How atoms REALLY make molecules!
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- Опубликовано: 21 ноя 2024
- What is molecular orbital theory and how does it work? Are you confused about frontier orbitals, HOMO and LUMOs? These essential concepts in chemistry and science are explained with examples and 3D animations.
How three oxygen atoms come together to make ozone: butane.chem.uiu...
For a detailed academic lesson on molecular orbital theory, I recommend Chad’s Prep:
• 9.5 Molecular Orbital ...
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Three Twentysix Project Leader: Dr Andrew Robertson
3D animations/production assistant: Es Hiranpakorn
Graphic Design: Maria Sucianto
This video was produced at Kyushu University and supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21K02904. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Kyushu University, JSPS or MEXT.
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Loved your engaging presentation Dr Robertson! And already more views than mine on the topic in 6 days!!! Really well done. Thank you so much for the referral...truly a surprise!
Thanks Chad, I really appreciate that. Our videos are for different purposes but yours are great and well worth watching for a properly academic explanation.
@@ThreeTwentysix This is so great! Just as i commented before, because of you i'm getting a different view angle on chemistry, one closer to my heart - physics perspective. And your examples like not sitting next to a stranger in the bus, if there are other seats available, is just brilliant. Goes straight to imagination and makes it all "click" together much nicer.
My only hope is that RUclips will not destroy this lovely science and makers community...
Thank you for your effort. There are many people hungry for knowledge, waiting for your explanations. 🥰
@@ThreeTwentysixsir please make a video on organic chemistry
Chad and Dr Robertson! Two of the best creators of chemistry podcasts! I follow you both. I'm a volunteer tutor for AP and General chemistry and I'm always seeking to be better at making chemistry more clear and interesting. Both of you are instrumental in that task!
You should really focus on quality of video like thumbnails and stuff to increase viewer attraction just like this channel
Yes, please cover more topics like aromaticity please! I've always had a feeling that textbooks simplify topics for introductory purposes, but I've hardly felt that way towards aromaticity until you've mentioned it, and now my interest has been piqued!
P.S. The way you cover topics are so clear and the visuals are fun :)
If aryls are aromatic, esters must be called aroma-ey.
Regarding textbooks simplifying things, look up the concept of "lies to children". 😻
Hell yes! And I would _love_ a video about making catalysts as well!
Count me in!!!!!!!!!!!
What's aromaticity?
Holy moly. This is it. I’m a microbiologist and I could never understand why uni textbooks didn’t dedicate too much paper on this fundamental theory. Even the exercises where very mechanical and didn’t go beyond biatomic molecules scenarios. Of course, as a microbiologist, i’am more interested in linking chemistry theories with the unique molecular world of the cell, that is very messy.
I mean this theory it’s crazy difficult but it’s immensely powerful.
I must say that if I had you as my chemistry teacher I would be a chemist now, the energy, the passion and the amount of knowledge you put in is immensely inspiring.
Thank you so much.
Definitely would watch your explanation on catalyst design! P.s your teaching rocks, leaving my curiousity vibrating
110% this
Oh yes, so hungry for that precious knoledge
Finally a good and not superficial chemistry youtube channel
Learning chemistry without any visual imagery ability sucks
that's why i learnt nothing properly in school . neither this or nor physics ... teachers made it only worse😢😂
There's a lot in what you say ..some prope have a problem even imagining a spherical planet ..and have to turn it into a disk ..there are many degrees but essentially fundamentally it is just oscillation..everything is illusion apart from oscillations.
Aphantasic checking in here too 🤭
Real
Am 18 years old and Always try to find concepts on RUclips which i have difficult and finally find best video on Chemistry of bonding, orbitals ...and so on
😆
This one video essentially summed up multiple years worth of my chemistry course... in a better, more concise and interesting way (losing essentially no detail!) Your videos are seriously amazing!
Would love that catalyst video! Aromaticity would be great, too. Awesome work!
I have a first class in Engineering from UCL and a PhD in physics, UMIST, and a lifetime of learning - I’m 66. Your work is incredible!
UMIST? Then we have something in common.
Yes, I did my EngD there after leaving the Army, 1996-2000. I was quite old 😅.
A video on the catalytic mechanisms would be very interesting
I never studied chemistry beyond A Level, I like your method of explanation, we can listen to what you're saying, while allowing our brains to run ahead a little, that allows us to feel somewhat clever that we've worked out the next step, when in fact it's your very carefully laid-out path of breadcrumbs that guides us there.
I just want to say keep making these videos. You fill a niche on RUclips that no one else has done, you are personable and have good camerawork, you are going to explode upwards! Thanks to your passion of chemistry and education you are helping a lot of young people learn what they don’t exactly teach in school.
11:53 The reason electrons do this btw is that symmetric spins means anti symmetric wave function, which means they’ll be further apart on average. This is referring to fermi heaps/holes. The reduction in electrostatic energy far outweighs the increase in magnetostatic energy from the alignment of the electron magnetic dipoles/spins, as the electric energy drops as 1/r and the magnetic energy as 1/r^2. If the magnetic moment of electrons was much larger, that would eventually outweigh the decay rate though
I've never heard this explanation before. Thanks.
Man...this video made my day...I was struggling to understand how everything works this video covers it all...please keep up..
Yes, please more on aromaticity and catalysists.
I would definitely like a deeper dive on aromatics, catalyst design, and other applied MO topics than some textbooks give us.
I've taken several years of university chemistry courses and this connected some ideas that I hadn't connected before. Thanks! A video on catalyst design and aromaticity would be great! I think they might even go together. At least when designing orbital energies the molecules usually have an aromatic part somewhere. 🤔
Having just been introduced to crystal field theory in class today, I’d love a video on the design of catalysts and even how molecular orbital theory and crystal field theory are related.
I love your videos by the way. You explain concepts in a really engaging manner :D
Even though it's not entirely about what you commented, he does have a great about chemical crystal structure!
I’d really like to know how this relates to energy bands in solids! Thanks for the great video!
4:50 Thank you for making the point that orbitals are not containers. Too often we cause misunderstandings in our language where we say an orbital is empty, partially filled, or filled implying that it is a container into which electrons are inserted.
I’m a PhD chemist. Great video, I always loved MO theory
The 3d animations make the whole difference. This channel is gold.
Im a big fan of the conception of electrons as the entire orbital, like theyre smeared out across the orbital region, but permeable, such that the protons/nuclei of the atoms can "sink into" the lowest energy position within their "cloud." The molecular orbital theory meshes with that amazingly well. So to speak, the electrons can share space with each other, but only in so far as their orbitals merge in a stable configuration, one which accounts for the mass and probability density of their sum total while also maintaining a stable spin configuration or phase as you put it. Thanks! Id never heard of this theory till now and i greatly appreciate it!
Dr Robertson, this is the BEST FREE content available online on molecular orbital theory. Your explanations were easy enough for a sophomore to understand this.
I would recommend you change the title of the video to something like 'Molecular Orbital Theory explanation' or something similar because that would help you with getting your target audience, and enhance view count.
D
Otherwise people are going to click the video and leave because its too complex of a topic for them to watch at dinner.
This video is criminally underrated. Just subscribed.❤
great video aromaticity and catalysts videos would be enjoyed.
Yes! Cover aromaticity please.
My friend, you could fill the entire RUclips library with 'stuff they don't teach in school' 😂😂😂
They do talk about this at school tho...
A bit of a self-own, really... "I didn't get in the school that talked about this."
in a real university chem class they DO tell you about it. LOL
@@triple_gem_shining I suppose he means high school
@@triple_gem_shiningI got told this in high school when I was 16
YES please do aromaticity. I really wished I found your channel while I was taking organic chemistry but I finished orgo 2 already (Im a cellular biology major) but I still find chemistry fascinating and this video made it so much clearer.
I have a couple of questions for your next episode of the series.
1. What is Secular Equilibrium in nuclear chemistry?
2. Why are f orbitals not yet fully understood? What is the inherent reason behind why computers and software such as DFT and HF can’t properly model molecules containing f orbitals?
3. What is the size of “limit” for a molecule? Could you theoretically have an individual molecule the size of an entire planet? Why or why not?
4. How does the Jan-Teller effect know which ligands are axial and which are equitorial? Isn’t that just a matter of perspective (assuming all the ligands are equivalent)?
5. Can dark matter exist in the nucleus of an atom? What about in it’s orbitals?
6. Can the electrons of an atom go inside the nucleus? Why or why not?
7. What are Brillouin Zones?
8. The half life of a population of radioactive atoms is estimated well with statistical analysis, yet, how come there is nothing we can do to extend or shorten this half life?
Thanks for your videos, they are an invaluable resource to youtube!
Doctor Robertson, it has been a great experience listening to this presentation by you, I am a Chemical Eng., for my profession, the Lewis explanation and counting electrons in atomic orbitals had been enough up to this day. Congratulations
2:10 THIS! I had this question since school. First answer I got was “you don’t need to know this now”. I would still love a video on how Nitrogen forms it’s fourth bond.
This is interesting, a video about designing catalysts would be really interesting 😊
Yes! Catalyst design as well please
Dedicated aromaticity video please. Love this stuff
I would like to see the topic of light interaction with molecules. You’ve done UV; how about IR (bending and stretching) and MW (rotational entropy).
Thanks for the great video! I just have two small comments about the excitation with light and OLEDs:
1. For the excitation from the HOMO to the LUMO you actually need less energy than the HOMO-LUMO gap due to the coulomb binding energy between the positive and the negative local charge that you create.
2. The electric field in an OLED does not create excited states directly, but rather charge carriers are transported from the electrodes through the organic semiconductor to the individual molecules where excited states similar to the one originating from absorption can be formed.
RUclips only recommended you to me the other day, I studied science up to college but work in IT, I've always loved the subject and maintain a keen interest, loving your work. In answer to all of your 'let me know if I should make a video' questions - yes to all of them, your explanations are engaging and superb, thank you for the time you put in.
PLEASE MORE VIDEOS ON THESE.
Bro... this video give me hope for humanity. We got this.
Brilliant! Aromaticity video please! And please do one on Azulene :)
I discovered this channel today after getting this video recommended to me. Recently I've found a new interest in biochemistry and next year I'm starting a masters degree in biomedical engineering specialised in bioengineering and applied cell biology. One of my most anticipated courses is Advanced Organic Chemistry and videos like these are making me even more excited for what's to come :). Keep making videos, you are a great explainer and I find this way of explaining + your way of talking very nice and relaxing to follow! +1 sub :D
Probably for a similar reason that we start with Newtonian gravitational models instead of jumping straight to General Relativity. It's a good approximation for simple cases, and the cases where it breaks help develop an understanding of the more complicated model. (Referring to 21:39 about why don't we just use molecular orbital theory instead of the simpler valence bond theory.)
What an *excellent* explanation for molecular orbital theory. I love how you explain how the oscillations giving a visual representation of the quantum mechanical states of MOs - and about chemical reactivity between HOMOs and LUMOs - makes much more sense and explains the link in terms of energy differences. 😁👍
I just started working towards my PhD in chemistry (I have my bachelors in chemistry). And I have to say that this video is TREMENDOUS. I wish they would provide such a concise, easy to understand picture in school of molecular orbital theory. Watching this video now improved my understanding of MO theory and I’ve been through inorganic class😅 Thank you for posting
Thank you for the great content. Yes, please. Video on designing catalysts.
Hi, you remind me beginning of my work career at 1980x when I was a young engineer in a lab to develop the most energetic oxidizers based on Fluorine. I spent days doing molecular models from children toys describing MO as a source of energy in chemical reactions. We synthesized about 1-3 kg new oxidizers a week. The biggest problem for me that time was a physical stability of new molecules. Sometimes atoms with Fluorine separated from the main molecule body as VOC to flow into atmosphere and the rest of molecules didn’t show any oxidation properties. Glad to know molecular synthesis and MO models are still interesting areas! When I moved to the US my company said my foreign work experience isn’t interesting in the US and I should do something more tangible for my US company business. I left chemistry from that time. Your work approach looks very similar what I used to do decades back. The only difference my focus was on fluorine chemistry, energy release, blast development vs combustion. I got enough new oxidizers making 1-3 kg new oxidizers a week for experimental reactions.
It's nice to see Richard Hammond talking about something other than cars
This is good stuff, I learned molecular orbital theory, but it was like twenty years ago. And we did not get into the quantum mechanics of it. As I went through other classes and learned on my own, I definitely realized I wasn't getting the full picture. Bond theory was the one we studied and practiced using. I had to drop out before getting to take organic😢, so I lost a ton of useful stuff because of it. I'm too out of date to try again, but I love chemistry so much! It really was my first love. It's hard to find good YT chemistry, or at least it historically has been. That seems to be changing slowly. You definitely help with that...
It's never too late. I changed discipline from physics to robotics 15 years ago and mostly did some engineering related stuff from this point onwards. But I went back to learning theoretical physics a few years ago in my spare time just for fun. A lot of concepts I was struggling with back then appear almost trivial to me now, and I can tell I have a more profound and mature understanding of this field. I must admit that I never stopped doing maths so that helped quite a bit, but having a more "seasoned" brain makes learning difficult stuff easier. If you have the time for it, definitely do what you love.
@@tzimmermann I like learning, I thrive in university settings... I'm bankrupt from school and medical debt. I can't go back because they won't let me not the other way around... Being born poor, autistic, and without support... Doesn't lend itself well to the US _"education"_ system.
@@Robert_McGarry_Poems I feel you, mate. I had the chance to be born in France where university fees are dirt cheap and I feel sorry for you guys who have to deal with this absolute BS of a system.
Now, you can absolutely learn stuff by yourself with free online resources, and books (that you can also find for "free" in pdf format, or really cheap on sites like abebooks), and papers on scihub. I learned way more by myself than I ever did at the uni while spending very little money. But I learned how to learn there (and you certainly did too).
You seem to be a passionate guy, don't let this die out.
I'd of course love a dedicated video of aromaticity as well on on catalysts for sure! Just love your work! I think your channel has the potential to become to theoretical chemistry what is PBS Space Time to theoretical physics and 3blue1brown to math.
Another topic I would like to see is the Atomic radius, but it even would be better if you would make videos on reactions like the Thermodynamic vs. Kinematic control of reactions, etc.
Keep up the good work! :)
Being mentioned with @PBSspacetime and @3blue1brown is high praise indeed, thank you. You'll be happy to hear kinetics is on the board for our upcoming second or third video. Thermodynamics is going to be some way off because it's going to be a series, but it's slated for some time next year.
Aromaticity and designing catalysts would be so helpful! Thank you
A video about designing Catalysts would be greatly appreciated!!! Absolutely amazing content!!!
I watched this videos 4 times in a week which is probably too much, but the explanation is just too addictive to listen to.
I think you were just watching the animations 😀
A discussion of aromaticity in Molecular Orbital Theory would be very welcome.
I remember seeing the molecular orbitals of molecules like methane (very interesting in itself) and the HOMOs and LUMOs of more complex linear organic molecules, but don't think I've seen much surrounding aromatic rings.
Thank you so much for this video! Please talk more about electron orbitals, this is great.
The previous comment I left roughly in the middle of the video. I just finished watching and I have to say thank you sooo much, great explanation, great topic.
A really outstanding presentation:
- Interesting topic? Check!
- Headline fits the content? Check!
- Visuals support the narrative? Double check!
- Distracting visual eye-candy detected anywhere? Uncheck! (That has become a rare feat on RUclips)
- Engaging presentation? Check!
- A pinch of humor? Check!
- Didactic path finding through the maze? Check!
- Creative analogies? Check!
- Viewing time well invested? Check! Definitely!
This is the 2nd video I watch on the channel and they both have that outstanding quality!
Subscribed? Check!
What a reply! Thank you!
B.S. in Chemistry and Molecular Biology, here. I loved this. In predictablity the use of AI is going to change everything. We can take a combined approach and use the data and rule sets...comparing measured results and energy levels and iteratively feed it to the computer to get better predictability. This is going to help accelerate chemistry into places we've never seen before. This is important for isolating new drugs and discovering new materials for use in electronics, coatings, pharmaceuticals, and new chemicals for detection. Bravo. You do an exceptional job in making this probabilistic universe more understandable to the layman. No, it isn't intuitive, but matter does not play the same games we do. Matter and space and time live in the realm of probability.
It is going to be a paradigm shift when we discover and can prove that particles are just space folded back on itself...and are not entities...but events that happen to the fabric of space.
Yes please! All of those video ideas sounds so interesting.
This video clarified so much for me, it's ridiculous; you're an incredibly fine educator sir :D
I've subscribed, and I would love to see a full on knock-out video on topics like aromaticity and catalytic chemistry. Also would love to hear what you have to say on coordination complexes in organometallic chemistry.
Great explanation to this. I think this theory is something missed by many material scientists and physicists as well as they mostly focus at the periodic scale of the wave functions. I think starting at the molecular orbitals and then bridging to the solid phase gives great depth for developing intuition especially at solid interfaces.
Catalyst design sounds fascinating! I particularly appreciated the explanation of how OLED's work, this framework allows understanding of the idea better than any other I've encountered, thanks!
You quickly became one of my favorite chemistry RUclipsrs!!! You do a great job explaining complex topics and I genuinely appreciate it!
During my education route I have made transition from valance bond to molecular orbit.No doubt it is an energy landscapes for electrons behavior. But it is hard to capture all electron features.
When electron have wave and when it particle is a surprise.
I like this efforts.
Thanks.
Thanks for this inspiring video! It closes a gap hurting in my head since I finished studying sciences. Lectures with orbitals and binding theories have always been a warrant for boredom. But there is a way for an understandable explication.
One has to admire a guy who appears not to care what his hair looks like and still looks smashing while throwing down some excellent explanations on molecular orbital theory. I love the animated graphics.
I think a video dedicated to aromaticity would be a great learning experience for students, and a logical next step in the explanation of Molecular Orbital Theory. Even though I have retired from teaching High School Physics and AP Chemistry, I would be interested in seeing how you teach the topic.
Speaking of Theoretical Chemists, I was actually a wet Chemist for almost nine years before becoming primarily a Physics Teacher (there is more need for Physics Teachers), so I have a bias against theoretical Chemists as well as Theoretical Physicists. LOL I still remember this old crochety professor who was a whiz-bang analytical Chemist who called the Freshman Chemistry textbook titled, "Concepts of Chemistry," Contraceptive Chemistry, because the book was all theory with no practical applications. I learned more practical lab techniques from him than in all my other lab classes combined.
Thakyou for this! The diagrams from school never made sense and this begins to for me! (I'm a mathematician).
Wow that’s a last from the past.
I now remember doing MO theory 40+ years ago at University. Great video
Every single topic you mentioned is one i want video for! I love these videos because these topics are covered very sparsely and in short in my high school course but seem very interesting to me! Please continue this, and thank you!
I’d love to see you do a video using the atomic clouds in your prior video to show all the orbitals in a “simple” molecular bond.
I’m sure it would be challenging to get a clean visual on anything but the smallest molecules, but it would still be a great bridge between the two topics. Particularly in showing *why* only the outermost orbitals become bonding or non bonding molecular orbitals.
One of the best videos I have watched on youtube, great explanations, intuitive, in depth and inspiring communication of the subject. Being a chemist with a background in theoretical chemistry myself, can't help but feel like a student again and be excited to learn (and relearn) more. Thank you, I wish I had found your channel earlier 😂
this is a better explanation than any professor has ever given me. thank you!!!
you're great at what you do.
Que aula incrível! Could you make a video telling us how to make those animations used along the video?
I could never grasp what those graphs really meant when my professor was talking wave superposition and bonding and antibonding orbitals. Thank you a lot.
Which is very much my fault, i had the passing grade and other class to worry, but still
This was great! I for one would like a video describing the theoretical development of a catalyst.
I needed this video about 3 weeks ago for my molecular geometry test
This was great! Seems to be the clearest explanation of the molecular orbital theory i've heard so far.
Thank you for the great content. we want more because you explain concepts in a really intriguing manner.
Just finished my first quantum physics class today!
how auspicious that this video popped up on my feed :D
I vote for more depth on molecular orbital theory. Like how does one actually go about deriving those energy level diagrams?
The depth is appreciated. Adding phase in really complicates things. Makes me wonder how many variables there are in molecules to keep track of and then on top of all of that, factoring in time, temperature (or kinetic energy), pressure, density, degeneracy, degrees of freedom and external factors like electric, magnetic and radiation fields. The actual calculations required to find the probability of an outcome must be monstrous.
Yes really like your take on aromaticity and catalysis design as it relates to theoretical and synthetic chemist views
Hey, please make a video about aromaticity! This one was great, really improved my understanding of what’s happening with orbitals past just being “clouds of probability” that they’re usually described as in high school physics
Yes, please make all the videos you stated.
It's humming. And takes shape
Thank God I found your channel, one of the best things that happened in my life🙏🙏🙏 hadn't i found you, i would have also suffered the similar fate like my other peers and would have ended up hating chemistry, but thanks to you i m in love with it. Your teaching style and the analogies that you present are just phenomenal and really excite me to the core of my heart! Looking forward to learn more from the best chemistry teacher on the entire planet earth. Thank You once again🙏🙏🙏
Yes, a video on designing catalyst plz. Ik all this stuff but I love the way you present it.
Good stuff man. I don't fully have my head around this aspect yet but with explanations like this, it can't be long
That was great, thank you! Yes, please make one on aromaticity. Also, on designing catalysts.
Yes please do a video about designing catalysts
I’m so grateful for your channel. Was so pumped when I saw your teaser on instagram and have been waiting since then for this vid. If I had a professor like you in university, I would have kept going in chemistry without a doubt. Got really turned off to it in my orgo class and made my way over to pure math and electrical engineering instead, but it really is such a pleasure learning from you and seeing your perspective on the field. The world needs more scientists and science educators like you. 😊
Catalyst and aromaticity videos please. Thank you for your incredible job!
Dedicated video, yes!
Also what about Chlorine Tri-fluoride?
Your videos are awesome, it really helps provide an easy to understand visual representation to molecular bonds using illustrations. I always wondered after reading up on quantum field theory, electron clouds, probability densities translated into atoms bonding and forming various molecules, seeing how phases/constructive or destructive interference determines their bonds and energy states really helped solidify my understanding of it all. QFT, molecular bonds, science in general fascinates me to no end, I can't imagine a life not knowing nor having the desire to know how our fundamental reality works to our best understanding
what great timing; just getting to this with conjugated systems in ochem
Definitely interested by the catalyst effect.
Thank you very much for the video. It's so clear I feel I understood everything.
I think had your videos been around 20 years ago, i would have been more inspired to have studied chemistry in higher education. Great job my man!
yes please.... more videos on the things you talked about in this one
This is excellent. The problem with molecular orbital theory is NO closed solution :( (REAL number problem).
The explanation of the different heuristic models explains a lot.
The HOMO -- LUMO engineering is fascinating.
Thank you ...
LOMO