Why is the Arctic Asymmetric? | Why Trees Grow at the Same Latitude as Ice Sheets
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- Опубликовано: 4 окт 2021
- In this video we explore the geography of the Arctic. Why do trees grow at the same latitude as ice sheets? Why is the Hudson Bay the southernmost place to find polar bears? Why is Greenland covered in ice, but not Alaska or northern Siberia? Despite hundreds of faulty maps illustrating two symmetric "ice caps" at the poles, reality is far more complicated and interesting. To understand the ecology and climate of the north, we need to consider one underestimated aspect of climate.
Sources:
Impacts of Hudson Bay on the Terrestrial Climate of the Hudson Bay Lowlands. Wayne R. Rouse. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Feb., 1991), pp. 24-30 (7 pages). Published By: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
Hudson Bay Climate Change and Winter Wind Circulation. Farahnaz Fazel-Rastgar, York University, Toronto. American Journal of Climate Change.
Factors affecting spruce establishment and recruitment near western treeline, Alaska. Miller, A.E.; Sheriff, R.; Wilson, T.L. American Geophysical Union.
Patterns and dynamics of treeline advance on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Andrea H. Lloyd, T. Scott Rupp, Christopher L. Fastie, and Anthony M. Starfield. Journal of Geophysical Research.
Characteristics of Treeline Plant Communities in Alaska. Leslie A. Vierick. Holarctic Ecology.
Cryptic or Mystic? Glacial Tree Refugia in Northern Europe. P.C. Tzedakis, B.C. Emerson, G.M. Hewitt. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, Volume 28, Issue 12, December 2013.
Is the Oceanic Heat Transport in the North Atlantic Irrelevant to the Climate in Europe? by P. B. Rhines, University of Washington, Seattle USA S. Häkkinen, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt USA
Paludification and Forest Retreat in Northern Oceanic Environments www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
forestecosyst.springeropen.co...
citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/...
www.sciencedirect.com/science...
kejian1.cmatc.cn/vod/comet/oce...
courses.seas.harvard.edu/clim...
earth.nullschool.net
NOAA
USGS pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3054/
arcticportal.org 
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When I made this two years ago, I assumed it went without saying that the Arctic circle is defined by day length and sun angle. This video is about the common assumption that this circle also maps well on to biogeography, ice extent, permafrost, etc. or that it's just warm currents causing some latitudinal asymmetry.
Brother you need to upload more frequently! You instantly became one of my favorite geograph/climate channels to follow!
very interesting video. Apart from the oceans being the biggest factor, dont you think the tilt in earths axis is a factor too? The artic circle is just a latitude, but the solar energy hits these parts always at different angles because of the tilt. Maybe this has an influence on the heating efficiency of the solar energy received. Just a thought anyway.
@@chocvanr227 Latitude is always an important component of every climate on earth, for that reason.
As someone from north Germany living near the coast, it blows my mind that we are on the same latitude as the southern part of the Hudson bay where polar bears, arctic foxes and belugas live. We are also on the same latitude as the Kamtschatka peninsula and the Baikal lake.
Our weather is quite mild, usually 20 to 30 °C in summer, the highest I remember was 35 °C, in winter usually -5 °C to 10 °C, the lowest I remember was -13 °C.
It is mild enough to grow vine plants and corn here, even some fig trees and Trachycarpus palms can survive our winters. You always think of polar bears and arctic foxes as living much further north. This really shows how much the temperatures are dependent on things like ocean and wind currents, mountain ranges, distance from the sea etc. and not just latitude.
I live significantly south of you about 43 degrees north in the northeastern U.S. and it is -10c winter average where I am. This is quite an interesting topic to think about.
The odd relationship of attitude and climate are hard to keep in mind unless I have a map in front of me. I can never fully shake the schoolboy notion that if you go due east of NYC or Washington, D.C you'll hit England or France. In fact it's Portugal and Spain, which places England and Scotland surprisingly far north. The Gulf Stream/Atlantic Conveyor current make such a huge difference.
Toronto, Canada is at the same latitude as Monaco, the French Riviera, and Florence, Italy.
fun fact from someone else living in North Germany (but not as far north) - both of us live further north than 95% of all humanity. And it still gets (relatively) unbearably warm in summer and depressingly dark in winter.
well the explanation of this is pretty simple it is just the difference between continentional climat and maritime climate
Love the content, you might not see many views now but having a backlog of videos makes people binge, and bingers subscribe, and subscribers keep watching forever!
I resemble that remark !
😎 👍
A year later and yep, digging through the backlog right now
That's how I was hooked by an interesting video first, binge watched much of the rest, and converted to a subscriber eventually.😄
Binging now lol
That's me!
I'll keep this short, but sweet:
1. Informative
2. Well-presented
3. No annoying music
Excellent
I’m originally from the Faroe Islands (don’t live there anymore) and I’ve always thought of Alaska as being basically Siberia, but later discovered that the Faroe Islands are slightly farther north than Anchorage, Alaska. My thinking came from the climate on the Faroe Islands being quite warm. The coldest ever measured on the Faroe Islands is around -12C, but usually never goes below -4C, and average summer temperatures are around 12C.
Those are pretty mild temperatures. Not too far below freezing in average, but still cold enough for sweaters in the summer...
Im from malaga almost same latitude as Washington dc, temperatures are more like north florida with 18-20c in winter, can go up to 26, it never went below zero and only snowed once in history, it is more likely to get a summer day in december (25-28c) than a temperature below 5 at night
In summer there are some unbearable days with temp reaching 44c if the wind come from africa, 20 years ago it was 1 or 2 days above 40, last summer there were like 10-15 days with temperatures within 40c or more, it reaches 50c no far from where I live (100km into land)
Yes, that is because the Faroe Islands are in California, off the coast of San Francisco. In the 1800s Russia hunted sea mammals there from Fort Ross.
@@mrbaab5932 Lol, what? I checked and there are some islands called Farallon Islands in California. Is it those you are talking about? They are 7550 km (4690 mi) away from the Faroe Islands, which are in Europe.
@@mrbaab5932 Uhm, you are mixing up your islands. The Føroyar are easy to find. Fly over to London, England, drive north till the people start speaking a language as weird as the things they eat. Drive further north still, till you get onto a ferry that reads Orkneys or Shetlands. Once there, look for a cliff with a good north-northwesterly view. Wait for some off-land wind, and take a piss. Follow the yellow rainbow till its end, where you do not find a pot of gold, but rather a sheep (or a thousand?). If you find horses and volcanoes, you've gone a tidbit to far.
Once you found the sheep islands (yes, literally, that's their name), settle down with the lovely inhabitants for a nice song or tw... Nah, not two, it's enough to sing all night long, no need to waste the morning as well. ;)
As a geography major, this was deeply insightful, thanks for the work!
Well said
This kinda makes me, (not a geography major) feel a lot better about not knowing any of this until now 😂
Similarly, could you cover the asymmetry of the tropics? Certain regions have tropical rainforest or even equatorial climates that stretch beyond the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, whereas elsewhere they are confined to a fairly small band near the equator. Its pretty wild how varied our planets' climate can be.
He did something similar about deserts! 😁👍🏻
Yeah there's a tropical rainforest30 degrees north
When I came to Minneapolis from Belgrade, I looked at the map and both cities were at 44 latitude! I though, it's November and a leather jacket with a sweater is perfect, because in Belgrade it was! When I stepped out of the plane into the bus,I froze and felt the weight that I never experienced! I was used to Celsius and it was Zero F° ,thankfully my wife was waiting for me with a biggest, ugliest coat I ever saw, but it helped!
Minnesota and the state below Iowa both get very cold in the winter time, and from my experience Iowa gets tons of snow and is very windy
@twostop6895 I served army in Bosnian mountains and had to perform guard duty for 2 hours in the middle of winter! Even though I had layers and layers, there was always a way for the wind to make trough and my jaw was like a typing machine, my feet red to purple and I became a tap dancer until my feet started burning! But it was summer compared to Minnesota! Air was heavy,although it should be opposite, My lungs would hurt,but people would eat ice cream! My Russian friend in New York wore a tiny jacket in the winter and I couldn't believe it and he laughed at me!
North america and asia both experience severe continentality, add to that the polar vortex phenomenon and you get extreme winters.
But europe is the real anomaly here, it gets winters 10 degree warmer that it should thanks to several water moderating air currents, but with the weakening of certain warn sea currents, western europe might start to become colder over time.
@@pashapasovski5860yeah them russians are built different, i think most people died of the cold and the ones who didnt kept breeding, as that tends to be the trend of human survival
@@TjallieBrrr Lol. They are whiny little bitches who during Soviet times forcefully moved locals away from milder climate places.
I've lived in Tromsø, 69.7 degrees north for three years and it's surprisingly livable. Though the weather is often bad, it doesn't get much below -10c. Meanwhile in Oslo it can get close to -20c in winter.
Oslo have a different type of cold for sure, I live further north .. and within that arctic zone he is talking about, we don't expect high temperatures here in the summer and average summertemperature is 10 degrees .. I live at 70 degree north. Lived one year in Oslo and for sure that cold really really goes through you !!!! we have wind and such but still we don't get near that type of cold, we can have days where it is very cold here but for the most part living at the coast is pretty good, it usually is not colder than -10 here ... maybe -15 but those further low are rare.
@@arcticblue248 -15 with a high humidity from close proximity to the sea feels way colder than -20 or -25 with middling or low humidity. Comparing Tromsø and Oslo today, there is a difference of 20% humidity. I've often heard the sami who live in Finnmark comment that the Tromsø feels way colder when it is cold, even though it can get to - 40 in Karasjok, the difference maker being humidity and winds.
Dress warmer than you think if you're going to spend time outside on a cold day in Tromsø.
@@Procrastinater I lived a year in Oslo for over 20 years ago, and I did my bootcamp at Gardermoen when I was in the army... I come and live up in Finnmark at the coast. I can testify that when its cold in Oslo it is colder than here at the coast of Finnmark, also the 3 months I was at Gardermoen was freaking cold !!!! and it stayed there longer than the area around because of the location.
@@arcticblue248 Might just be you remembering being at boot camp and being bereft the choice of not being outside. I've spent a week in the bush during winter and to my memory that's the coldest weather I have experienced, even though I know it was only like negative 5-10 degrees at worst.
@@Procrastinater We had 11 day ski manouver in the mountains around Lillehammer and every morning I had to rip the sleepingbag from the canvas tent we had prepared for the night ... I was sleeping the "Tetningslist" position in the tent, as I can handle cold temperature better than most I know of, I don't handle warm weather good tough.
But also at the bootcamp we often had these frostfog around ... it was cold there, I served there from Januar to march. We hardly ever have frostfog here at the coast where I live now.
This is absolutely FASCINATING!!! I am a HUGE geography nerd and I’ve actually always wondered this, but never knew why this was. It makes perfect sense though!
You answered a question I always had but didn’t know how to ask/word it. This was quite fascinating. I appreciate your work and straightforward descriptions.
Wow, something rarely talked about or even widely known is the interactions between climate, geology, oceanography and ecology you have described here (let's not forget solar). I admit I am in that category as well.
I think there are people that study and research how physical phenomena gives rise to these emergent systems, and how they all relate when you look at less and less humanly abstracted concepts
Pure Geography! The conjuntion of all Earth science.
If possible, I would like to know more about the so-called steppe-tundra/mammoth steppe and why it almost doesn't exist today. Or any other now-rare ancient biomes.
Ice Age ended. Reasons debated from volcanics to Meteoroid impacts like the Younger Dryas. I'd bet nuclear tests like Czar Bomba 50 megatons or Castle Bravo 15 megatons had some impacts as well. Nuclear Winter by Sagan and Ehrlich was a publicity campaign based on an arbitrary formula that was about as scientific as the Drake Equation full of unknowable numbers.
indeed, in terms of nature, a lot of northern Scotland in winter/autumn (or even on colder summer days) basically feels like the tundra around Archangelsk does in summer, whilst, the Coldest parts of the greater Siberian region, which somewhere near Salikharda or Chita, are thickly forested and will get short periods of hot summer temperatures, almost reminiscent of Southern Austria or Hungary.
The arctic circle ABSOLUTELY DOES line up with something natural!!! The line divides where the sun does not rise in summer or set in winter at the solstices. It is not about snow or ice.
I had assumed this goes without saying, but I probably should have mentioned it.
Well-done! All your videos are worth watching. I can imagine many teachers using these in their classes. I am a teacher and I plan to use them! So thank you!!
Pretty good idea. What I appreciate is the quality of the research in these videos. Other popular channels explaining similar topics are also good, but often there are moments of poorly researched and misleading information being presented, I haven't seen that on this channel yet.
The sheer amount of knowledge you have communicated through your videos so far is amazing. Thank you so much!
FINALLY, an insiteful comment/explanation as to why and how Hudson Bay acts as a giant refrigerater in the middle of Canada, keeping the summers in far northern Quebec etc unusually cool. Probably 20 degrees F cooler on the land mass surrounding Hudson Bay then say places West along the same latitude, and that is huge. That is reflected in the tree line, no real trees that far south, 56 degrees or so. I have never hear the Bay effect really discussed or even mentioned so again congrads. Just stumbled upon you first time tonite, intelligent commentary reflected in your viewers too. I will be watching. keep up the good work.
This video is so good! After living my life in Southern California then moving to Alaska it has been so fascinating spectating the massively different climate.
I live in Eastern Ontario (Ottawa area) and it really floors me the way the transition to the subarctic works in Ontario. As you drive west towards the Great Lakes, you begin moving slightly north--only a couple degrees--but the landscape changes dramatically. Due to how relatively close this area is to Hudson Bay--which is fully-Arctic--you get forests of stunted jackpines and endless peat bogs as you would in the Arctic, but only a few degrees north of the Ottawa Valley,which is very much a riverine environment: lots of deciduous trees and flowering plants. Quite a few wineries in the Ottawa and St Lawrence valleys, and WOW do we grow a lot of corn here. Makes that drive up to Sudbury and beyond quite a wild trip when you think about it--not many places you can go where a mostly-westward drive will take you to the lower reaches of the Arctic.
I just got back from field work studying summer permafrost changes, this video is very relatable to what I saw and had thoughts about while in the plane. You answered my questions! Well done!
I keep coming back to your videos since I discovered you a year ago. They’re SO insightful and well written. Please keep ‘em
coming
Listen.
I had no idea that I needed this channel. But I do. I'm such a nerd for this stuff. Thank you so much for your content.
This was very informative. And Thank you for not having annoying music in the background
I agree completely. I learned a lot from this video, and not having annoying music is a very refreshing change from most of what's on RUclips.
Love finding channels that have below 100k subs that are really high quality, citing your sources too! Awesome!
Cool. I happened to be looking on Google Earth last night at how little land there is in the Southern Hemisphere at the equivalent of my Northern Hemisphere latitude (47*10) not counting Antarctica. Chili, Argentina, and just a little bit of New Zealand - and all three have remarkably different geology and flora. I even sent my sister a picture of the French Southern and Antarctic (Is)Lands with a dot about a hundred miles north with the note, "we'd be here." And all because YT suggested your python video and I checked out your channel. Subscribed and watching more - what a pleasant surprise when it seems that overall YT is declining horribly, imho. Very nice work.
NOT "cool": frigid :)
Thats also why there isn't a taiga forest zone on the southern hemisphere, alomst all of the latitude where it would be is ocean, except for the southernmost tip of South America and a few little islands that could theoretically grow a taiga forest, but the coniferous taiga trees have never spread there naturally.
I always found it fascinating that Kamchatka is a land mass about the same size and at the same latitude as the British Isles. Yet it has a tiny population and is mostly wilderness. Due largely to its cold climate.
Australia is an even more extreme example of this
@@Lana-pf5ce how so?
Another great video. Insightful, thoughtful and well researched.
You sir are amazing. This information needs to be shared with everyone. The more informed everyone is, the bigger the change we can make a difference now. Thank you
Dude you have some incredibly cool videos, loved watching it.
This was so well done and extremely interesting. Really made me think too. Awesome job 👍
Such a great video. The analysis is excellent and you seem to really know your stuff.
Excellent video. Thank you for spending the time to create this and sharing your expertise.
Man, I'm hooked and I just watched two of your videos. Hope you continue!
'Brittiant analysis and explanation!
Thank you for tackling these very complex and often confusing biogeoclimatic conundrums!
These videos always have very interesting insights. I especially liked the fact about the Firs that can endure liquid nitrogen with no problems.. Super fascinating stuff.
Wow! Fascinating geography I was unaware of. I had a much more simplistic view. The Arctic was a round frozen ocean surrounded by land. And the Antarctic was a round frozen continent surrounded by ocean. This seemed fair and balanced to me like heads and tails on a coin. There is a lot more nuance than I figured.
This is one of the best videos I’ve seen on the topic. I wish you had talked about the Drake Passage and what the affects were when the passage didn’t exist.
Phenomenal video! Very glad this showed up in my recommendations
That was an excellent tutorial. I actually learned something.
Liked and Subscribed.
Very well presented. Thanks for not wasting time on repetition.
I've always wondered this ever since I visited Lofoten and Tromso. This was very insightful. Thanks.
I wonder how the mixing of fresh water and salt water by way of the Beaufort Gyre affects the total net ice gain for each season. Very fasinating research that we have yet to fully realize. But we are getting closer finding that out.
Wow. Just found this channel. Never stop!
Today I learned that northern tree rather have an extreme temperature range from extremely cold in winter to moderately warm in summer than somewhat cold all year around. I wonder what that means for biospheres on the moon and mars? So as long as we can provide a sufficient growing season, a cold winter might be endured by the right plants. This is important, because temperature wise, the equator is more attractive on Mars, but like on the Moon, water on Mars is mostly found near the poles.
Yes, it's very relevant for such research. Not just for trees, too---the seeds of annual plants survive very well in extreme cold, so long as the cold is dry. Like a Yakutian winter. I think a distant future with terraforming would likely utilize modified annual plants the most. And if Mars was ever to be terraformed, say, via the redirecting of water-bearing ice comets and introduction of an atmosphere, the information in this video would be very relevant. The oceans of a terraformed Mars would disproportionately fill one hemisphere, leaving the other almost entirely terrestrial (due to its topography). This would be a recipe for a much more extreme version of the Asian monsoon cycle (cold, dry winter, warm wet summer).
Um, the moon and Mars aren't planets, dude. Neither is Earth.
@@panatypical👀
@@panatypicalthe Earth and Mars are planets.
@@casualearth9076I live in Taimyr and despite its latitude and bitterly cold climate there is a lush forest around my neighbourhood. Nowhere else in the world trees make it so far to the north than here. Years ago me and friends had a long argument why this is a thing. Thank you for your videos. Keep it up
I have only a passing interest in geography so if I'm getting these videos recommended l hope that's a sign of the algorithm gods smiling upon you. It would be well deserved.
a comment just to support this amazing video
This is a fantastic video. I can only give it a thumbs-up, but it's much better than other videos I give a thumbs-up to.
Thanks for all the great content,I really enjoy your videos.
This filled in several points for me, thanks.
Wow! Well done! You have my attention. . . . an extraordinary teacher.
Extremely well conceived and executed. Broadly-based and well-informed. Lovely balance of observations and theory. Entertaining and well-paced presentation. Bravo!
Dead good. I am interested in climate and you raise a number of factors I had never thought about, although, quite coincidentally I had been pondering Dansgaard-Oeschger events. I will watch and listen to your account again, right now. Very many thanks.
Great video. I really like your presentation style, it is efficient and easy to follow.
Damn wtf. I did not expect this high quality information. I thought it was as simple as the wrath’s tilt relative to the sun, or some geothermal geography or plate shifts. Amazing stuff mate. I don’t know shit about the water currents but you opened my eyes to them Thank you
Woah! I'm immensely more knowledgeable about the Arctic region now. Thank you for this essential outline of the natural systems 🙏
Hello from Igloolik, Nunavut where our average summer temps are 12 degrees celsius. We've had days as hot at 27 C before!
The point about soggy land preventing trees, the spring melt is like a mangrove swamp! There's water EVERYWHERE, which I believe is also due to the permafrost preventing the water from seeping downwards. There's only one species of willow that can survive the ponds that form in the spring and the desert-like dryness that follows in the summer. Coincidentally it's the tallest plant on the island too, at knee-height :P
Love the even handed, skeptical and open minded approach you take.
Thanks social studies teacher Luke Wilson, I’ve always wondered about that.
Keep up the good work!
I don't know if comments will boost you in the algorithm but you deserve it if they do so thanks for the great content!
Your videos are great! And generally the visuals complement the spoken text. But sometimes, it would be quite helpful to add an arrow or circle a region for those of us who are less familiar with the region on the screen and struggling to make the connection to the narrative.
As someone who is facsinated and has studied climate as a hobby for many years. I found this very interesting. Thank you so much. Can you also do a video on the clovis comet, and how it caused the younger dryas event through a global airburst event?
Amazing work you do ! 🤩
That program was absolutely excellent
Well done! Thank you for an interesting and educational video.
I really like your channel. The only thing I always wish for educational channels which can reach an international audience is the use of SI units. Imperials can be added text layer over if wanted. You used Celsius (good), but still miles
You're right, I should have been more diligent about this.
Dual units are distracting and reduce the quality of the video (and also impede numeracy). Even as an American I'd much prefer to see science and educational videos use just metric. Anyone watching a video like this is going to be familiar with metric.
I'm so glad I just discovered your channel. I'm a geography geek tho control system engineer by profession so these interests intersect in climate studies where our planets largest and most complicated systems exist under constant evolution from natural, and increasingly man-made influences. One note made around 3:17 cought my eye. 41 years ago during the first week of September at my new job in Rochester, NY I spotted a Great Snowy Owl walking along a large insulated steam line parallel to the plant road I was driving on. On returning home that evening it was reported on the local news that it was rescued along an adjacent highway and taken to our local zoo. Fortunately it was rehabilitaed and released about a week later. Thank you for rekindling that old seemingly unrelated memory. New subscriber. BTW, now in Thailand, and soon to be relocating to the Netherlands. Geographically and culturally prepared.
Thanks for watching! You probably have some pretty interesting and fresh perspectives on these topics, with your background. Thanks for the story about the Snowy Owl. I'm jealous--none down here in North Carolina. Enjoy your travels.
My favorite find anywhere this year might be this channel
Very interesting, and clearly explained. Thx.
this video was so awesome. fantastic job :)
You are my new favorite channel - I mean it's RUclips and therefore this is all transient but I mean it.
Good video. Learned some new things
These are great videos man!
Will you be making more videos. You have a great talent at choosing the most interesting topics that even the well informed will discover new
Yes, many more. The research is there, it's finding the time for recording and editing that takes time.
Very informative! Thanks 👍
Really good!!!!
Thanks for this great video!
I've had this question for so long I'm so happy I stumbled across this video!
I have seen videos and textbooks detailing why the Gulf Stream keeps Europe warm, and I simply figured similar geographical quirks apply to most other northern landmasses. Nevertheless, it is nice to see the actual, more comprehensive explanation to the whole phenomenon.
You are actually great at communicating science and I love it. I'm fine with the videos and how they are rn, but if you want more views I think you need to get better visuals so that people won't struggle with working memory and attention! Good luck!
Yep, visuals have always been my most limiting factor. I can't animate, and don't have the resources to get copyrighted footage. I work with public domain images and video clips that I film myself. This will likely always be true, but I try hard to use as much real video as possible.
This is a great explanation.
Thank you for this insightful lesson.
Excellent. Thank you
Interesting fact about the snowy owl winter range, I see them every year in Minneapolis, Mn out at the airport. They perch on light posts and hunt. Maybe because we get pretty cold winters?
Just discovered and immediately subscribed.
Beautiful video… this guys got it!
Thanks for making this.
Great for worldbuilding and mapmaking thank you!
Thank you for your excellent work and your calm insightful presentation. So relieved you do not have 'youtubey' muzak mucking everything up.
I loved the video and specially the maps you used were awesome. Where could I see the maps for myself?
great video, love the maps
Great content!
Polar seas that don't exchange for warmer water from the broader ocean also significantly delay winter. In many areas close to the Hudson Bay, Arctic Ocean, and Gulf of St. Lawrence, March is far colder than December: 2.bp.blogspot.com/-vmFO_5Wd-9k/WiGWenGAkMI/AAAAAAAAFrQ/OKgG660rlQos2e9y6hHVdHiRilVLUnKxQCLcBGAs/s1600/Coldest90Days.jpg and winters stick around for far longer: 4.bp.blogspot.com/-e96yXECyY3Q/Wc1flpvN6UI/AAAAAAAAFeE/XPaGx8t9Lz4KTASAGfg1e3nBJlM6gC4JgCEwYBhgL/s1600/AWSSI_EndWinter.jpg
fascinating
Exelent Work.
It's not often that ten minutes of information can *completely* change my perception.
Great video thank you
wow so interesting, thanks!
very incisive and absolutely fascinating
Amazing
You know what you're talking about, I appreciate it