Lightning Doesn't Need To Strike Twice | Crash Of Pan Am Flight 214
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- Опубликовано: 26 авг 2020
- Flight Brothers FT: / @flightbrothersft
Pan Am 707 Photo: www.flickr.com/people/2334403... (clipperarctic)
This is the story of Pan Am flight 214, On the 8th of december 1963 a Pan am 707 was on its way from san juan with a stopover at Friendship airport, maryland and then it would make its way to philadelphia international airport, onboard were 73 passengers and 8 crew members. Before the plane even left the ground from san juan the captain was briefed about the weather that he could expect along his flight path. He was told to expect thunderstorms as he passed by Baltimore and philadelphia. Flight 214 departed san juan at 4:10 pm and reached baltimore at 7:35 pm. The plane was refueled and it was ready for its next leg to philadelphia. Flight 214 departed baltimore at 8:24 pm with the crew keeping a close eye on the weather.
As an am flight 214 got closer to its destination the plane was handed over to new castle approach control. Who was not equipped with radar. Flight 214 was asked to maintain 5000 feet and they were cleared to the new castle VOR. By 8:42 Pm the plane was at the new castle VOR. But the controller did not have good news. A cloud bank was present between 700 and 800 feet. Visibility was less than ideal and it was raining. Making matters worse for the crew it was windy, winds ranged from 20 knots to 30 knots. Philadelphia was under the grip of the thunderstorm that the crew had been warned about. The controller lets the crew know that they had about 5 planes in a holding pattern, they had elected to hold till the weather eased up a bit, the controller leaves the final decision upto the crew, they could push through the bad weather and make an approach right now, or they could wait around a bit until the weather improved.
The crew elected to hold west of the VOR, they wanted the weather to calm down a bit, they expected to be out of the holding pattern by 9:10 pm. 8:50 pm the crew let the controller know that they were ready to make the approach to Philadelphia, the controller asks them to stay in the hold for a bit longer. The crew replied with “Roger, no hurry just wanted to let you know that we’ll accept a clearance”.
The controller went back to his duties, 8 minutes later a panicked voice came over the frequency “ Mayday Mayday Mayday, clipper 214 out of control, here we go”, A quick burst and then silence. The alarmed controller then got another transmission, not from clipper 214 but from the first officer of national airlines flight 16, another plane that was in the holding pattern. National airlines flight 16 was 1000 feet above flight 214 and they had a front row seat to what was unravelling infront of them. The First officer of national airlines flight 16 said “Clipper 214 is going down in flames”, the first officer watched as the plane plunged into the dark night. 99 people on the ground back up the first officer of the national airlines pilot they too had seen a flaming plane in the skies of Elkton At 8:59 pm the plane impacted the ground east of elkton maryland. Unfortunately no one survived.
The once mighty 707 was now reduced to metal fragments in a 4 mile long patch of land in Elkton. They sifted through the wreckage hoping that it would tell them something about the plane. They found the CVR but it had been compacted by the 200G force of impact double of what it was designed for. They found the trailing edge of the left horizontal stabilizer. Where they noticed something strange. The horizontal stabilizer was damaged, but not in a way that the crash would have damaged it, the paint on the stabilizer was blistered, and it was smeared 
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Great work on the video and analysis!
Thanks a ton!!
Mini Air Crash Investigation certainly. We will be taking a look at your other content. It’s very well done!
@@MiniAirCrashInvestigation someone copied your video
Did someone just download it and reupload it?
@@MiniAirCrashInvestigation ruclips.net/video/YwCsNEd_SWU/видео.html here
My father Captain George Knuth was the pilote and left four children
And my loving Mother Elizabeth Kennedy Knuth MD. PAN AM gave us free air fair and my mother took us on a trip
Around the world. May his memory be a blessing.
I was 6 years old and in a vehicle on I-95 driven by my mother during this incident. The storm was violent and although I have seen reports that the rain was light, that's not how I remember it. The wipers on the car could barely keep the windshield clear and Mom was having a hard time seeing. The lightning and thunder was as bad as I have ever experienced and when the plane was hit, the sky lit up and the falling fireball was was quite evident. I can still see it as if it happened yesterday. There is a small plaque on Delancey Road near the main crash site memorializing those who lost their lives that night. I drive by it at least several times a week and always think of that fateful night.
Ima go visit the site soon, what road is it on??
I hope everyone on the plane was like the pilot who said, "I made my prayer to God." 🙏🥲
I drive that road regularly and have never noticed a plaque. Probably because the traffic is so horrible you have to keep your eyes on the road. Where exactly is it on that road?
@maarek71 it's a plaque on the ground at the entrance to Turnquist.
@@normh4856I remember growing up and hearing about the Turnquist townhouses being haunted. The crash was decades before I was born, so it was crazy to think there was a plane crash where a bunch of town houses and where friends lived.
"Here we go" seems to be the final words of a lot of pilots. Chilling.
Probably second only to, "... aw, shit!"
People think they’re different from one another. In the moments before impact we are all very equal.
Alaska Airlines flight 261
I dunno, I would expect "KAMIKAZE!!!" to be the most common one for pilots, especially after ww2 lol
@Dirty Magic11 Nah, the Kamikazes were just too scared to say no. That ain't bravery.
Never been on a flight that was hit by lightning but have been on a farm tractor that took a direct hit. Totally trashed the electrical system and was never right again.
I've done cleanup on communication sites that have taken lightning strikes. Just like you say: lots of damage, some of it hard to pin down and some showing up months later.
Planes are often hit by lightning - Ive been on three hit - Eastern DC9 near DCA, JAL 747 near Tokyo and Delta out of ATL. It certainly gets your attention "BANG" but today its pretty safe or I wouldn't be here
Good job it wasn't a sprite or you might be picking daisies.
Lightning strike and emergency landing. I don’t recall the aircraft. I will always remember learning the crash position and brace for impact. I still love flying.
Old days they didn't understand lightning effect on airplane. Now they have better understanding.
in the end it all comes to luck. just like going for a road trip, driving to work, using a train, walking around in good weather. if you are unlucky, you will die in an accident. if you are paranoid and stay in bed, you might die from a heart attack. it is just how life is - you can die anytime.. thus you should enjoy every moment.
@@bepowerification for sure luck comes into everything-but if u are smart about life you tend to get lucky( of course, not always, I’ve been on over 1900 airline flights and I’m still here - 20 college students who had never flown boarded TWA 800 for their first flight and were dead 30 minutes later- I find that cilling
This was shocking, no pun intended. I flew on a 707 from Detroit to Paris in 1970, never thinking a plane of that size could be brought down by lightning. Thanks for putting out this video.
It can't, no more than kerosene/ diesel/jet fuel can be ignited by a spark.
@@Joeybagofdonuts76 JP4 is a mixture of karosene and 80octane aviation fuel. The aviation fuel is gasoline. The gasoline component makes the fuel ignite easier and burn hotter. It also allows afterburners to ignite easier. JP4 is a military fuel. I have seen 707's flying MAC flights that were fueled with JP4. The tail pipes were brown and clean not coated with soot like when run on JetA. The fuel control specific heat adjustments were not set for JP4. The crews were instructed to not exceed max EGT on takeoff as it could happen rapidly.
I grew up about 10 miles away from where it went down. The house shook and we could see the fire explosion from the front yard.
Brooke Brattan What an horrible sight must that have been...
I would have been running away
Great to finally learn of the accident that aviation learned from to put the rubber trailing edge wing static disperses that are so evident. Thanks for your great work!
Great work.. Absolutely glued to your videos in the recent past... Your narration and the content is very good... Keep up the good work Bro...
Thanks Madhur!
Narration is good? Okay.
@@corkcamden9878 yes. It is. 😠
This accident and TWA flight 800 prompted the entire industry to install fuel tank inerting systems which, as the tank is being drained, injects nitrogen gas to displace the air and fuel vapor from the tank greatly reducing the possibility of an explosion of the vapor, no oxygen, equals no explosion.
@Brian Javitz no it actually wasn't
@Brian Javitz Yep, and United also re-shimmed the wing fuel boost pumps to prevent arcing
@@othmanbarahmeh631 Yes, it actually was. You're stupid and gullible if you still think it was fuel vapours.
@@quietquitter6103 What was the comment he was replying to?
@@Reach04 I can't recall. Sorry.
We were struck once out of Malta in a Monarch A300 in the early 90's on a night flight, the noise and flash were intense. Definitely woke us all up!
yeah but did you die?
It's always chilling to hear about crashes in which nobody on board could have done anything about it at all. It wasn't even necessarily anyone's fault on board either.
Flying in severe thunderstorms was definitely a fault... Its common sense to avoid such weather
Interesting vid-i had never heard of this incident-and important in terms of aircraft design with regard to lightening. Very good!
I used to work at a Boeing facility that made wiring harnesses and other electrical components for the planes. Most of the flight critical cables are shielded with wire braid and then bonded to the connector backshell clamps to combat lightning strikes. As for the outer skin of the planes, I couldn't tell you if they do anything at all for lightning. I do know that in most cases, the lightning is just supposed to flow over the outer skin and not really do any damage. But there's always the exception... that one in a million where it doesn't do that.
I can't believe I've never heard of this. My dad worked at a rocket company in Elkton, MD (thank GOODNESS the plane didn't hit that!!!😲) and we lived just across the border in Pennsylvania south of Newcastle. But my parents moved there in 1973, ten years after this happened. Still, my dad would've been living outside Baltimore when this happened. Incredible. He must've known people who saw it.
I always feel a pang when you mention the airlines I used to fly when I was a kid- we couldn't afford Pan Am, but the mystique was still there, and I certainly remember seeing them. We usually flew TWA, but I really liked Eastern.
Did your dad work at Thiokol?
Frustrating how often it seems to take a crash--with passengers--to find out an aircraft can crash in any particular way. Great vid and analysis.
Unfortunately, the engineers who design planes aren't aware of these design flaws a lot of the time until something really bad happens and a plane falls out of the sky so it takes something like this to teach people these lessons. The de Havilland Comet actually beat the 707 into service as the world's first jet airliner but several fatal crashes happened within a few months of it entering service, which caused a lot of investigations and led to a massive redesign of the plane.
I love the narration bc a lot of times I’m doing a lot of stuff while watching and I’ll miss stuff.
Good job with the graphics , your channel is really growing. I have an idea for some shows. How about doing the crashes of Lynyrd Skynyrd, Ricky Nelson. and other celebrity crashes.
I was 12 yrs old, in back seat of our family chevrolet, with my father driving and we came up to a stop sign to turn left onto the road leading to our house. As we were stopped and preparing to turn, I noticed in the rear view mirror a bright red flash. I looked behind out the rear window and saw a large portion of the sky lit up in a dull red glow. We turned around and drove back to my uncle's who lived in the general direction of the glow and heard on the way over to his house on a Philadelphia am station that some sort of plane accident had occurred. A large passenger jet had crash near Elkton Maryland.
Good video. 707's operated by TWA originally if I remember correctly had an automatic, light-flash activated internal fire extinguishing system to prevent surge tank explosions from blowing the wingtip off. There was a small round blowout disc on the outer underwing surface (r.and l.) to indicate discharge of the internal extinguishant bottle thermally or otherwise. There were also two amber discharge warning lights on the Flight Engineer's panel somewhere near (above?) the dump system controls. A really great airplane, the 707 was. The auto-pilot could've been a bit better, though. The DC-8 had them beat in that area.
Hi Dave. 92644-670828 here. Trying to remember there were changes to the serge tank and a flame arrester added to the vent.
@@jayreiter268 Hi Jay. What is that 11 digit number in your post? Would be great to chat about the old 707 days sometime if you want. E-mail's cantrader@aol.com.
@@davef.2811 You are correct about TWA, I worked for them in maintenance back then. John C.
Came across your channel the other day. I think your content is entertaining, informative, high effort, and all around great. Keep up the fantastic work!
Awesome vid just found your channel love these
The footage may not be indicative of the incident, but that smoky exhaust certainly is.
Also, Baltimore wishes it had Waikiki's scenery!
I had to tell some young 'un in another thread that yes, in those days jet exhaust really *was* that smoky. And military jets were even worse -- I've seen old films of B-52s taking off leaving a smoke trail behind fit for a small army of poorly-maintained Peterbilts.
I really enyojed this, great video and informative content! Also you managed to find a solution to having less video coverage of the "old times"! Thanks for this!
I really like the animation where it resembles the action you are describing. Much more interesting than the random video segments of planes landing, taking off, and doing flyby's. Keep up the good work. Great posts, I am now a full time subscriber. 👍
Thank you once again for another great video and the time and effort it takes to make these.
Your writing has gotten so good. But I have 1 small critique: I enjoy the footage of the simulation, but is it at all possible to make the time before each cut just a few seconds longer? What I mean is footage is being played, then after 4 or 5 seconds it switches to another view of the same footage. Could you make this footage play for just a bit longer? It is a little distracting sometimes when it switches so fast.
Again, not anything big. Thoroughly enjoyed the video. Great information.
I think this is good advice, the cuts do seem a bit abrupt. I think looking at how & where you make the cuts (in relation to how they match to the voice over) might also help in making them more harmonious?
Thanks, now I noticed it too
Agreed. The video is sometimes a distraction to the otherwise gripping story. Anything to improve that would be better IMO.
Just discovered your channel & love yr videos & am trying to watch them all!
Bravo!
Thank you for your kind words!
Somehow I’d missed learning of this accident. Great job. Thanks.
CAROLVS that’s one of the reasons why I like this dude. He doesn’t just talk about major crashes we see on the TV show Air Crash Investigations. He throws some lesser known crashes into the mix also. But what I’m really curious about is where he’s getting this information from and where his knowledge of flight is from. He strikes me as a bit too young to be a commercial pilot, an ATC, or a NTSB investigator. But I’ve fact-checked so many things in his videos so many times that I don’t even bother checking any more. Sometimes it’s best to just sit back and enjoy the ride, even though the ride usually ends with death and destruction.
Great job! I really enjoy and appreciate your work on these videos.
Thank you!
My husband was 9 years old and living in Elkton when he and his family had returned home from Sunday evening church service. He was sitting at the kitchen table looking out the window and saw lightning hit the airplane and watched the plane burst into orange flames as he watched it fall from the sky! I can't imagine what a child thinks when he sees something like that, but because my husband is not a very expressive or emotional man, I assume he was the same as a child as he didn't seem to be too shocked about the event. If it were me, I probably would never have stepped foot on an airplane- EVER!
My father in law, Jack Kantlehner was the flight engineer.Left a wife and 8 children behind.Rest In Peace.
I Love your videos. Even iF I dont view it , I can hear your clear narration and know what is happening. Thank you
I caught a direct strike in a pickup once. Didn't melt anything, but it did burn off the paint in an eerie branching star pattern, and insta-rust the steel beneath. And the thunder damn near blew my eardrums into my skull. Plus a long moment of disorientation; it was lucky this was on a broad, empty road!
I'd never want to meet lightning up close and personal in the air, thank you very very much. Anybody ever says to me, "we'll fly into that thundercloud", he'd better have a mouse in his pocket saying 'we' like that.
I absolutely love your videos, and that old 747 was so beautiful wow
The NTSB publications, in my opinion, are not as explicit as your research and explanations. As unnerving as they sometimes are, your direct approach to the truth merits respect. Shall we not all listen?
Thank you.
It always has amazes me that a lightning bolt is as hot as the surface as the Sun! That sentence is just crazy.
This film is substantially accurate. But,.the plane registration was N709 PA, not what is shown on the illustration. The first officer was Captain George F. Knuth, my father
My father Captain George Knuth was an experienced pilote. He flew in WW 2 bringing supplies to Egypt and returning with survivors.
I watch this video first because he gives do much information in a short time. Then, I go watch other videos about the pilots, passengers and news footage. I'm watching the 2nd video. The video and your sister states that your father is the captain... I'm so sorry about your father.
Hey! Randomly been watching your videos for the past few days. All of the content is great, but some of them had poor audio quality. I heard you got a new mic in one of the other videos i watched, and i LOVE how your audio quality improved!
Amazing as always thanks.
Thank you for sharing your videos
Good video, thanks for the upload.
Fascinating breakdown of this tragic accident!!
Great video again!
Excellent- love the graphics ❤️
These are really well done. Thanks.
6:46 "The skin around the 'went' was torn." Gotta check the vents and wents! 😅
Another great video! All my comments are almost the same. I say how good the video was and that your hard work is appreciated. I'll still leave comments but I might try to make them a little more" interesting!" I really like your channel, you seem like a very cool/nice person that I would want to be friends with. I hope you and your channel continue to be successful! As always, thank you very much for your hard work and dedication, you do an amazing job! Stay safe and healthy!!!
Nice work. I Learned something new.
Topic of interest for you to look into? WOR Radio Traffic Helicopter crash on January 10, 1969. An Eyewitness I know could not understand why the pilot chose to bailout of the Bell 47 (with pontoons) instead of shutting down the engine ( the engine was noisy and sparks can be seen all the while the the Bell 47 was stationary and hoovering at about 200 or so above a courtyard, and instead just autogyro down. When he bailed out, the Bell 47 tilted left and the main rotor struck him and most likely he was dead before hitting the ground. The Bell 47 was completely upside down and, being early dusk, the sparks (which were visible) and the engine quit as the Bell 47 took a nosedive into an apartment building. The pilot was ex-military and was filling in for the regular Traffic Reporting pilot. I always thought Autogyro is the best option in a helicopter when faced with what happened in this case since the Bell 47 was hoovering about 2-3 minutes before the pilot jumped out tilting the chopper toward his permanent demise. This occurred in Astoria, Queens about 2-3 miles from LGA (Butler Aviation, where the Bell 47 was stationed at the time). Maybe your re-creation of this tragedy would help give others a chance of survival in similar circumstances.
Come to think of it, you would be hard pressed for "people" images mixed in with the video production. Oh, well.
Your investigating reporting is outstanding. You would be a great writer or journalist.
I'm obligated to like everyone of your videos or else I won't remember which one I've already watched.
Also, love what you did in this video here. It'd be awesome if you use MFS 2020 to fly the plane concerned (maybe even simulate the crash? That'll probably be too much work tho)
They only have GA planes and the 320 neo and 748
@@ydsimulations and the 78
I'm not sure you could simulate the plane *fucking exploding* in FSX
That's pretty funny, I give a thumbs up for the same reasons! They are great video's and it lets me know which ones I saw!
i loved this! great work
Thank you!!
Appreciate relevant graphics. Video looks very professional. Great work.
BTW the narration in some of your videos, like here, starts immediately so one is apt to miss the first few words. I suggest displaying a brief 2 or 3 second intro, perhaps the channel logo with something like 'Welcome to Mini Air Crash Investigation' either as a caption or audio.
Hey loving your videos, I've only found your channel.
however i do recommend getting a better mic :)
This is a great video!
I just love your narration. It makes your terrific videos even better! You have a slight accent, most noticeable when pronouncing "th." Would love to know more about your background and how you got into making these videos.
Great work as usual 👌
Thanks a ton!
Great narration and facts.
ur vids are so informative
Great Video
What a tragedy!! Reminds us, of how much we depend on those who continually study such things, and, those who brave the dangers, to earn a living from it, thereby providing us, with "easy" travel options! Many Thanks Sir!
Thanks for sharing. 😉👌🏼
Great videos.
Glad you think so!
I love your reports and have a question - how did you get your amazing technical knowledge? Please reply here.
You do a great job. Great English skills too.
200G force on impact! Damn...
You don't mind asking, which Simulator do you use, by the way I love these videos, good job!!
I've been watching your episodes for months...I love putting facts together and coming up with a solutions. I couldn't find a contact email for you, but I wanted to ask you a question.
I have a podcast about events that have happened on Delmarva, which is Delaware, the eastern part of Maryland and the northeastern part of Virginia. I was going to cover this event. Can I reference your episode in the podcast, and I would post a link to this episode and my podcast description?
Flying out of Milldenhall UK, our plane was struck by lightning minutes after takeoff. We flew all the way to Pennsylvania with zero issues.
These are awesome.
U are an excellent narrator
It’d be cool to see CGI showing the reactions of passengers and crew during the lightning strike and the plunge toward the ground. Then a cutaway to the outside of the plane as it impacted the ground. Just an idea.
Where I work, the last week 2 planes got hit by thunders and we had to keep them on the ground for a lot. One at least 3 days, the other one was still in the hangar the last I went to work, after 3 days parked in the hangar.
I'm kinda new in this job and I've seen a couple of aircrafts struck by thunders, but never so much damage.
Most of the time all you see is a line of marks in the skin like arc welder starts. They look like that because the lightning bolt is a series of alternations. They generally are left alone or burnished and Alodined. Sometimes skin laps are burned if they are non bonded electrically. I personally have not seen other damage.
Always interesting.
I didn't realize Philadelphia is surrounded by mountains. (must not have noticed them the 3 times I've been there)
Why I didn’t get Notification?
My fave channel
Just check if the bell icon is clicked. Other people have complained about notifications not showing up
Interesting I had never heard of this accident before and I have watched many tv air crash shows. Also I never knew lightning could be so dangerous to aeroplanes, thanks for bringing it to my attention.
I was always told that the static wicks took care of lightening strikes and there would be no danger. Since 1979 so maybe before that when they had no lightening rods.
Something to considered: The Apollo 12 Saturn 5 rocket was struck by lightning twice shortly after launch. All that happened was the telemetry for their sensors was knocked off line. All systems continued to run normally, but the crew and controllers had a good scare when several malfunctions registered at once.
Funny that you can hit a rocket with skin so thing the fuel tanks have to be pressurized like a balloon to hold it rigid, while a 707 with much thicker skin can be destroyed.
Lightning is strange stuff.
When flying from Denmark to Paris, our plane got hit by lightning when we were climbing. Scared the absolute shit out of me and it was the longest hour of my life.
Oh the days of regulation; flying from Maryland to Philadelphia. You could practically walk
Yeah it’s a 2 hour drive, point to point. Flying would have to add a couple hours to that, and nowadays with the TSA and the pain in the ass that air travel has become, I don’t even consider flying unless the drive is over 6 to 7 hours.
ahhh the good old days of screaming turbojet engines on the ole 707.............
Very. Nice. Video. And. We'll. Spoken
For some reason, the pilot's final words "here we go" remind me of the pilot from PSA 182 when he said "this is it, baby!" Sad.
It's the very first time that I hear about a CVR found but not useful due to damage. AND it was because of Mother Nature force, and not because of anything a human being invented. It wasn't because of a fall, a fire from electrical failure, nothing. It was purely Nature. Amazing.
Good one
When you said thunderstorm that was the first thing that popped into my mind was the plane was hit by lightning.
BWI to PHL on 707? How times have changed
I can‘t be the only one, watching these kinda videos a day befor he has to take a flight… right?
I used to fly Pan Am a lot. I liked them and they had great planes from what I experienced. I got a lot of passport stamps at their services. Yeah I’m old lol.
Your English mostly sounds like an American accent, except for those Irish sounding 3's, 3rd's, etc, and in some of your videos, those 3's aren't as strong. But the whole speech has a very subtle flavor of another accent (or maybe a regional accent), as well. Please tell me where you're from before I go crazy trying to guess 😊
I was in a 727 hit by lightning a long time ago, sounded like a gun being fired. People freaked.
The very real danger, of flight!! Well-Presented!!
3:22 two HUNDRED g force…?! I… don’t think I’ve EVER heard that amount of g’s before…. Holy freaking crap
I saw this video and I was like, Heck ya
This was the deadliest loss of life incident caused by a lightning strike.
The only plane accident to take the honors away from Clipper 214 would be LANSA Peru Flight 508.
No, bro', that would be TWA flight 800 when its center fuel tank exploded over Long Island sound.
Look up TWA flight 800 either here on YT or Wikipedia.
@@jimbrewer498 I do know about TWA 800, but that was brought down by an electrical short.
Clipper 214 was literally struck down by lightning, but it lost the Guinness World Record for 'Highest Death Toll caused by Lightning' to LANSA Flight 508 whose crash killed 91 people.
Yes Brian, I know that, what I'm driving at is the fact that the explosions in each case was the ignition of fuel vapor in the tanks. The fuel itself will not explode, it'll burn but for an explosion to occur requires the presence of both oxygen and fuel vapor. I'm a pilot myself and I have to maintain my awareness of my fuel load and the presence of fuel and oxygen levels in my own fuel system and inerting the empty space in the tanks so that the same thing doesn't befall me, and I'm using avgas which vaporizes much more readily than jet fuel which is basically kerosene.
@@jimbrewer498 That’s good to know.
And it was TWA 800 that drove home the need for fuel tank inerting systems.
@@brianwong7285 Yeah Brian, I know that, that's what I just said..
Great video, the high pitch tinging in the background was obnoxious though
Was great
A+
So the wingtip came off mid flight due to fuel being ignited. How big was the wingtip that broke off? I know it horrible but I’d love to see what this would’ve looked like. Obviously I wouldn’t want to actually see people die, but it’d be interesting to see a recreation.
. . . compounded by the then-prevalent use of AVTAG or JP-4 fuel?