didn't know Hitler.
Well, before the pact he tried to make a military allience with UK and France, but they wouldn't want to. The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact is an act of despair, the last thing USSR would do.
No. This is not "Stailn's March". Absurd (and perhaps insulting).
Too bad the poster of this video ignores the incredible true story of how this piece was made, and how it was played for the dramatic first time. Perhaps one pf the most epic stories in the last 100 years. It's worth a thrilling good movie... And worth something more than a mistaken click bait name here.
Yes, because there's absolutely NO parallels between Communists invading a government and killing dissidents and a foreign army invading a nation and killing civilians. None at all . . .
Shostakovich knew his audience knew the Bolero of Ravel. Even the number of repetions is equal.
Absolute Genius
Si Stalin no hubiese existido, Shostakovich no podría haber hecho estas grandes obras !
I have always believed this music depicts the the happy face of "socialism" in early Soviet propaganda, with the cheerful music of the early variations, which mutates into the nightmare of Soviet Communism, especially under Stalin. Never thought the earlier cheerful music fit the idea of a Nazi advance.
This piece was specifically written about the Nazi siege of Leningrad. The happy tune is, I believe, a reference to some German tune Hitler had liked at the time.
"Soviet music critic Lev Lebedinsky, a friend of the composer's for many years, confirmed after the dawn of glasnost ("openness") under Mikhail Gorbachev that Shostakovich had conceived the Seventh Symphony before Hitler invaded Russia:
The famous theme in the first movement Shostakovich had first as the Stalin theme (which close friends of the composer knew). Right after the war started, the composer called it the anti-Hitler theme. Later Shostakovich referred to that "German" theme as the "theme of evil," which was absolutely true, since the theme was just as much anti-Hitler as it was anti-Stalin, even though the world music community fixed on only the first of the two definitions.[15]
Another important witness was the daughter-in-law of Maxim Litvinov, the man who served as Soviet foreign minister before the war, then was dismissed by Stalin. She heard Shostakovich play the Seventh Symphony on the piano in a private home during the war. The guests later discussed the music:
And then Shostakovich said meditatively: of course, it's about fascism, but music, real music is never literally tied to a theme. Fascism is not simply National Socialism, and this is music about terror, slavery, and oppression of the spirit. Later, when Shostakovich got used to me and came to trust me, he said openly that the Seventh (and the Fifth as well) was not only about fascism but about our country and generally about all tyranny and totalitarianism.[16]
While Shostakovich could speak like this only in a very narrow circle of friends, it did not stop him from hinting to the Soviet Press about a hidden agenda for the Seventh Symphony.[17] He insisted, for instance, that the "central place" of the first movement was not the "invasion section" (the part journalists usually asked about first). Rather, the movement's core was the tragic music which followed the invasion section, which the composer described as "a funeral march or, rather, a requiem." He continued, "After the requiem comes an even more tragic episode. I do not know how to characterize that music. Perhaps it is a mother's tears or even the feeling that the sorrow is so great that there are no more tears left."[18]"
the man who wrote this didn't listened that theme and hopen that no one will. If THIS is anti-Stalin theme, then this: ruclips.net/video/LkJmdDUW6XU/видео.html is anti-Revolution theme.
Ссылка на википедию не говорит вообще ничего. Смотрим источники: Какая-то газета, распространяющая мифы из 1990 года. Во время горбачевских перемен вообще все лили говно на прошлое. Тем более, что тогда сам Шостакович уже не жил, и от его лица очень много можно было рассказать, чего он сам не знал.
For example, in fact george washington hated USA. He even said that to my grand-grand-grand-grand-father, that he hates his own state. He said it in private room, so no one could hear him. So, if Shostackovich actually hated stalin and wrote 7th symphony about him, he could join anti-stalin move after Stalin died.
Но вместо этого, он решил промолчать(даже не смотря на "оттепель", после которой критиковать Сталина стало модно). Зато, через 20 лет после его смерти, оказывается, он писал тему изначально не про фашизм, а про сталинизм! А он сам этого и не знал!
And I don't trust anything a Soviet would say, propaganda was their domain
Rubbish! Nonsense! This is the CIA story to make Shostakovich against the Soviet Union.
Well, we can also say that before the WW2 started, Shostakovich planned this symphony as the Lenin-honouring. And, btw, it's about theme. Not about it's development. And, as we all know and hear(at the beginning of the symphony), everything was great.
Capisco l'anticomunismo a tutti i costi ma questo tema non rappresenta Stalin bensì l'invasione nazista. Shostakovich l'aveva già usato nel film "la caduta di Berlino". Nello stesso film Stalin è rappresentato dal tema "slava Stalinu" gloria a Stalin, tema che userà anche anche volte com ad esempio nell'oratorio Il canto della foresta.
La famigerata " Grande Guerra Patriottica "
Anche perché Shostakovich era iscritto al Partito Comunista.
tg
one of the most heroic moments of the USSR history. Spasibo Red Army, Spasibo Stalin, Spasibo Shostakovich for this amazing symphony!
Love you! You're right!
Oh God I hate you
Btw Shostakovich hated Stalin like a rational person should
@unrelenting awesomeness LOL! What a great nonsense without all exactly knowledges of originally documents & facts. NB. A rationaly person should hating fighters against fascism.
@@canaleteatrale6662 yeah and Stalin too. He was just as much of a monster as Hitler
Amazing music. This city, is named to this day. ST Petersburg. Is known as "Venice of the North". And that piece of SHitler tried to destroy this beautiful work of art. Fark him. He was mis-directed, and thank God for the West, to save our Russian family. Russia will be ok. You know what to DO! Do it.
There is no such thing as a god. And Russia will be ok after an another October.
@@gooscomposer Thank you.. I know all about Oktober. (there is no God.. . only us) I am Amerikan, and fortunate to have a few close Russian friends.. . and are my closest friends, here in Hawaii. October is a thing of the past. After seeing the battles of Stalingrad, (in history) makes me sad, because people, with so much in common, should not fight ever, again, to each other
piece of sHitler is one of the more creative insults i've seen about that bastard😂👍
It could be The Donald's Waltz into Hell for all I care about the title of this viddy! The defect of programme or film music is that we feel we should link it with an intention. One thing is the origininal intent and later how we decide to intepret or reinerpret the actual music. Weird Al could turn this into a polka about crowds rushing into Trader's Joes to buy a bargain on Dutch pancakes and I might like it even better!
i am so glad to find just this one section. that someone actaully did it!
so here is my story.
it was back in 1992 and i attended interlochen music camp in northen Michigan fo ra 2 week high school orchestra program. our conductor was the most amazing awesome conductor i ever had the experince of having in all the orchestra i ever played in. Dr. Larry Livingston who actaully taught at UCLA i believe.
anyway. i was in the violin section. we only palyed the first movement, which in itself is just about a half hour all by itself. insanely long for just a movemnt.
but i rmember all the way 30 years ago he told ust his section was the march towards leningrad and how it starts off very quitely and very slowly crescenos the entire time bascially hearing the german army from very very far away almist a whistper to the end where they get there and then WAR!
but over rouhgtly 10 mintues in my music section of the score. the beginning was at a pppp level than to ppp then pp thn p tne mp then mf then f to ff to fff to ffff
so brilliant!
i am telling anyone reading this. this is the ONLY time EVER that remember anything like that
and then the other thing we played was 3 of the planets fro holst
btw, for some reason, the music in here from 815-900 roughly is totally my favorite part for some reason. there is just something insantely powerful and awesome about it
Neither Stalin or German march, but rather totalitarian march.
-The true meaning- A realistic interpretatino of the seventh is difficult without knowing its successor.
This is not Stalin's march . İt is part of the simfony named as occupation.
Это тема нашествия фашистов. Никакой это не сталинский марш
Absolute!
Шостакович вспоминал Сталина
Простите за столь поздний ответ, но этот эпизод был написан задолго до войны, и Шостакович играл его своим ученикам. А уже потом его приплели к фашистам, как и саму симфонию к Ленинграду.
@@antoneeshukov7791, Шостакович, безусловно, ненавидел Сталина, однако, 7-я симфония была посвящена исключительно блокаде Ленинграда, о чём он сам говорил. И запись его речи про 7-ю симфонию есть на Ютубе, найти ее совсем нетрудно. Сталинскому террору были посвящены и 4-я, и 5-я симфонии, Ленинградская симфония же остаётся Ленинградской. Так что не порите чушь, уважаемый.
@@selez320 ну чушь я не порю. Возможно с посвящением я и ошибся, но то, что симфония начала писаться ещё до войны, как собственно и эпизод "нашествия" это факт. И я достаточно уверен, что это сатира на сталинский строй. ни вы ни я не можем до конца утверждать что к чему, и о лично с Шостаковичем не общались. А значит и ваши слова тоже можно назвать в какой то мере чушью. А ролик я видел, но что мешало ему написать симфонию раньше, а уже потом прицепить это название?
The Soviets heard this in their hydrophones in Munich 1972 before they were sunk with the Stalin moustache. of Mark Spitz.
This piece is so touching- I think it’s in a tradition of great Russian art
I wonder if Putin ever listens to this
pretty much yeah, Putin likes classical music
He doubtless does, and pretends he's big.
@@reymohammed7040For you maybe he is not, for me he is the greatest world leader of our time.
@@yugoslaviaistinvading innocent nations like saddam hussein, "great" huh
As if you'd know anything about being big, Mohammed. @@reymohammed7040
En honor a Stalin hizo esta marcha para animar al triunfo de los sovieticos contra los nazis!
Stalin didn't write this.
Esto me recuerda al Bolero de Ravel
Even the number of repetitions of the melody is the same.
Good point.
"Stalins March" I give up.
10:02
8:16
6:20
Grande musica e basta...
6:27 4:34 8:16
How did he get away with it?
That's german march! Change the name of video
It's called "Invasion" (German invasion)
I was taught it is german troops march.
Это тема фрицев.
Actually it's german's march. And then a fight happends.
"Dmitri Shostakovich could not speak against Stalin's Regime directly, therefor he did it through music", and you, you speak in his place!
What a shame! Shut up! This music speaks VERY CLEARLY about Nazism and not about Stalinism!
how ?
@@emilebel6804 Pause the question to Rachmaninawesome.
@@VictorLIBON Who is he ?
Haha delusional Stalinist
@@VictorLIBON (Parlez-vous français ?)
I meant why does this music talk specifically about nazism and not stalinism ? Isn't terror something universal ?
世界中の音楽家の皆さん！ウクライナのためにこの曲を演奏して下さい。
ロシアの良識人にはプーチンがいかに愚かしい事をしているかきっと伝わると思います。
音楽の持つ力が武力より優る事を示す時です。
それは役に立ちなら、嬉しいなります。プロパガンダが怖いです。ロシアからこんにちは！）
@@aleksandarkrsmanovic4185
第２次世界大戦でロシアにヒトラーによる甚大な犠牲が有ったことは悲しむべきことであるが、督戦隊という非軍事的な組織によりロシア自身が多くのロシア人を殺戮した悲劇が現代におけるウクライナの地でも繰り返されている。プーチンは政治家ではなくパラノイアだ。
Нам вновь пришлось взять оружие, ради свободы от западных господ и будущего детей. Это гражданская война, развязанная Америкой...
Если бы мы, граждане Федерации, хотели воевать, мы бы начали еще во время государственного переворота в Украине, в 2015 году. Теперь пожинаем плоды нерешительности, нацисткцю гниду нужно было давить.
У Вас нет чести и ума, раз решили поддаться лживым словам сатанистов. Да и будущего, тоже: как оно, жить под чужой указкой?
Из России, с любовью.
@@vlasstelintyomniy4724 中国の漢民族が他の少数民族を支配するのと同じくロシア人が他の民族を支配するための道具としてアメリカを敵視する政策をとっているのが残念でならない。万歳！人類皆兄弟。
Это вы глупы! . Вам до ума и интеллекта Путина, как от Земли до Солнца.
Tato skladba zaznela v Stalingrade,keď si nemecký fašisti mysleli,že mesto je mrtve..Česť hrdinom Sovietskej armady!Ruskemu národu!🇸🇰🇷🇺🇷🇺🇷🇺
Supposedly the horror depicted in the piece is really about Stalin's tyranny. I've heard this live from front row strings side. Indescribable.
This IS supposed to depict german invasion of soviet union
Clyde Blair you are an anticommunist jerk and a friend of the nazis.
When fighting the best organized military power in the world, in the bitterest most inhumane conflict ever suffered by mankind feels like a holiday from the authoritarian oppression of your own state.
Poster is wrongly labelling this as Stalin's march, must be a school drop out or something lol
Too fast!
8:16>
Heard it’s blowing up in Ukraine right now
Gergiev is a friend of Putin and has refused to denounce the invasion of Ukraine the home of Oistrach. What would Shostakovich say or compose in his inimitable way?
What american composers would think or compose of Korea, Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan???
@@ferdinanddestouches3085, это плохие, не демократичные комопзиторы)))
الله لا يرحمك يا ستالين
Yo why does an Arab have an account based off Czech musician
@@unrelentingawesomeness7501 he is not Czech he is arab))
@@user-ie1mt4vt2g nope he's Czech and he was born next to Prague and hes buried in vysehrad which is a castle in Prague and Dvorak is a Czech name so pls shut up
الله غير موجود
@@mojoa.7117 طب انت شفته؟
This excerpt has nothing whatsoever to do with Stalin.
Why are you peddling this nonsense?
Sounds more like Putin's theme
It's more like a bourgeois theme. And you know, USA, RF, Ukraine and Deutsches Reich have or had them as rulers)
@@gooscomposer Putin is the definition of bourgeois he wants to defend his wealth and power by all means nessecary
Slava Stalin
Stalinu*
Accurate title!
Dislikers are anti revolutionists and must go to gulag.
Poor shostakovich , just wanted to write some f*cking music , and instead he became a mascot for red-bashing .
Just the opinion of an ignorant bastard.
Join the 41 club today!
@@spittertron4920 So esoteric I almost didn't get it. Get off of reddit and go get some sunlight, you fungus.
I think Stalin and other servants of Satan that killed millions of innocent people are better targets for red-bashing than a composer in eyes of anti-communists
@@pedinomefaux Just the opinion -of an ignorant bastard-
"i'm historically illiterate and went through a yankee propaganda system, but i want to claim this music for myself!"
ok, nobody asked yankee.
I wonder if Putin ever listens to is
We all did. You should too
Why are these lies about Stalin, read Stalin's book another look to know the lies
I'm agree with you. My old brother loves classic music too but one day we were listening to Shostakovich and he began to tell me the lies about Stalin and his "repression" of artists. I told him: come on, the Yankees can invent all the lies they want, I read Stalin and you should do the same.
@@violetaroja8932 So you don't think that Stalin, the man behind the Great Purge, wouldn't lie? Shostakovich's relation with the Soviet regime was complicated given that his music was both liked and hated.
Stalin actually oppressed composers (take the "Muddle Instead of Music" article about Shostakovich's "Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District" opera for instance) and insisted that music should be happy and consonant. Heck, the Soviet Union outright banned Western music and some of their own (Shostakovich's Ninth Symphony is one example). The ban was so bad that people would actually smuggle in "records" in the form of x-rays that would become known as "bone records."
Are you trying to defend Stalin the mass murderer? Surely not?
@@themooseisloose111 Great Purge? You mean Ezhovshchina? It was organized by Narkom of NKVD Ezhov as a response to Kirov's murder. So, not Stalin's fault.
As for Macbeth Mtzenskogo Uyezda, the composers didn't enjoy it too - Stravinsky's review:
О произведениях великого композитора Игорь Федорович Стравинский отзывался так: «В «Леди Макбет» отвратительное либретто, музыкальный дух этого произведения направлен в прошлое, а музыка идет от Мусоргского».(Igor Fedorovich Stravinsky spoke about the works of the great composer as follows: "Lady Macbeth has a disgusting libretto, the musical spirit of this work is directed to the past, and the music comes from Mussorgsky.")
stalin = GOAT
IT IS AWFULL,DEVIL, ACOMPOSER WRITES A PIECE AFTER A DICTATOR...
No, the title is wrong, this represents the invasion of the german
@@smplxty its meant to represent both and the use of extreme force by any state or political movement
@@moustachio05 No, only about National-Socialism)
In his time he could be killed if he didn’t like Stalin. I think he does some of these things to only survive
SHAME
?