The French Wars of Religion France’s “Holy" War
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- Опубликовано: 28 авг 2024
- The French Wars of Religion was a thirty year civil war between Protestants and Caholics and involved poltical chess, between the most powerful families in France The Valois, The Guise and The Bourbons.
The Guise were one of the most powerful families in france with a bunch of soldiers and they, were heavily, and militantly catholic, The Bourbons were also one of the most powerful families in france, with a bunch of soldiers, and the Valois were the ruling family led by Catherine de Medici that tried to keep the kingdom stable and balance themselves between these two warring families, but when that proved impossible, turned to violence like the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
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Sources:
The French Wars of Religion, 1562-1629: 36 (New Approaches to European History) by Mack P. Holt
www.amazon.co....
The French Religious Wars 1562-1598 (Essential Histories) by Robert Jean Knecht
www.amazon.co....
Catherine de Medici: A Biography by Leonie Frieda
www.amazon.co....
The First Bourbon: Henry IV of France & Navarre by Desmond Seward
www.amazon.co....
Heretic Queen: Elizabeth I and the Wars of Religion by Susan Ronald
www.amazon.co....
Ten Minute History - The French Wars of Religion (Short Documentary) by History Matters
• Ten Minute History - T...
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Putin's Lullaby by Alexander Nakarada
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Beginning Of Conflict by Rafael Krux
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Great video man! The religious wars in Europe were truly devastating ...
Anyone know the role of the late and great Michel de Montaigne during this time? I know he was an entrusted advisor to the Valois, and himself in Bordeaux almost lost all his property and possessions one day, but I would love to know more if either knows this story.
It was great doing this collab within a collab. Hope you get a nice boost from this numberswise.
It's so weird, a bunch of people are using that hashtag at the exact same time. What are the odds?
reading about st. bartholomews mascre always made me think of rhawana. the rhawanda genocide went on for 100 days and took 500,ooo to 600,ooo people though, shows you how far we have come. they still spoke french
I recognise the good work you're doing providing information on this period to more people, it is a wonderful thing. However I do have some notes on this video that might be of interest to your viewers.
1) The 10% of the country being Protestant is certainly correct for around 1561/2, however by the 1570s I am fairly sure a lot of converts had already de-converted. A lot of those who didn't would of course convert to Catholicism after 1572.
2) The association of the Guise family with militant Catholicism is certainly true for a great deal of this period, however in 1561 they were open to compromise and synthesis with the Lutherans. Lorraine in particular thought the confession of Augsburg could be a rallying point for the reunification of the French church.
3) Personally when introducing the Bourbon family, I would highlight that they are part of the royal family, descended agnatically from Louis IX.
4) The Montmorency seem to be absent here from this video, but they are important enough to include imo, indeed during the 1550s they were more important than the Bourbon family by far, and would continue to have a massive impact on the FWOR.
5) Small thing, but its a) Condé (con-day) and b) Louis de Bourbon not Louis Bourbon c) you place his conversion around the ascent of Henri II, but it was in 1558
6) Nitpick but François II was 15 not 14
7) Condé's involvement in the conspiracy of Amboise is a matter of considerable dispute among historians, though I do believe he was involved personally.
8) 'One guy got drunk at a local tavern'. I have never heard this theory for the revelation of the plot before. The lawyer des Avenelles got cold feet and went to the Lorraine government to reveal it, his testimony was confirmed by a client of the duc de Nevers whose brother was involved in the plot.
9) The video implies that Condé was arrested prior to the initiation of the conspiracy of Amboise, he was arrested in October, 7 months after the failure of the main plot, and with many subsidiary plots having transpired (most importantly one in Lyon)
10) He didn't get off on lack of evidence, he was convicted and (most historians say though Romier disagrees) due to be executed. It was only the political destabilisation caused by the death of the king which made appeasing his brother (who as premier prince du sang had a strong claim to the regency) a strong enough political priority that he was released.
11) The initiation of a more tolerant policy is fairly singularly ascribed to Catherine in this video, and indeed to the reign of Charles IX, however it began even before the conspiracy of Amboise. On 8 March the first edict which differentiated sedition and Protestantism was issued, this would be furthered with edicts pardoning Protestants if they returned to Catholicism, and then the Edict of Romorantin in May which de facto abolished the death penalty for heresy cases. Lorraine, Coligny, L'Hôpital all played a role as well.
12) Pretty good basic summary of the massacre of Wassy, however to my knowledge the barn was not burned down?
13) Guise didn't really 'dispatch an army to the court' he himself travelled to the court alongside his triumvir colleagues with a large body of gentleman to intimidate the court.
14) I recognise the need in this short format for limited protagonists, but the only city Guise took back was Rouen, other royalist armies (or local forces) took back the rest, also Navarre led the main royal army prior to his death during the siege of Rouen.
15) Elizabeth I's invasion was the motive for the siege of Rouen, not the end of the war. By the time the war ended, the English were reduced to a weak hold on Le Havre. Wow, we're half way through this video and only just in 1563! I suspect we are due some considerable acceleration.
16) Nitpicking here, but several of the key Protestant commanders (among them Coligny) refused to join the joint royal army that recaptured Le Havre.
17) Obviously there are a lot of things 1563-1572 I think are worth discussing (as I'm a little obsessed with this period) but for a short introduction video, I would want to bring up 2 of them 1) The assassination of the duc de Guise and the Guise family starting a vendetta with Coligny over it 2) The Protestant coup of 1567 and the betrayal that was felt in court after this.
18) The theory of Charles getting very close to Coligny has largely been discredited (it feeds into the Catherine motivated by jealousy theory). I'm not sure what is meant by 'too close to a Protestant queen'. Are you referring to Jeanne d'Albret?
19) You label the duc de Guise as Henri Bourbon here, which is a little confusing hahah. Credit to you for bringing up the theory that the shooter may have acted alone though, that's quite a new one.
20) The assassination of Coligny and the Massacre of Saint-Bartholomew proper are two interconnected but seperate things, the assassins of Coligny did not hand out arms to the people of Paris, they went on their way to the next person they were due to assassinate.
21) A fair summary of the siege of La Rochelle and Anjou's return as king of France.
22) The next in line was not Henri of Navarre until 1584, the next in line was his brother Alençon. We seem to have skipped 1574-1584, a shame those are interesting years 😔
23) Oh, suddenly we're back to Henri Bourbon's flight from court, but that was in 1576?
24) The timeline of the video gets a bit jumbled at this point and we jump back and forth around 1587, 1588 and 1589 fairly freely. Henri's reconciliation with Navarre is placed prior to the day of the barricades, when it occurred in April 1589 after the assassination of the duc de Guise.
25) Mayenne's involvement in the assassination of Henri III is certainly speculated, but I don't think there's any proof.
26) Coutras (coo-trah) was in 1587, before the death of Henri III, when Navarre bested the royal army.
27) I'd honestly be surprised if there were more than a handful of covert Protestants in Paris at this point.
28) After his conversion there were two camps in the league, a) This is sufficient for us, we will cease our rebellion b) This is insufficient you need err a Papal absolution which you'll totally never get (this was the position taken by Mayenne). The war with the league largely ended therefore in 1595
29) Henri IV's reign was wracked with various conspiracies by malcontents (be they embittered Protestants like Turenne, or radical Catholics). One of those radical Catholics assassinated him in 1610.
Thanks for taking the time to make this video, please don't take the length of this the wrong way. :)
Are you kidding me with this with the French, no wonder no one knew what was going on then, hell, we still confused to this day,,lol.. I want to tell y'all great job on the video,,
the most tragic thing in history is that the main protagonists were all cousins: the sister of the king of France françois I was Marguerite d'angoulème, queen of Navare, the grandmother of Henri (IV) de bourbon . The 1st Duke of Guise, Claude de Lorraine had married Antoinette de Bourbon, the sister of the grandfather of Henri IV. One of the leaders of the Protestant party, Admiral de Coligny, was the nephew of one of the leaders of the Catholic party, the Constable of Montmorency. Catherine de Clèves, the wife of the 3rd Duke of Guise (Henri the Scarface), leader of the Catholic party, was the first cousin of Henri IV. His sister Marie de Clèves was the wife of the Prince de Condé, cousin of Henri IV and leader of the Protestant party. She was the mistress of the Duke of Anjou (future Henry III), brother of Charles IX !!!
Meanwhile in Poland-Lithuania:
"And whereas in our Commonwealth there are considerable differences in the Christian religion, these have not caused disorders among people, as detrimental as have begun in other kingdoms that we have clearly seen, we promise to one another, for ourselves and for our descendants, for all time, pledging our faith, honor, and conscience, we swear, that we who are divided by faith, will keep peace among ourselves, and not shed blood on account of differences in faith or church, nor will we allow punishment by the confiscation of goods, deprivation of honor, imprisonment or exile, nor will we in any fashion aid any sovereign or agency in such undertakings. And certainly, should someone desire to spill blood on such account we all shall be obliged to prevent it, even if the person uses some decree as a pretext or cites some legal decision."
- Warsaw Confederation of 1573.
In short; "Nope, we are NOT doing that crap they are doing in France!".
The whole reason henry III actually got the ruling of Poland was because they didn't want him to go to war against the Hugenots, so they bribed him with it, and it worked, good guys in the commonwealth
@Aleksa Petrovic What are you talking about? I don't know where you take your knowledge of the Commonwealth from but it's clearly not great. 'They' were not killing Protestants arguably precisely because 'they' were already living with a lot of Orthodox Christians for centuries, both in the Kingdom of Poland and especially in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania where the Orthodox were the majority (especially within the borders from before the Union of Lublin in 1569), so the coexistence of different Christian confessions (not to mention the non-Christian minorities) wasn't something that new and shocking. Finally, 'they' had many Orthodox nobles among 'them'.
Of course, it's not like everything was rosy. Catholicism was the dominant religion with the highest prestige. The gradual conversions and polonization of many Orthodox Ruthenian noble families made the Orthodox Church lose its position over time even further. The Union of Brest in 1595, which was supposed to unite the Churches instead divided the Orthodox into the Ruthenian Unite Church (Greek Catholic) and the Orthodox Church. This all added to the complicated social, political, and ethnic tensions in Ukraine resulting in the series of Cossack and peasant uprisings, especially the big one in 1648, which in turn led to decades of brutal conflict in Ukraine, also involving the Crimean khanate, Russia and Ottomans. This was a bloody conflict, and religion might have played a role in it, but it was definitely NOT primarily about religion! No one was ever killed in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth just for being Orthodox.
This convo is really great to read as an outside spectator
@Aleksa Petrovic It might be valid to some extent to look at the Union of Brest that way, although I would argue that it's an exaggeration and great oversimplification. But you shouldn't just start a conversation about that with a comment that suggests that the Orthodox were being straight-up exterminated in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and that it was going one since before 1595 because that is simply not true. On top of that using this falsehood to somehow invalidate the Warsaw Confederation of 1573, which was about keeping the pace between the various confessions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the Orthodox (note that the text doesn't speak specifically about the Protestants), representing what was the best in the PLC. Yes, it was not about true religious freedom and equality in the modern sense, and that spirit of tolerance sadly declined somewhat in the Commonwealth in the following decades.
Glancing at your channel you seem to have great taste in RUclips channels and you seem to have some knowledge of what you are talking about but also some strong bias, I don't really know what to make out of it. May I ask where are you from? My current theory is that you are Serbian and maybe projecting the situation in the Balkans under Ottoman rule onto the PLC a little too much. And also looking at Polish history from a bit of a Russian perspective.
BTW If I understand correctly, you just referred to the Ruthenian/Ukrainian people as "Russian", which is ugh... a whole another discussion. It reminds me of reading in Timothy Snider's _The Reconstruction of Nations_ that when Khmelnytsky and other Cossack leaders negotiated with the "Poles" they didn't need translators because most of them knew Polish and some even Latin and many nobles on the other side knew Ruthenian (ruski), for some, it was their ancestral language and for senator Adam Kisiel, Voivode of Kyiv, the chief proponent of mediation and a diplomatic solution to the conflict, it was his first language (he was also Orthodox). When they talked with the Russians/Muscovites in Pereyaslav it turned out that they need translators after all, despite that they both called their native language 'ruski'/'rusky' but their versions differed significantly.
Oh, and the leader of the first uprising of the Zaporozhian Cossacks was actually a Polish nobleman who joined them, Krzysztof Kosiński.
@@AncientAccounts Yeah, you're welcome and also I'm terribly sorry. 😅
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is a enormous, complicated and fascinating topic that I'm very passionate about, as you can probably tell, and feel that it remains poorly understood. I will also admit that I have a bit of pro-Polish bias, although I try to look at the Commonwealth from a broader perspective.
I know that you guys are currently working on another great collaboration, this time about India. It would be great to see one about the Rzeczpospolita one day. Hopefully Robert I. Frost will finally finish his second volume of The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania by then. The first volume is a great look at the formation of the Union, challenging misconceptions.
Interesting and very nicely done, Congrats and greetings from France!
Another great video! Always look forward to your uploads. Interesting to see how Calvin influenced the political side of things, since my courses mainly featutred on his theology.
its always nice to see you in my comments section ;) it was pretty good timing that the casual historian covered the theology so I didn't have to in my video
So this is where the term Hugeunot comes from. This was very interesting, I enjoyed learning about it
beautiful work, thanks you two.
Our pleasure!
3:20 Not meant to negatively criticize, but it's Duke of Condé, not Conde. I'm a bit surprised it popped up this way in whatever source you used
Loved the video nonetheless!
Grigore Vornic Ureche oh 90% of the subtitles are auto transcribed by interpreting my voice so it doesn’t pick up on the nuances of the word, I am aware it’s got an accent though
I really wish you wouldn’t blur the Face of these historical figures. Why do that ?
It seems this video is gaining a bit of traction, that’s really cool! if you really enjoyed this video, subscribing would be cool :D
Check out the playlist involving all the collaborators in Project France!
ruclips.net/p/PLsGkrS0GwoS6ivoJge_lU8dXys0AqIKlK
a lot also subscribe!
The wedding that led to the massacre was between the kings sister and henry bourbon. thats why he was there I kinda got confused while scripting
In Quebec where I'm from... and which is supposedly Catholic... all our swear words refer to communion. Odd in'it?
Osti de crisse de câlisse de ciboire de tabarnak ?
Do you have any favorite "what if?" scenarios from the French Wars of Religion?
What if the Protestant French sided with the Protestant English?
That seems like a good idea, although I think maybe not a lot would’ve happened since Protestants were only 10% of the population, she probably might’ve been able to take Calais for a bit if there was enough support in the city, but it wouldnt have lasted that long imo
I think my personal what if is if the St barte massacre didn’t take place, too many possibilities :P
@@AncientAccounts Didn't the English think they could hold French territory? If they won a major war, I figure they could put a protestant puppet on the throne, and 10% of the population would be trying to control the other 90% (similar to other cases of elite minorities).
@@vanivanov9571 What if Charles de Bourbon (22 September 1523 - 9 May 1590) became King of France as Charles X? Also, a bit earlier, but what if Henry VIII of England and Charles V of the Holy Roman Emperor launched their planned joint-invasion of France and Henry somehow took Paris?
Voltaire has nothing to do with the religions wars
2:32 You know you've screwed up badly when you accidentally use the Romanian flag instead of the French one
You know you’ve screwed up badly when you make unsubstantiated claims. It’s not meant to be that flag , I only used gold because it’s the colour of royalty, the other two colours don’t matter. The Tricolour was only first adopted during the 1790s so using it in this context for that reason wouldn’t be right anyway.
@@AncientAccounts
I think it was a joke.
@@AncientAccounts ehhh oh calme-toi mec, j'étais sarcastique! Je voulais faire valoir que les gens auraient pu être déroutés par cela. Le bleu et l'or étaient également les seules «couleurs principales» que la France utilisait à la place du rouge. Il aurait été logique que vous utilisiez du bleu, de l'or et du blanc.
ahh ok, it's pretty hard to tell. people usually jump up my ass about historical minutae, sorry for that reaction in that case
@@AncientAccounts It's alright man, I hate that too. Human expression is much more complicated than just texting, (that is unless you are writing it in a format of a novel which describes it)
❤❤❤
you need to list more specific dates.
I’m not too fond of dates it breaks up the story , if you wanted to know dates it’s all on Wikipedia
So here's the thing I don't understand about Calvinism: if God decides who is saved and who isn't, why does the religion even matter? Why does Jesus matter?
(@ 4:58) AC : Unity 🇫🇷 !
So...
Great video but just a tip... Try to improve the animation by adding faces.
I’m doing that for the next video I agree it looks a bit off
GOT type beat
I just love those goofy eyes
Its gonna be a feature from now on
First!!!
Ayyy nice!
France was the centre of Europe because of it's geography.
?
Read about how the Bosnian war started!
They were killing each other in the name of "God"
quite a theological clusterfuck
Long live protestantism!
Thanks Prince of Peace now I can go to heaven faster in one of the many wars about you. And diseases.
Religion...ugh...'nuff said