Lex Fridman Podcast full episode: ruclips.net/video/AzzE7GOvYz8/видео.html Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: lexfridman.com/sponsors/cv8038-sa See below for guest bio, links, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *GUEST BIO:* Ed Barnhart is an archaeologist and explorer specializing in ancient civilizations of the Americas. He is the Director of the Maya Exploration Center, host of the ArchaeoEd Podcast, and lecturer on the ancient history of North, Central, and South America. Ed is in part known for his groundbreaking work on ancient astronomy, mathematics, and calendar systems. *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Ed's RUclips: youtube.com/@archaeoedpodcast Ed's Website: archaeoed.com/ Maya Exploration Center: mayaexploration.org Ed's Lectures on The Great Courses: thegreatcoursesplus.com/edwin-barnhart Ed's Lectures on Audible: adbl.co/4dBavTZ 2025 Mayan Calendar: mayan-calendar.com/ *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *MasterClass:* Online classes from world-class experts. Go to lexfridman.com/s/masterclass-cv8038-sa *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to lexfridman.com/s/shopify-cv8038-sa *NetSuite:* Business management software. Go to lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-cv8038-sa *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to lexfridman.com/s/ag1-cv8038-sa *Notion:* Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to lexfridman.com/s/notion-cv8038-sa *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: ruclips.net/p/PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: ruclips.net/user/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: reddit.com/r/lexfridman
Lex please for the love of god, interview someone serious! Aren’t u tired of the nonstop casual, jokey, shooting the shit type interviews? Interview Snowden or Terrence Tao.. pauca sed matura
As a Peruvian, I will like to add some. Geography is mind-blowing; the Andes are not made for people, the jungle floods in summer, no road could last one year, we still have cities that just can go by airplane. The cost is a desert. Not horses, neither bulls, nor animals to help in agriculture, all made by human arms and will. They did not use wheels due to twofold: no animal to pull and the impossibility to go through the Andes. If you go transversally from the coast to the east 100 km, you will need to go up 6.5 thousand meters by strechy roads. Not much land was suited for agriculture; they needed to cultivate the mountains. If you want to find resilient people, go to Perú. Inca's genetically modified potatoes and corn to manage feeding at least 12 million people. They were an uncontacted civilization south of the ecuator line.
The majestic Inca fortress of Sacsayhuamán stood sentinel at the strategic mountain pass leading to Cusco, the capital of the Tahuantinsuyo Empire. Cusco, meaning 'world's navel,' symbolized the channel nourishing the world, much like a fetus in the womb. Constructed using ancient techniques, this marvel featured massive stone foundations, artificial reservoirs with interconnected vessel technology, and ingenious water harvesting from the Andes. Built to showcase Inca greatness and intimidate visitors, including kings and ambassadors, Sacsayhuamán could see as a humble mimic of the grandeur of Washington's monumental architecture. A professional Inca's army was stationed there, and thousands of skilled workers labored to create this architectural wonder. Beyond Sacsayhuamán, Cusco boasted golden and silver paved streets, as the Incas revered the zinc-rich earth as sacred. The city was divided into two neighborhoods, Hanan and Hurin, housing descendants of each Inca family. The Koricancha temple honored the Sun, while administrative buildings managed quipus, a binary system tracking vital data. Despite limited resources and harsh conditions, the Incas demonstrated remarkable resilience and ingenuity. They built 30,000 kilometers of roads, known as the Capac Ñan (Roads of the Lord), and prioritized collaboration over conquest. This humble ancient civilization's legacy inspires us to preserve human progress amidst fragile global circumstances.
Did the Inca trail last year and spent a month in cusco exploring the nearby areas...life changing. And just as you said, the Inca thrived in an otherwise almost inhospitable environment. It was amazing to walk their steps. These guys must have been some of the strongest MFs in the world
Thank you so much for discussing the Inka on a mainstream platform. As someone with mixed indigenous ancestry from Peru, and a history buff, I appreciate the information and recognition
Blud is describing the Tawantisuyu as a communist utopian world even though in reality it was more akin to a totalitarian socialist state. The Sapa Inca ruled everything and owned everyone. You didn't pay taxes, you were forced to build roads, houses, temples, fight in the army, and if you didn't accept it - as many Peruvian cities did - they destroyed your home, killed your people and enslaved the women and children.
Fun Fact: There’s a reason why so much of the fields of Sociology, and Anthropolog seem so often inclined towards Socialist Utopian interpretations of the distant past. It’s heavily rooted in Anti-Positivist theory (which quite literally often calls for the rejection of evidence where it comes to human behavior); of which Karl Marx is regarded as having heavily contributed thereto.
@@RikkSpencernope. 👎 People now are just more psychopathic. Militarism, mercenary ware fare. Sean McFate warns about the rise of billionaire war lords. A return to feudalism, techno feudalism as described by Yanis Varoufakis. Read "The Lion and the Unicorn" by George Orwell. Even Hannah Arendt of the 20th century argues you cannot glorify life whilst glorifying violence. "As I write, highly civilized human beings are flying overhead, trying to kill me. They do not feel any enmity against me as an individual, nor I against them. They are ‘only doing their duty’, as the saying goes. Most of them, I have no doubt, are kind-hearted law-abiding men who would never dream of committing murder in private life. On the other hand, if one of them succeeds in blowing me to pieces with a well-placed bomb, he will never sleep any the worse for it. He is serving his country, which has the power to absolve him from evil."
The Peruvian empires which pre date the Inca blew my mind. The Moche and Chimor empires, for example, have 10+ Aztec terror points. They went ham. The Moche, after sacrificing their POWs alive, would hack off limbs, flay skin, and as experts in pottery, would turn human skulls in basically cool looking coffee mugs lol. I can't even begin to describe the brutality of the Chimor. They make the Aztec look like peaceful guys.
"Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed it is the only thing that ever has" - Margaret Mead "And they inspire big groups of people to embrace their vision" - Ed Barnhart
“I think hard times are coming, when we will be wanting the voices of writers who can see alternatives to how we live now, and can see through our fear-stricken society and its obsessive technologies, to other ways of being. And even imagine some real grounds for hope. We will need writers who can remember freedom: poets, visionaries-the realists of a larger reality. Right now, I think we need writers who know the difference between production of a market commodity and the practice of an art. The profit motive is often in conflict with the aims of art. We live in capitalism. Its power seems inescapable; so did the divine right of kings. … Power can be resisted and changed by human beings; resistance and change often begin in art, and very often in our art-the art of words. I’ve had a long career and a good one, in good company, and here, at the end of it, I really don’t want to watch American literature get sold down the river… The name of our beautiful reward is not profit. Its name is freedom.” -Ursula LeGuin
I really think you are on to something with the rock softening. I have an interesting thought about the containment of hydrofluoric acid that may tie in with the Inca. I used to maintain radio communications for several chemical manufacturing companies in central Florida, some of which produced hydrofluoric acid. They mentioned that they had to store and transport it in rubber lined containers since it would eat through anything else. If Maya and Aztec cultures were able to make rubber balls for their famous game, it could probably be assumed that the Inca could as well. It would be interesting to know if any rubber items have been discovered from the Inca culture.
The Inca, as know the noble elites from Cusco, were an amazing conquering empire, however, they did not bring civilization to other conquered nations, those nations were already very well civilized, by the standards of the time, on the contrary the Incas learned from them. On example we can find it when the Incas went north. The sophistication of the Chimu kings were admired by the Inca’s elites and copy by them. When the Incas toke and destroyed the Chimu capital Chan-Chan, all the gold from that city as well as the amazing gold craftsmen, were taken to Cusco, with such an amount of gold the Incas ornated their own temples. And finally the reason for the Inca’s fallen was the terrible pressure on the conquered nation being ruled with an iron fist. When the Spanish arrived, they just changed sides, and supported the Spanish against the cruelty of the Incas. We have so many documents from the Curacas or local chiefs demanding to the Spanish crown for compensation due to the enormous amount of help that their ancestors gave to the Spanish conquistadors.
As a carpenter. Takingstone off and on repeatedly to perfect it doesn’t sound crazy. Especially once you realize they are not distracted by phones and society as we are. You could be a good craftsmen by age 12. & you have all the time in the world to perfect something.
Even in 1 year you can have pretty masterful craftsmanship… you know if you are half-ass intelligent and just naturally talented working with you hands… who works on that craft almost every day. You can really efficient at just about anything after 365 days. So yeah to your point - sure there were a lot of kids in ancient times who were really master craftsmen.
History is just a retelling of political events and disputes lol. And this is probably the most important election and historical time period happening right now. It will be in history books thousands of years from now when some new super empire rules and they teach the history of how America either fell or saved itself from the brink of collapse which usually isn't the way this goes... a civil war is a legit possibility in only a MONTH
Modern european archeologist = We have no idea Natives telling them how = Yeah just use this plants and if you do this the stone gets malleable Modern european archeologist = No thats not it Ps: We know how and i can tell you LOL
The stones do not mate on a flat plane, one will be slightly convex and the next concave. This could happen if each stone was individually poured and the first pour bulged into less viscous second pour before it set up. The faces of the stones are also vitrified which would require a liquid fuel or at least a blast furnace.
The Tawantinsuyu was not built in an "all harmony" fashion and Incas during the Virroyalty proof that that they understood quite well the struggle/game of power from a military and diplomatic perspective, which in essence they played simultaneously to secure their position during that period (which is not taught to Peruvians sadly) What sometimes gets confused is that to Incas, private property was exclusive to the leadership class and their members, not to mention knowledge. When an important leadership figure would die, they would still keep the rights over the land as mommies. The systems of cooperation and work come along on the side to maintain this structure in place while still being in line with the basic principles of any Andean Matrix culture (see below). Incas culture is just a continuum on the evolution of the andean cosmo-vision matrix, which if anything, has two key characteristics driven by the way they relate with the world 1)Diversity is key in a world where there is varied levels of sacredness that is inmanent to all entities they interact with - that is reflected even on Incas walls, the esthetic value was in that each piece fits perfectly while completely different from one another. This made the introduction of Christianity easier, people was already open to integrating more sacred references (archetypes) to their repertoire, and prone to resolve differences with other references by defining hierarchies or "domains" where each sacred entity "rules" or applies. 2) This comes as a product of the first, a world that favors diversity, favors abundance, because diversity reproduces itself and becomes abundancy- that applies even to the sacred as an inherent property of sacred -" what is sacred multiplies or reproduces itself" otherwise, it's no longer sacred because lacks "potential" or vital energy to continue "organizing itself" or exercising it's being. This means that to Incas, along with all andean matrix, abundancy was a duty, the natural order or a given estate that if they fail to "reproduce" in their civilizatory attempt , they simply stop being...or disappear....in other words, the lack of abundancy would be perceived as a symptom of the end of their "nation"...by the lost of the sacred potential in it....
I had heard a story saying they learned how to soften stone with some kind of plant by watching a bird that did this to create a nest or attract a mate. Can’t remember anything more specific than that tho
The Inca used a lot of andesite at Machu Picchu which is extremely rich in minerals. They used acid made from local plants to contour each block. Once in place, the blocks would weld themselves together. Other civilizations achieved similar effects using different kinds of mineral-rich stones. I think limestone can pretty much repair itself with water, sealing cracks with leaching minerals that fill the gaps and harden like cement.
Large cities probably reached a capacity to move human waste. The cities would smell without rain for any period of time. Okinawa Japan still has a 12x12x12 inch channels around the towns moving waste to their gardens. If it did rain for 5 days you couldn’t hardly walk through Kin because the smell was terrible. In fact your cloths would absorb the smell.
Who else imagines that lex's closet is just 10 - 20 of the same suit & he sleeps in that closet standing up with a cord that plugs into the wall from his ass. I also imagine he eats the same thing every day at the same time a protein paste that makes himself on Sunday's. Maybe it's me but that's the vibe I get.
@@marceloperez7350 thats cool 👍 I know some people have a ceremony in present day Perú where they bite coca leafs for a day or something. Have a festival and all that. Cool to hear it's been something since way before.
11:30 Typically only the front faces of the stones in the terraces(which is the vast majority)perfectly fit and the back face is roughly shaped or is still the stone's original shape. The pseudo shows never show the backside and not sure how that fits with the whole melting Theory
He should listen to the Inca's who clearly state that all those megalithic structures were build by the gods. What is Incan are the smaller rocks on top of the megaliths. It is the same all over the world, the oldest structures are enormous and inexplicable and later cultures tried to mimic that on a smaller scale.
“That’s gotta be bullshit” isn’t exactly a scientific approach lol. Idk, I feel like being meticulous with a hammer and chisel is still plausible. Especially if masons and artisans had all the time in the world. I wouldn’t turn away from that until there’s hard evidence to the contrary.
What would be their chisel made of? They did not know iron and copper is useless for that. That is the main problem we cannot figure out about early Egypt either.
Those walls are darn near unexplainable. I think the Giants of old had something to do with it. It's said they were earthquake proof, but i bet that's true up to a point. Like durations of the quakes, and magnitudes. Whoever was behind it, time was not merciful to these works and wonders. Neither is history as the world is left mystified with a mere few fragments to show they existed. The builders were wiped off from human memory and barely a trace of their existence remains only to leave the in cluelessness.
This is so awesome, I humbly admonish you to read the Book of Mormon , all this and much more is contained in it , and the account of there visit of ‘’ Vera cocha’’ Jesus Christ. Same with Aztecs, Hopi , maya etc…some proof for example , in the Bible old testament, Isaiah gave an account of the ‘’ sealed book’’ of the ppl of this world . Another example, in decades past archeologists didn’t think there was any European influence in ancient precolumbian America, this will blow your mind but technoctclan , aztalan, atlan, mazatlan are names of ancient Aztec cities with Greek names and words referring to Atlas, Atlantic, Atlantis. That’s what the Aztecs told the chronicles that the ppl before them came from the east from another land called atlan/atlantis
The Inca was probably well being until they had a drought. An apocalypse wasn’t something they wouldn’t have planned that would have lasted more than a season. Hungry, and we know the rest of the story
@@ATOQ777 a year. When was the harvest season. A year of stored food could be between harvest which means less than a year. A drought can last more than a year.
@@markwiegard8384 Andeans invented jerky (charqui) and were the first to use cryodesiccation, they had stored (both meat and vegetables) food that could've been produced many many years before.
This “dr” spitted a lot of lies in these videos 😂😂😂 Just for this one, if the Inca empire was such a beautiful eternal utopia… why so many other locals joined with the spaniards to bring them down??
"You are a good farmer so you are going to be a farmer, you are a good weaver so you are going to become a weaver" this guy is the reason the history books are a joke. Complete fools lol...
Everyone was safe? Must not be talking about the 10k people, incld women and children, that were sacrificed in a single days, for centuries. What is this guy taking about? He's perpetuating the racist "noble savage" myth.
The Inca, as know the noble elites from Cusco, were an amazing conquering empire, however, they did not bring civilization to other conquered nations, those nations were already very well civilized, by the standards of the time, on the contrary the Incas learned from them. On example we can find it when the Incas went north. The sophistication of the Chimu kings were admired by the Inca’s elites and copy by them. When the Incas toke and destroyed the Chimu capital Chan-Chan, all the gold from that city as well as the amazing gold craftsmen, were taken to Cusco, with such an amount of gold the Incas ornated their own temples. And finally the reason for the Inca’s fallen was the terrible pressure on the conquered nation being ruled with an iron fist. When the Spanish arrived, they just changed sides, and supported the Spanish against the cruelty of the Incas. We have so many documents from the Curacas or local chiefs demanding to the Spanish crown for compensation due to the enormous amount of help that their ancestors gave to the Spanish conquistadors.
Lex Fridman Podcast full episode: ruclips.net/video/AzzE7GOvYz8/видео.html
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: lexfridman.com/sponsors/cv8038-sa
See below for guest bio, links, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.
*GUEST BIO:*
Ed Barnhart is an archaeologist and explorer specializing in ancient civilizations of the Americas. He is the Director of the Maya Exploration Center, host of the ArchaeoEd Podcast, and lecturer on the ancient history of North, Central, and South America. Ed is in part known for his groundbreaking work on ancient astronomy, mathematics, and calendar systems.
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Maya Exploration Center: mayaexploration.org
Ed's Lectures on The Great Courses: thegreatcoursesplus.com/edwin-barnhart
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2025 Mayan Calendar: mayan-calendar.com/
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Lex please for the love of god, interview someone serious! Aren’t u tired of the nonstop casual, jokey, shooting the shit type interviews? Interview Snowden or Terrence Tao.. pauca sed matura
11:54
Ok, this guy knows.
As a Peruvian, I will like to add some. Geography is mind-blowing; the Andes are not made for people, the jungle floods in summer, no road could last one year, we still have cities that just can go by airplane. The cost is a desert. Not horses, neither bulls, nor animals to help in agriculture, all made by human arms and will. They did not use wheels due to twofold: no animal to pull and the impossibility to go through the Andes. If you go transversally from the coast to the east 100 km, you will need to go up 6.5 thousand meters by strechy roads. Not much land was suited for agriculture; they needed to cultivate the mountains. If you want to find resilient people, go to Perú. Inca's genetically modified potatoes and corn to manage feeding at least 12 million people. They were an uncontacted civilization south of the ecuator line.
Peruvians #1
What is your opinion of Sacsayhuamán?
Our kinds of potatoes are literally unmatched.
The majestic Inca fortress of Sacsayhuamán stood sentinel at the strategic mountain pass leading to Cusco, the capital of the Tahuantinsuyo Empire. Cusco, meaning 'world's navel,' symbolized the channel nourishing the world, much like a fetus in the womb. Constructed using ancient techniques, this marvel featured massive stone foundations, artificial reservoirs with interconnected vessel technology, and ingenious water harvesting from the Andes.
Built to showcase Inca greatness and intimidate visitors, including kings and ambassadors, Sacsayhuamán could see as a humble mimic of the grandeur of Washington's monumental architecture. A professional Inca's army was stationed there, and thousands of skilled workers labored to create this architectural wonder.
Beyond Sacsayhuamán, Cusco boasted golden and silver paved streets, as the Incas revered the zinc-rich earth as sacred. The city was divided into two neighborhoods, Hanan and Hurin, housing descendants of each Inca family. The Koricancha temple honored the Sun, while administrative buildings managed quipus, a binary system tracking vital data.
Despite limited resources and harsh conditions, the Incas demonstrated remarkable resilience and ingenuity. They built 30,000 kilometers of roads, known as the Capac Ñan (Roads of the Lord), and prioritized collaboration over conquest. This humble ancient civilization's legacy inspires us to preserve human progress amidst fragile global circumstances.
Did the Inca trail last year and spent a month in cusco exploring the nearby areas...life changing. And just as you said, the Inca thrived in an otherwise almost inhospitable environment. It was amazing to walk their steps. These guys must have been some of the strongest MFs in the world
To me, lex has never ceased being a student and that’s something all of us can benefit from.
Very Jewy
He is absolutely a great guest. Wish I could get more of these types of guests.
Ed Barnhart is a great storyteller. So much fun to listen to.
Thanks, for bringing him in!
Thank you so much for discussing the Inka on a mainstream platform. As someone with mixed indigenous ancestry from Peru, and a history buff, I appreciate the information and recognition
Blud is describing the Tawantisuyu as a communist utopian world even though in reality it was more akin to a totalitarian socialist state. The Sapa Inca ruled everything and owned everyone. You didn't pay taxes, you were forced to build roads, houses, temples, fight in the army, and if you didn't accept it - as many Peruvian cities did - they destroyed your home, killed your people and enslaved the women and children.
I am 100% sure that Sacsayhuaman and Macchu Picchu were built without union or paternal leave. Good summary but overwhelming naïf.
Fun Fact: There’s a reason why so much of the fields of Sociology, and Anthropolog seem so often inclined towards Socialist Utopian interpretations of the distant past. It’s heavily rooted in Anti-Positivist theory (which quite literally often calls for the rejection of evidence where it comes to human behavior); of which Karl Marx is regarded as having heavily contributed thereto.
I’m not done listening but I’m thinking to myself “certainly they weren’t that utopian of a society as he makes it sound”
@@RikkSpencernope. 👎 People now are just more psychopathic. Militarism, mercenary ware fare. Sean McFate warns about the rise of billionaire war lords. A return to feudalism, techno feudalism as described by Yanis Varoufakis.
Read "The Lion and the Unicorn" by George Orwell. Even Hannah Arendt of the 20th century argues you cannot glorify life whilst glorifying violence.
"As I write, highly civilized human beings are flying overhead, trying to kill me.
They do not feel any enmity against me as an individual, nor I against them. They are ‘only doing their duty’, as the saying goes. Most of them, I have no doubt, are kind-hearted law-abiding men who would never dream of committing murder in private life. On the other hand, if one of them succeeds in blowing me to pieces with a well-placed bomb, he will never sleep any the worse for it. He is serving his country, which has the power to absolve him from evil."
@@BillThe3rdthey’ll project whatever fantasy they want on it
The emperor’s new groove makes so much sense now
😂lmfao
The Peruvian empires which pre date the Inca blew my mind. The Moche and Chimor empires, for example, have 10+ Aztec terror points. They went ham.
The Moche, after sacrificing their POWs alive, would hack off limbs, flay skin, and as experts in pottery, would turn human skulls in basically cool looking coffee mugs lol.
I can't even begin to describe the brutality of the Chimor. They make the Aztec look like peaceful guys.
"Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed it is the only thing that ever has" - Margaret Mead
"And they inspire big groups of people to embrace their vision" - Ed Barnhart
“I think hard times are coming, when we will be wanting the voices of writers who can see alternatives to how we live now, and can see through our fear-stricken society and its obsessive technologies, to other ways of being. And even imagine some real grounds for hope. We will need writers who can remember freedom: poets, visionaries-the realists of a larger reality. Right now, I think we need writers who know the difference between production of a market commodity and the practice of an art. The profit motive is often in conflict with the aims of art. We live in capitalism. Its power seems inescapable; so did the divine right of kings. … Power can be resisted and changed by human beings; resistance and change often begin in art, and very often in our art-the art of words. I’ve had a long career and a good one, in good company, and here, at the end of it, I really don’t want to watch American literature get sold down the river… The name of our beautiful reward is not profit. Its name is freedom.” -Ursula LeGuin
I really think you are on to something with the rock softening. I have an interesting thought about the containment of hydrofluoric acid that may tie in with the Inca. I used to maintain radio communications for several chemical manufacturing companies in central Florida, some of which produced hydrofluoric acid. They mentioned that they had to store and transport it in rubber lined containers since it would eat through anything else. If Maya and Aztec cultures were able to make rubber balls for their famous game, it could probably be assumed that the Inca could as well. It would be interesting to know if any rubber items have been discovered from the Inca culture.
No rubber.
Such a fascinating convo!
+1 and he speaks clearly and doesn’t seem to be arrogant like some scientists
Listening to this podcast while playing the first Tomb Raider PC game from the 90s. So awesome
How different would the world look today if the Inca Empire survived 500 more years?
South America would be different, by definition. But I don’t think that the rest of the world would be affected in a large way.
How? Disease would have killed off any civilization given they had no immunity to the diseases of the old world.
@@charlesw852
Wrong. They would have been wiped out like everyone with a natural immunity.
You play that scenario in one of the Empire Earth versions. The Inca empire eventually allies with the US to fight the Nazis.
Brown
A man named Praveen Mohan showed (on u tube) a "factory" area in India where they found molds with evidence of "melting stones".
Such a great conversation. Literally the best of the best.
What a wonderful guest. Great episode, Lex!
The Inca, as know the noble elites from Cusco, were an amazing conquering empire, however, they did not bring civilization to other conquered nations, those nations were already very well civilized, by the standards of the time, on the contrary the Incas learned from them. On example we can find it when the Incas went north. The sophistication of the Chimu kings were admired by the Inca’s elites and copy by them. When the Incas toke and destroyed the Chimu capital Chan-Chan, all the gold from that city as well as the amazing gold craftsmen, were taken to Cusco, with such an amount of gold the Incas ornated their own temples.
And finally the reason for the Inca’s fallen was the terrible pressure on the conquered nation being ruled with an iron fist.
When the Spanish arrived, they just changed sides, and supported the Spanish against the cruelty of the Incas. We have so many documents from the Curacas or local chiefs demanding to the Spanish crown for compensation due to the enormous amount of help that their ancestors gave to the Spanish conquistadors.
Emperor’s new groove?
As a carpenter. Takingstone off and on repeatedly to perfect it doesn’t sound crazy. Especially once you realize they are not distracted by phones and society as we are. You could be a good craftsmen by age 12. & you have all the time in the world to perfect something.
Even in 1 year you can have pretty masterful craftsmanship… you know if you are half-ass intelligent and just naturally talented working with you hands… who works on that craft almost every day. You can really efficient at just about anything after 365 days.
So yeah to your point - sure there were a lot of kids in ancient times who were really master craftsmen.
Great topic. I enjoy these topics including computers, programming, and science. Stick to this and skip politics lol
History is just a retelling of political events and disputes lol.
And this is probably the most important election and historical time period happening right now. It will be in history books thousands of years from now when some new super empire rules and they teach the history of how America either fell or saved itself from the brink of collapse which usually isn't the way this goes... a civil war is a legit possibility in only a MONTH
Look into Natron theory for the stone, very interesting
Clip art is great and I love this discussion.
Modern european archeologist = We have no idea
Natives telling them how = Yeah just use this plants and if you do this the stone gets malleable
Modern european archeologist = No thats not it
Ps: We know how and i can tell you
LOL
Level of success
I didn't know Joe Rogan is Aztec.
The stones do not mate on a flat plane, one will be slightly convex and the next concave. This could happen if each stone was individually poured and the first pour bulged into less viscous second pour before it set up. The faces of the stones are also vitrified which would require a liquid fuel or at least a blast furnace.
The Tawantinsuyu was not built in an "all harmony" fashion and Incas during the Virroyalty proof that that they understood quite well the struggle/game of power from a military and diplomatic perspective, which in essence they played simultaneously to secure their position during that period (which is not taught to Peruvians sadly)
What sometimes gets confused is that to Incas, private property was exclusive to the leadership class and their members, not to mention knowledge. When an important leadership figure would die, they would still keep the rights over the land as mommies. The systems of cooperation and work come along on the side to maintain this structure in place while still being in line with the basic principles of any Andean Matrix culture (see below).
Incas culture is just a continuum on the evolution of the andean cosmo-vision matrix, which if anything, has two key characteristics driven by the way they relate with the world
1)Diversity is key in a world where there is varied levels of sacredness that is inmanent to all entities they interact with - that is reflected even on Incas walls, the esthetic value was in that each piece fits perfectly while completely different from one another. This made the introduction of Christianity easier, people was already open to integrating more sacred references (archetypes) to their repertoire, and prone to resolve differences with other references by defining hierarchies or "domains" where each sacred entity "rules" or applies.
2) This comes as a product of the first, a world that favors diversity, favors abundance, because diversity reproduces itself and becomes abundancy- that applies even to the sacred as an inherent property of sacred -" what is sacred multiplies or reproduces itself" otherwise, it's no longer sacred because lacks "potential" or vital energy to continue "organizing itself" or exercising it's being.
This means that to Incas, along with all andean matrix, abundancy was a duty, the natural order or a given estate that if they fail to "reproduce" in their civilizatory attempt , they simply stop being...or disappear....in other words, the lack of abundancy would be perceived as a symptom of the end of their "nation"...by the lost of the sacred potential in it....
I had heard a story saying they learned how to soften stone with some kind of plant by watching a bird that did this to create a nest or attract a mate. Can’t remember anything more specific than that tho
Llamas are the sheep of the old world.
Saw a native dude on tik tok explaining and showing how it was done. They mixed certain plants to make an acidic substance that dissolved the rocks
Seems to me it would be hard to know unless you were there❤
Aren’t the tools and leftover stones used for machu pichu still on site
Emperors new groove
Good morning good afternoon and goodnight you lot
lol I grew up in Tahuantinsuyo @ 2:02
My favorite American empire!
I don't mind the ads as long as I can comment on the ads
Fused stone? The Five Forts from ASOIAF CONFIRMED! George RR Martin would be proud (also wonder if he based these structures on this theory).
This is all fine and great, but Halloween is awesome as is
Does no one find it ironic that they keep saying, “And they roll in to town…”
How would one roll in the Incan Empire?
That’s a good scientist.. Trying to prove his theories wrong!
The Inca used a lot of andesite at Machu Picchu which is extremely rich in minerals. They used acid made from local plants to contour each block. Once in place, the blocks would weld themselves together. Other civilizations achieved similar effects using different kinds of mineral-rich stones. I think limestone can pretty much repair itself with water, sealing cracks with leaching minerals that fill the gaps and harden like cement.
The picture to click on for this video has Poatan fans clicking on without reading on fight week, and yep, im guilty of this.
Don't get me wrong, I love these conversations, but I see what I see.
What does that mean?
Large cities probably reached a capacity to move human waste. The cities would smell without rain for any period of time.
Okinawa Japan still has a 12x12x12 inch channels around the towns moving waste to their gardens. If it did rain for 5 days you couldn’t hardly walk through Kin because the smell was terrible. In fact your cloths would absorb the smell.
They were on the Rick James schedule ❤
I’m pretty sure someone has proven that acid theory. And observations from the Spanish said there was a reddish mud the Inca used.
What about human stomach acid??
This Jerry is smart
I think those walls are MUCH MUCH older than 1200 years.
Maybe 500 thousand to 4 million years old.
Who else imagines that lex's closet is just 10 - 20 of the same suit & he sleeps in that closet standing up with a cord that plugs into the wall from his ass. I also imagine he eats the same thing every day at the same time a protein paste that makes himself on Sunday's. Maybe it's me but that's the vibe I get.
My altar is full of weed liquor and candy lol.
Coca leaf sustained the Inka Empire ❤
Ahahaha fr 😂😂😂
@@Chamuko99 for real. Coca was a large part of ceremonial and economic life before Inca times 👌🏼✨🌱
@@marceloperez7350 thats cool 👍 I know some people have a ceremony in present day Perú where they bite coca leafs for a day or something. Have a festival and all that.
Cool to hear it's been something since way before.
Incas never say goodbye
the strongest empire in America.
Check out the Nazca Tridactyl Maria.
History rewritten on our eyes.🥴
😁
Lamas are like cars 😉
11:30 Typically only the front faces of the stones in the terraces(which is the vast majority)perfectly fit and the back face is roughly shaped or is still the stone's original shape. The pseudo shows never show the backside and not sure how that fits with the whole melting Theory
I think about the Incas daily
He should listen to the Inca's who clearly state that all those megalithic structures were build by the gods. What is Incan are the smaller rocks on top of the megaliths. It is the same all over the world, the oldest structures are enormous and inexplicable and later cultures tried to mimic that on a smaller scale.
“That’s gotta be bullshit” isn’t exactly a scientific approach lol. Idk, I feel like being meticulous with a hammer and chisel is still plausible. Especially if masons and artisans had all the time in the world. I wouldn’t turn away from that until there’s hard evidence to the contrary.
What would be their chisel made of? They did not know iron and copper is useless for that. That is the main problem we cannot figure out about early Egypt either.
Try it for yourself. Use the most modern hand tools you can find.
Those walls are darn near unexplainable. I think the Giants of old had something to do with it. It's said they were earthquake proof, but i bet that's true up to a point. Like durations of the quakes, and magnitudes. Whoever was behind it, time was not merciful to these works and wonders. Neither is history as the world is left mystified with a mere few fragments to show they existed. The builders were wiped off from human memory and barely a trace of their existence remains only to leave the in cluelessness.
This is so awesome, I humbly admonish you to read the Book of Mormon , all this and much more is contained in it , and the account of there visit of ‘’ Vera cocha’’ Jesus Christ. Same with Aztecs, Hopi , maya etc…some proof for example , in the Bible old testament, Isaiah gave an account of the ‘’ sealed book’’ of the ppl of this world . Another example, in decades past archeologists didn’t think there was any European influence in ancient precolumbian America, this will blow your mind but technoctclan , aztalan, atlan, mazatlan are names of ancient Aztec cities with Greek names and words referring to Atlas, Atlantic, Atlantis. That’s what the Aztecs told the chronicles that the ppl before them came from the east from another land called atlan/atlantis
Is that Joe Rogan? 😹😹
THE PR FOR NETANYAHU, I MEAN.
The Inca was probably well being until they had a drought. An apocalypse wasn’t something they wouldn’t have planned that would have lasted more than a season.
Hungry, and we know the rest of the story
"Probably" as in an assumption. No, the stored years worth of food in Qollqas.
@@ATOQ777 a year. When was the harvest season. A year of stored food could be between harvest which means less than a year.
A drought can last more than a year.
@@markwiegard8384 Andeans invented jerky (charqui) and were the first to use cryodesiccation, they had stored (both meat and vegetables) food that could've been produced many many years before.
Inca invented inventory and organization, logistics?
It started bloody, as they all do: Just what Elon Musk wanted to hear! These people have ways to do their PR.
I’m really second doe
This “dr” spitted a lot of lies in these videos 😂😂😂
Just for this one, if the Inca empire was such a beautiful eternal utopia… why so many other locals joined with the spaniards to bring them down??
America aka Hue Hue Tlapalan.
Why don’t you have real Incas and people from these communities speak on behalf of their own culture? This guy Ed sounds very off.
cause they belive the moon was brought here recently by aliens.
Those walls were works of the Giants when they once roamed i bet. Those walls are ancient. I doubt Inca made those.
4:40
To say Incas would beat the Aztec and Mayans is craaaaaaaaaaaaazy 😂
Def not true lol
"You are a good farmer so you are going to be a farmer, you are a good weaver so you are going to become a weaver" this guy is the reason the history books are a joke. Complete fools lol...
Everyone was safe? Must not be talking about the 10k people, incld women and children, that were sacrificed in a single days, for centuries.
What is this guy taking about? He's perpetuating the racist "noble savage" myth.
10k people everyday for centuries? Don't be naive.
This guy is very interesting. Lex is so dull and unread.
lol yah ok Marx
Hey I am 27th... 💦🌪️🌲🔥
Hey i am first 😂
I’m really second bro
Empire of dirt
why is the face on the preview of a mixed indigenous if we have ai we can let the world know what they looked like, tiny foreheads like zika babies
*(But still)* getting bitched about getting conquered by the Spaniards just because a little bit of metal.
Not so *"Awesome"* !!
This guy fills in every arab and liberal functioning, but hates the rest.
Not weird.
Arabas are the most rich and controlling the most rich ares.
And yourube helps to delete these comments
The Inca, as know the noble elites from Cusco, were an amazing conquering empire, however, they did not bring civilization to other conquered nations, those nations were already very well civilized, by the standards of the time, on the contrary the Incas learned from them. On example we can find it when the Incas went north. The sophistication of the Chimu kings were admired by the Inca’s elites and copy by them. When the Incas toke and destroyed the Chimu capital Chan-Chan, all the gold from that city as well as the amazing gold craftsmen, were taken to Cusco, with such an amount of gold the Incas ornated their own temples.
And finally the reason for the Inca’s fallen was the terrible pressure on the conquered nation being ruled with an iron fist.
When the Spanish arrived, they just changed sides, and supported the Spanish against the cruelty of the Incas. We have so many documents from the Curacas or local chiefs demanding to the Spanish crown for compensation due to the enormous amount of help that their ancestors gave to the Spanish conquistadors.