It is quite possible that particulates of ash fell as far away as Australia due to the eruption of Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai. If you see particles of ash on the ground or on your vehicle, let me know. If you live in an area with measurable ash, I wish to also know how far you are from the eruption and how thick the ash is (negligible/trace/depth in mm). Also, your sunrises and sunsets for the next week in Queensland and Fiji will look abnormal due to the volcanic eruption. On a final note, viewers have observed that unusual ocean currents from the tsunami are still ongoing, albeit with a lessened impact compared to those witnessed on day 1.
There was an odd visible "complementary pressure implosion" parallel to yet far away from the main detonation. Again i think Mount Saint Helens is dispositive as imagine this mass of material then sliding into one of the deepest trenches on Earth (2nd deepest i believe) thus explaining the tsunami as well.
This right here is what professional geology should look like. Oh, see the facts, never saw those before so succinctly! Excellent data provided, much appreciated!
@@davin1287 I'm going to have argue this point, this is exactly why geologist are often wrong. I rather take google copy pasta any day then what us.gs keeps putting out for reliability. This narrow-mindedness is a prime example of why current academics needs to get its head on straight. I also have NEVER seen a black person talk about volcanos on USGS when there's hundreds of coloured geologist constantly passed over by the government for under-qualified twits who think they know what's going on.
Finally some validating factual content that gives context and keeps it simple. This is the first video I have watched of yours and I appreciate your clarification on this. Keep up the good work.
I’m glad that enjoy my work. There’s still a lot which we don’t know about this eruption. The major question I have to ask is “really, who do I keep seeing the same set of peculiar earthquakes before an explosive eruption at different volcanoes around the planet?” I don’t have a working hypothesis on this quite yet
Thank you for clarifying the "second eruption." I had read a few articles making this claim but couldn't find anything to validate the claims. It was a mystery to me until now. In the mean time keep up the excellent work!
0:28 I was also confused by the pictures I’ve been seeing. First was just a landslide causing a Tsunami. Then a couple of days later, the volcano erupted.
Actually I think it goes a little deeper than the explanation in this video. There were actually two eruptions - as correctly referred in the video: One on Jan 14th and one the next day on Jan 15th. The Jan 14th one caused the small landslide and tsunami, the one on 15th caused the massive ash plume and bigger tsunami. Video footage shown here as well as in other videos is from the Jan 14th eruption. Bottom line is - there were two eruptions to begin with. That, coupled with the ash fall advisory thing a couple of days later, led silly news editors and news anchors who had no idea of the initial eruption to assume there was another eruption after Jan 15th...
Amazing power of the eruption. Great update. Can I request something for future videos; If you talk about eruptions (like right now) could you not use images of the 14th January eruption if you talk about the big eruption? The images that we see from the boat are not the 15th of January explosion eruption, right? I don't mind you using the images, but please put a text that that is another eruption, preferably with date if that is possible and known. Thanks for your amazing videos.
I subscribe to your request. Lots of media outlets used the same footage expressly presenting it as belonging to the Jan 15th eruption. Adding the date to the footage would be a great factual correction (albeit it might pi%% off a lot of news people :) As a side note - Really looking forward to cable being restored to Tonga, they must have some impressive footage that still hasn;t been posted due to lack of internet. The Jan 15th eruption was an order of magnitude bigger than Jan 14th so even from a distance it should be spectacular :O
Stations all over the planet picked up the shockwave and the second go-around for it. What I find interesting about this is that the sensors tracked the wave so exactly in size as well as time.
I hope they quickly get help with the drinking water problem. Most of the population of Tonga use rainwater as drinking water I guess it's not so much groundwater on the islands. Now the rainwater is quite poisonous.
@@lubricustheslippery5028 I also worry about drinking water contamination. Too much fluorine, among other toxic chemicals are now in the water and will remain there for some time
@E Van Unfortunately, there has been several reported deaths. Several communities seemed to have been totally destroyed by the waves. But with communications problems, the true extent of the disaster, and such it was for those closest, will not be known for a few days. I am reminded of the Krakatoa explosion, 140 years ago.
@@gordonkeane6298 I am also worried about the lack of communications from several islands. Usually, if a house is destroyed in a tsunami, the people are no better off. On at least two smaller islands there are no structures left.
Thank you, I am in Oregon, but have extended family in Tonga. Your information has eased my concerns. The information regarding the communications is promising.
Keep an eye on the volcano, though. This may be the first of several major eruptions at this volcano, one that could be more intense, something like the eruptions on Thera (Santorini) or Krakatau.
The short duration of this eruption makes me suspicious that it was not the climax of the current eruptive sequence, despite its enormous intensity. This eruption released potentially up to a cubic kilometer of material in less than 10 minutes, while Mt St Helens took eight whole hours to do the same. That kind of flow rate implies the far more than 1km3 of magma trying to make its way to the surface
I am inclined to agree. I can't help but wonder if the eruption on the 15th was a continuation of the one from the day before, but that the central vent becoming submerged meant we didn't see what was going on under the water. Mount Vesuvius's famous 79AD eruption was actually a several day event with distinct phases as was Mount St. Helens as you pointed out.
You have to vector in the water vapor. Unlike Mt St Helens, this is at sea level, in the middle of the ocean. Tonga also has a peculiar tectonic setting, with some of the deepest earthquakes on the planet - which implies other processes potentially affecting everything from magma type to gas content.
As Alopam mentioned, the biggest issue here is the sea water flashing to steam.. I am going to assume that a very, very large amount of magma was rapidly exposed to the sea as the top of the volcano slid into the adjacent trench. This is what caused the huge explosive event during the 1815 Mount Tambora eruption. Both events generated a tsunami.
@@davidford3115 I do not think what erupted on the 15th represented an explosive from the magma chamber, but rather the magma conduit. Chamber should be intact
The scientific name for the supercell thunderstorm produced is known as Cumulonimbus Flammagenitus, or more simply, PyroCumulonimbus, and is most commonly seen over very large wildfires (like the huge fires in British Columbia during the summer of 2021, or the fires in California that formed actual tornadoes, or even the texas pyrosupercell in 2018) or in some cases volcanic eruptions, like this eruption, or eruptions like Mt St Helens which produced lightning. Basically to sum it up, the intense heat and water vapor (from either fires burning things like trees or other things that have a high level of moisture, or in the case of volcanoes seawater or water from icecaps/crater lakes) creates lift and instability and convection in the atmosphere, and the particulate matter in the smoke or ash act as condensation nuclei, which allows the clouds to form from the fire or eruption instead of the normal process of evaporation and solar heating creating convective currents which helps to build clouds. Another, smaller type of cloud, called Flammagenitus or pyrocumulus, is again the same process as mentioned before, except pyrocumulonimbus is the next stage. Once a pyrocumulonimbus develops, its effects ae usually similar to normal CB, like lighting, strong winds, precipitation ETC. very fascinating and interesting topic to study.
We saw a number of those here in CA with the wildfires. One was so huge that it pushed past Stockton, the River Delta, from the Sierras. Pretty intense.
@@erinmcdonald7781 yeah, I've been seeing lots of stuff on the Cali fires, and I think I heard about that one too. Pretty wild that a few of them especially recently have created those full on tornadoes, that is something that you truly don't see everyday
No problem. When the original report was made, I noted an unexpected spike in RUclips views. Clearly a lot of people believed the story so I wished to correct it.
Will this unexpectedly tall eruption column perhaps lead to geologists and volcanologists to consider reevaluating the methods they use to predict max plume height for historical eruptions?
Thank you for touching on the possible weather effect of this eruption. I do believe that maybe not noticed by some, that this will have an effect on our weather for a couple of years to come. I remember Mt. Pinatubo, and it affected sunsets for a few years, and we had a few record low temperatures in Durham a winter or two afterwards. I mean single digits.
Extreme volcanic lightning at such a density as this may have caused some sort of radio disturbance with the ionosphere? Could it be monitored via radio?
Could it also potentially be a clue that multiple “HAARP” facilities were targeting this volcano with ultra powerful microwave energies? According to the patents on HAARP, it is an ionosphere heater.
Static created by lightning is really, really obvious on any kind of amplitude modulation signal, in my experience. And probably across a very wide range of frequencies.
You are fast becoming my go to for Volcano related information. This is for 2 reasons; your succinct, unsensational documentation of events, and the regular follow-up information and, where necessary, correction. This channel should be a peer reference for anyone looking to provide factual information on any topic.
I would like to know more about the ‘pumice rafts’. Specifically, what is their approximate area, and how long will they stay afloat? Thanks for your informative reporting.
Not sure about the area size, can probably be inferred from comparing to previous google earth shots of the island. As for how long they stay afloat - theoretically forever :) Pumice has low density due to trapped gas and it tends to stay afloat until water erodes and opens up enough bubbles for it to lose those characteristics.
I like this channel. Here is a link to a short video from a boat sailing through a pumice area. It is from same volcan but a few years past. ruclips.net/video/aHLRDq4aJbc/видео.html
Love your videos. I've read a lot of reports and seen many volcanologists interviewed on this eruption. You are the only one that discusses an underwater landslide being potentially responsible for the tsunami. Do you still believe that the tsunami was likely caused by a landslide rather than from the eruption itself.
I think the landslide generated its own small tsunami, the one shown being quite small (0:24 timestamp). The explosion then generated the significantly larger tsunami waves that caused damage at Tonga and elsewhere around the Pacific.
I'd like some videos covering the specific factors that contribute to measuring the intensities of eruptions, like explosiveness, gas emission, caldera formation, new intrusions, et al.
Thankyou for your corrections. Probably the closest example to this eruption in terms of chemistry, geological setting and scale, that has been studied is the Oden eruption on the Gakkel ridge system north of Franz Joseph in 2015 I think it was. Please do a video on The Oden undersea event. That one erupted in four km deep water, was fueled by high percentages of supercritical carbonates. It produced a highly energetic pyroclastic fountain eruption, that showered obsidian bubble wall fragments for tens of kilometers in all directions from the blast site. Previously to this event no one believed that explosive vulcanism could occur at such water pressure depths. As our ability to resolve the detailed bathometry of the deep ocean improves, we are realising how many large volcanic calderas and seamounts that are down there. Far more than previously guessed. 1 issue. There is not a chance of much planetry cooling from the SO2, but there is a large chance that ghe Halogens released by this event with its chemistry, will cause major damage to the Ozone in the stratosphere. And therefore cause a serious planetwide heating effect for some years.
Great informative video!! The shockwave from the volcanic explosion, tsunami, and subsequent partial collapse of the islands really does remind us of the past and violent eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. Will be interesting to see the VEI rating of this eruption.
Cordon-Caulle/Puyehue was a much larger volumetric eruption... so I wouldn't go as far back as Hudson in 1991. Still, thr vigor to 39Km even outpaces even the largest ones in the past century... perhaps equaling Krakatoa... hence the sound distance traveled. Awesome deduction of transfer of responsibility in the VAAC being the reason for the erroneous report. We had that happen with Okmok and Kasatochi... a few years ago. The aviation community understands this, but the public/news media doesn't have enough experiences to recognize this and love to be first with the worst with limited jouralism... Keep up the good work, you are doing yeoman's work. Keep doing it right and hopefully, you will become the premier source of honest scientific information with respect to volcanism. ... I think you are already there... but the rest of the world still has to find you. Keep humble, stay scientific, not be sensationalist!
Sensationalist??? You compared this volcano collapse to the krakatoa event??? The krakatoa event produced tsunamis 100ft tall in 1883. And the most recent a few years produced a local tsunami of 35 ft.. I think you're the one sensationalized this eruption with your claim..
@@devilkazuya2001 Keep in mind that Krakatoa is in the middle of the Sunda Strait, which acts to channel and amplify waves. Mount St. Helens produced waves of 850ft in Spirit Lake. Larger bodies of water diffuse the energy more than smaller bodies of water.
here in fiji we're experiencing acid rain..the skies glow red under the setting sun..why is that??..its all connected to the erupition of the volcanoe in Tonga.
These videos are amazing. It sounds kind of bad to say but this eruption was very good for your channel. Congrats on 100k. Prayers to those affected by this eruption.
It must be so awful for Tonga right now. Widespread tsunami damage and ash fall that contaminated water supply. I really hope that the people persevere
Great job! You make the information accessible to the audience and take care in preparing top-notch visuals that further help explain the content. Bravo!!!
Video footage in this vid shows the Jan 14th eruption, which was 10-20 times smaller than the behemoth on Jan 15. So, as a simple math, multiply everything (gas, ash plume, volume ejected) in this video by 10, them multiply it again, by 2 to 10 times :D
I have a question (or maybe two): You presented a graph showing the world's highest ever ash plumes. How are volcanologists and meteorologists able to measure these historical ash columns correctly? For example, in 1815 Mt. Tambora's ash plume was said to be 43 km. high. Also, Krakatoa's in 1883 was said to be 36 km high. How do you all know that, along with the other historical eruptions and their ash plumes? On the same graph, I notice that if indeed it is decided that the ash plume from this eruption is 39 km high, making it one of the highest ever recorded, then are you and other volcanologists willing to upgrade the level of the eruption to VI 6, since the other historical eruptions (according to the graph you presented) whose ash plumes were in that area of height were all VI6 eruptions? Also, I have a sense that the atmosphere kind of "tops off" at a certain height . How is it that particulates of the eruption can reach so high into the atmosphere, and perhaps even pushing into the stratosphere? Wouldn't the change of air pressure from atmosphere to stratosphere "top off" the plume? If you read my comment and decide to answer I'd be very appreciative. Thank you....
These are very accessible and detailed videos. They are most welcome and are quite quite eclectic in their content. Do you have a reference for the graph at 2' please?
Thank you for the update. I so appreciate that you wait to receive further information rather than making assumptions. It's worth waiting for because there are so many things about this eruption that are unusual. I read somewhere that the tsunami arrived very quickly at Hawaii too.
It is quite possible that particulates of ash fell as far away as Australia due to the eruption of Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai. If you see particles of ash on the ground or on your vehicle, let me know. If you live in an area with measurable ash, I wish to also know how far you are from the eruption and how thick the ash is (negligible/trace/depth in mm). Also, your sunrises and sunsets for the next week in Queensland and Fiji will look abnormal due to the volcanic eruption.
On a final note, viewers have observed that unusual ocean currents from the tsunami are still ongoing, albeit with a lessened impact compared to those witnessed on day 1.
There was an odd visible "complementary pressure implosion" parallel to yet far away from the main detonation. Again i think Mount Saint Helens is dispositive as imagine this mass of material then sliding into one of the deepest trenches on Earth (2nd deepest i believe) thus explaining the tsunami as well.
Is the volcano in iceland active again or is the one on the border of Nevada active?
I found that i had more ash in my ash tray after this eruption.
If we think Greta Thumberg had rants in the past……wait until she gets hold of this one!!! Oh the horror!!!
Hazy mornings, looked like smoke...
East Coast of Australia.
This right here is what professional geology should look like. Oh, see the facts, never saw those before so succinctly! Excellent data provided, much appreciated!
Definitely one of the best and always getting better.
He got me subscription!
Didn't know geologists googled facts and made little video essays.
C'mon bud, get real.
@@davin1287 I'm going to have argue this point, this is exactly why geologist are often wrong. I rather take google copy pasta any day then what us.gs keeps putting out for reliability. This narrow-mindedness is a prime example of why current academics needs to get its head on straight. I also have NEVER seen a black person talk about volcanos on USGS when there's hundreds of coloured geologist constantly passed over by the government for under-qualified twits who think they know what's going on.
Absolutely agree!!! 💜
Finally some validating factual content that gives context and keeps it simple. This is the first video I have watched of yours and I appreciate your clarification on this. Keep up the good work.
Be sure to watch all his other videos too! You will get incredible lessons in vulcanology and learn things that will surprise you! He's really good!
Hope you stick around for more of his content and go back and check out his coverage of other volcanos from videos passed!
I’m glad that enjoy my work.
There’s still a lot which we don’t know about this eruption. The major question I have to ask is “really, who do I keep seeing the same set of peculiar earthquakes before an explosive eruption at different volcanoes around the planet?”
I don’t have a working hypothesis on this quite yet
Actally almost of all of it its stolen from Scot Manley's channel.
@@stequila get outta here with that.
Thank you for clarifying the "second eruption." I had read a few articles making this claim but couldn't find anything to validate the claims. It was a mystery to me until now. In the mean time keep up the excellent work!
0:28 I was also confused by the pictures I’ve been seeing. First was just a landslide causing a Tsunami. Then a couple of days later, the volcano erupted.
Actually I think it goes a little deeper than the explanation in this video. There were actually two eruptions - as correctly referred in the video: One on Jan 14th and one the next day on Jan 15th. The Jan 14th one caused the small landslide and tsunami, the one on 15th caused the massive ash plume and bigger tsunami. Video footage shown here as well as in other videos is from the Jan 14th eruption.
Bottom line is - there were two eruptions to begin with. That, coupled with the ash fall advisory thing a couple of days later, led silly news editors and news anchors who had no idea of the initial eruption to assume there was another eruption after Jan 15th...
Amazing power of the eruption. Great update. Can I request something for future videos; If you talk about eruptions (like right now) could you not use images of the 14th January eruption if you talk about the big eruption? The images that we see from the boat are not the 15th of January explosion eruption, right? I don't mind you using the images, but please put a text that that is another eruption, preferably with date if that is possible and known. Thanks for your amazing videos.
I subscribe to your request. Lots of media outlets used the same footage expressly presenting it as belonging to the Jan 15th eruption. Adding the date to the footage would be a great factual correction (albeit it might pi%% off a lot of news people :)
As a side note - Really looking forward to cable being restored to Tonga, they must have some impressive footage that still hasn;t been posted due to lack of internet. The Jan 15th eruption was an order of magnitude bigger than Jan 14th so even from a distance it should be spectacular :O
I'd like to add, that even Icelandic meteorological stations picked up the shockwave.
Stations all over the planet picked up the shockwave and the second go-around for it. What I find interesting about this is that the sensors tracked the wave so exactly in size as well as time.
It was a cracker of an explosion, mind you, it's the first one I've ever heard.
Found your channel a few days ago after the eruption and you pack a lot of quality information into a short time. Thank you for this.
Watching from the Philippines and appreciate your updates.
You're my go to site for all volcano info. Fantastic! Keep it up!
Best wishes to the people of Tonga. 😔
This is dreadful. So awful for the people of Tonga, and nearby islands.
nearby island of australia
I hope they quickly get help with the drinking water problem. Most of the population of Tonga use rainwater as drinking water I guess it's not so much groundwater on the islands. Now the rainwater is quite poisonous.
@@lubricustheslippery5028 I also worry about drinking water contamination. Too much fluorine, among other toxic chemicals are now in the water and will remain there for some time
@E Van Unfortunately, there has been several reported deaths.
Several communities seemed to have been totally destroyed by the waves.
But with communications problems, the true extent of the disaster, and such it was for those closest, will not be known for a few days.
I am reminded of the Krakatoa explosion, 140 years ago.
@@gordonkeane6298 I am also worried about the lack of communications from several islands. Usually, if a house is destroyed in a tsunami, the people are no better off. On at least two smaller islands there are no structures left.
Congratulations on getting past 100k subscribers. You definitely deserve it. :)
Can't wait for next video.
Thank you, I am in Oregon, but have extended family in Tonga. Your information has eased my concerns. The information regarding the communications is promising.
Been waiting for this! Super excited to see the new images
This is incredible. So much energy.
Just wait until the larger ones follow suit. Make this look like child's play.
Keep an eye on the volcano, though. This may be the first of several major eruptions at this volcano, one that could be more intense, something like the eruptions on Thera (Santorini) or Krakatau.
The short duration of this eruption makes me suspicious that it was not the climax of the current eruptive sequence, despite its enormous intensity. This eruption released potentially up to a cubic kilometer of material in less than 10 minutes, while Mt St Helens took eight whole hours to do the same. That kind of flow rate implies the far more than 1km3 of magma trying to make its way to the surface
I am inclined to agree. I can't help but wonder if the eruption on the 15th was a continuation of the one from the day before, but that the central vent becoming submerged meant we didn't see what was going on under the water. Mount Vesuvius's famous 79AD eruption was actually a several day event with distinct phases as was Mount St. Helens as you pointed out.
You have to vector in the water vapor. Unlike Mt St Helens, this is at sea level, in the middle of the ocean. Tonga also has a peculiar tectonic setting, with some of the deepest earthquakes on the planet - which implies other processes potentially affecting everything from magma type to gas content.
A bomb.
As Alopam mentioned, the biggest issue here is the sea water flashing to steam.. I am going to assume that a very, very large amount of magma was rapidly exposed to the sea as the top of the volcano slid into the adjacent trench. This is what caused the huge explosive event during the 1815 Mount Tambora eruption. Both events generated a tsunami.
@@davidford3115 I do not think what erupted on the 15th represented an explosive from the magma chamber, but rather the magma conduit. Chamber should be intact
Awesome video! Your channel continues to get better and better!
Thank you for explaining the lightning strikes & the cloud veil. It's good to study life threatening weather. Some sources are to shallow to agree.
A great factual update. You're always the place to go on YT for important volcano news GH! Thanks so much.
The scientific name for the supercell thunderstorm produced is known as Cumulonimbus Flammagenitus, or more simply, PyroCumulonimbus, and is most commonly seen over very large wildfires (like the huge fires in British Columbia during the summer of 2021, or the fires in California that formed actual tornadoes, or even the texas pyrosupercell in 2018) or in some cases volcanic eruptions, like this eruption, or eruptions like Mt St Helens which produced lightning. Basically to sum it up, the intense heat and water vapor (from either fires burning things like trees or other things that have a high level of moisture, or in the case of volcanoes seawater or water from icecaps/crater lakes) creates lift and instability and convection in the atmosphere, and the particulate matter in the smoke or ash act as condensation nuclei, which allows the clouds to form from the fire or eruption instead of the normal process of evaporation and solar heating creating convective currents which helps to build clouds. Another, smaller type of cloud, called Flammagenitus or pyrocumulus, is again the same process as mentioned before, except pyrocumulonimbus is the next stage. Once a pyrocumulonimbus develops, its effects ae usually similar to normal CB, like lighting, strong winds, precipitation ETC. very fascinating and interesting topic to study.
We saw a number of those here in CA with the wildfires. One was so huge that it pushed past Stockton, the River Delta, from the Sierras. Pretty intense.
@@erinmcdonald7781 yeah, I've been seeing lots of stuff on the Cali fires, and I think I heard about that one too. Pretty wild that a few of them especially recently have created those full on tornadoes, that is something that you truly don't see everyday
Excellent update on Hunga Tonga eruption. Your site has been the most informative on this eruption by far.
Thanks for the info about the erroneous report of a second eruption.
No problem. When the original report was made, I noted an unexpected spike in RUclips views. Clearly a lot of people believed the story so I wished to correct it.
Definitely the most surprising eruption this century.
what are the other ones?
Another great video! Thank you for always being a reliable source of information on geologic events :)
Thank you for the update.
Good stuff man. More info than the damn news.
Will this unexpectedly tall eruption column perhaps lead to geologists and volcanologists to consider reevaluating the methods they use to predict max plume height for historical eruptions?
Outstanding as always
Thank you for touching on the possible weather effect of this eruption. I do believe that maybe not noticed by some, that this will have an effect on our weather for a couple of years to come. I remember Mt. Pinatubo, and it affected sunsets for a few years, and we had a few record low temperatures in Durham a winter or two afterwards. I mean single digits.
Here in Wisconsin, we had beautiful sunsets and froze our bums off in the winter (~-35°C for days on end) until about 1997.
Great reporting, thanks.
Extreme volcanic lightning at such a density as this may have caused some sort of radio disturbance with the ionosphere? Could it be monitored via radio?
Could it also potentially be a clue that multiple “HAARP” facilities were targeting this volcano with ultra powerful microwave energies? According to the patents on HAARP, it is an ionosphere heater.
Static created by lightning is really, really obvious on any kind of amplitude modulation signal, in my experience. And probably across a very wide range of frequencies.
@@mkeuphoria no
Awesome report thanks
Excellent report!
I live in the United States and we really did feel this. Earth's power it's really scary and I pray for Tonga and surrounding islands 🙏
Nice update. Great maps and graphs, thanks!!
Top notch content as usual
Awesome channel dude... please keep up the good work... rhe most professionally delivered content indeed. 👏
Another excellent post covering this eruption, with very good sources.
I appreciate the information and the work that goes into the video. Cheers!
love this channel
Thank you for the information that you put together.
Excellent, many thanks!
Congratulations on crossing 100k subscribers last eeek- you deserve it!
We are getting amazing sunsets in Mildura NW Victoria Australia
You are fast becoming my go to for Volcano related information. This is for 2 reasons; your succinct, unsensational documentation of events, and the regular follow-up information and, where necessary, correction. This channel should be a peer reference for anyone looking to provide factual information on any topic.
I would like to know more about the ‘pumice rafts’. Specifically, what is their approximate area, and how long will they stay afloat? Thanks for your informative reporting.
Not sure about the area size, can probably be inferred from comparing to previous google earth shots of the island. As for how long they stay afloat - theoretically forever :) Pumice has low density due to trapped gas and it tends to stay afloat until water erodes and opens up enough bubbles for it to lose those characteristics.
I like this channel. Here is a link to a short video from a boat sailing through a pumice area. It is from same volcan but a few years past. ruclips.net/video/aHLRDq4aJbc/видео.html
How big are they? :0
Me Too great topic.
@@alopam I am not so sure always. The feather weight pumice I have handled just floats.
Thank you for the simplified information. 👍
Awesome channel. Instant sub!
Great info & reporting as always.
We are getting amazing sunsets last 2 nights in Mildura NW Victoria Australia
great job, thanks for the info. you provided the best info i could fin on youtube. Keep up the great work and keep us informed.
Love your videos. I've read a lot of reports and seen many volcanologists interviewed on this eruption. You are the only one that discusses an underwater landslide being potentially responsible for the tsunami. Do you still believe that the tsunami was likely caused by a landslide rather than from the eruption itself.
I think the landslide generated its own small tsunami, the one shown being quite small (0:24 timestamp). The explosion then generated the significantly larger tsunami waves that caused damage at Tonga and elsewhere around the Pacific.
I'd like some videos covering the specific factors that contribute to measuring the intensities of eruptions, like explosiveness, gas emission, caldera formation, new intrusions, et al.
Brilliant as always. The MSM have been predictably bad at covering this.
Amazing 🌋🤗
2022 really started with a bang.
Thank you for gathering the info and this great report! The satellite views are incredible!
Another great video, thank you!
Thankyou for your corrections.
Probably the closest example to this eruption in terms of chemistry, geological setting and scale, that has been studied is the Oden eruption on the Gakkel ridge system north of Franz Joseph in 2015 I think it was.
Please do a video on The Oden undersea event.
That one erupted in four km deep water, was fueled by high percentages of supercritical carbonates.
It produced a highly energetic pyroclastic fountain eruption, that showered obsidian bubble wall fragments for tens of kilometers in all directions from the blast site.
Previously to this event no one believed that explosive vulcanism could occur at such water pressure depths.
As our ability to resolve the detailed bathometry of the deep ocean improves, we are realising how many large volcanic calderas and seamounts that are down there. Far more than previously guessed.
1 issue.
There is not a chance of much planetry cooling from the SO2, but there is a large chance that ghe Halogens released by this event with its chemistry, will cause major damage to the Ozone in the stratosphere.
And therefore cause a serious planetwide heating effect for some years.
Great informative video!! The shockwave from the volcanic explosion, tsunami, and subsequent partial collapse of the islands really does remind us of the past and violent eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. Will be interesting to see the VEI rating of this eruption.
Thank you for Sharing all that info with us...
I appreciate it 👌🏻👍🏻
So informative! Thank you!
Cordon-Caulle/Puyehue was a much larger volumetric eruption... so I wouldn't go as far back as Hudson in 1991. Still, thr vigor to 39Km even outpaces even the largest ones in the past century... perhaps equaling Krakatoa... hence the sound distance traveled. Awesome deduction of transfer of responsibility in the VAAC being the reason for the erroneous report. We had that happen with Okmok and Kasatochi... a few years ago. The aviation community understands this, but the public/news media doesn't have enough experiences to recognize this and love to be first with the worst with limited jouralism... Keep up the good work, you are doing yeoman's work. Keep doing it right and hopefully, you will become the premier source of honest scientific information with respect to volcanism. ... I think you are already there... but the rest of the world still has to find you. Keep humble, stay scientific, not be sensationalist!
Sensationalist??? You compared this volcano collapse to the krakatoa event??? The krakatoa event produced tsunamis 100ft tall in 1883. And the most recent a few years produced a local tsunami of 35 ft.. I think you're the one sensationalized this eruption with your claim..
@@devilkazuya2001 Keep in mind that Krakatoa is in the middle of the Sunda Strait, which acts to channel and amplify waves. Mount St. Helens produced waves of 850ft in Spirit Lake. Larger bodies of water diffuse the energy more than smaller bodies of water.
here in fiji we're experiencing acid rain..the skies glow red under the setting sun..why is that??..its all connected to the erupition of the volcanoe in Tonga.
Quality content right here thx for the updates!
Super useful video. Thanks!
Good update, my friend!
Very simplified and informative 👌 thanks
Pressure spike was distinctly recorded in India as well per info from Indian meteorological department , mind blogging energy
These videos are amazing. It sounds kind of bad to say but this eruption was very good for your channel. Congrats on 100k. Prayers to those affected by this eruption.
Aloha your report are awesome 👌
We are getting hazy and tinted sunrise and sunset here in Central Australia.
Great channel
It must be so awful for Tonga right now. Widespread tsunami damage and ash fall that contaminated water supply. I really hope that the people persevere
Wow, thanks for the update, your awesome and reliable.
Thank you.
Great job! You make the information accessible to the audience and take care in preparing top-notch visuals that further help explain the content. Bravo!!!
Thanks for the update info.
Looking back at this, only now I noticed the difference in audio.
I couldn't imagine how krakatoa must have been like when it blew in 1883..
Video footage in this vid shows the Jan 14th eruption, which was 10-20 times smaller than the behemoth on Jan 15. So, as a simple math, multiply everything (gas, ash plume, volume ejected) in this video by 10, them multiply it again, by 2 to 10 times :D
Yo excellent information and thank you
excellent reporting - thank you
I have a question (or maybe two): You presented a graph showing the world's highest ever ash plumes. How are volcanologists and meteorologists able to measure these historical ash columns correctly? For example, in 1815 Mt. Tambora's ash plume was said to be 43 km. high. Also, Krakatoa's in 1883 was said to be 36 km high. How do you all know that, along with the other historical eruptions and their ash plumes? On the same graph, I notice that if indeed it is decided that the ash plume from this eruption is 39 km high, making it one of the highest ever recorded, then are you and other volcanologists willing to upgrade the level of the eruption to VI 6, since the other historical eruptions (according to the graph you presented) whose ash plumes were in that area of height were all VI6 eruptions? Also, I have a sense that the atmosphere kind of "tops off" at a certain height . How is it that particulates of the eruption can reach so high into the atmosphere, and perhaps even pushing into the stratosphere? Wouldn't the change of air pressure from atmosphere to stratosphere "top off" the plume? If you read my comment and decide to answer I'd be very appreciative. Thank you....
@Peter 3.0 Yea, I really wasn't sure exactly where one layer of the atmosphere ended when the other began . . .
@Peter 3.0 Yup!
Your awesome! Thanks for your updates and answered my questions I had!
Wow, very informative!
Solid, understandable information.
Great Job !
Is there video of the explosion from the survey ship?
Check out, shockwave volcano eruption
ruclips.net/video/owlRuul5Tk4/видео.html
Thanks so much for your great reporting! Direct answers to all the questions we don't even know to ask; much less, who to ask. Awesome work!
Thanks so much as always for the video and great info.
I Wish All the best.
Two pressure waves were recorded by meterological stations in Denmark, one have passed one way around the globe and the other the other way.
Very nice data.....thanks
These are very accessible and detailed videos. They are most welcome and are quite quite eclectic in their content. Do you have a reference for the graph at 2' please?
This is dreadful. So awful for the people of Tonga,
How large was the initial blast in terms of power and distance?
Thank you for the update. I so appreciate that you wait to receive further information rather than making assumptions. It's worth waiting for because there are so many things about this eruption that are unusual. I read somewhere that the tsunami arrived very quickly at Hawaii too.
Might be interesting to see underwater pictures of the volcano...
Kaboom .... what island???? Amazing ... Terrifying. Another great Geology Hub update on Hunga Tonga! Thanks for sharing!
NWS Seattle put out a tweet about how when the pressure wave passed through, it actually dissipated the fog in the SeaTac area.
Jurisdictional boundaries frequently cause confusion.