All you have to do is drive a car with tire pressure sensors. Cold weather makes them alarm all the time if they were initially filled in the warm weather.
What? That's not true I'm a mechanic I've never seen that happen once. I've inflated thousands of tires in a warm shop and then taken them outside the warm shop to the freezing temperature of a Canadian winter. Never seen the light come on because of that. That could be easily a 70 degree F change or 40 degree C from inside to outside.
@@fuckjewtube69 As temperature of the air changes the, density of the air changes which accounts for the loss in psi. This is why some places use nitrogen to fill tires being that it holds temps better.
I can definitely confirm I'll have all my tires at 40lb on the money and if my car is parked where only my passenger side is facing the sun those will stay like 38 whilst the side in the shade will go to 35ish but then at dawn they'll all be back to 38 and this reading from 40 to 38 happened due to a 40 degree temp drop
James Sweezey Thanks, it was fun to put the video together. Hopefully the next few generations of New England kids will do much better on their ideal gas law quiz!
When the NFL rule was changed so each team got to modify and use their own game balls, the ball pressure rule should have been dropped. Anyway, a ball pressure rule is unenforceable unless the balls are measured OUTSIDE before the game and at half-time with the same gage and the Allowable Pressure range is adjusted up or down for any temperature change during the first half (0.0513 psi per degree F) minus a small drop in pressure for wetness (0.2 +/- psi). All we really need to know about this controversy is that the intercepted Patriots ball was tested on the field by NFL reps at the request of the Colts and found to be more than a pound below the Minimum Allowable Pressure (12.5 psi). But if they had adjusted the Minimum Allowable Pressure for a 23 degree temperature drop and rain (12.5 - 1.18 - .2 = 11.12 psi) they would have discovered that the intercepted ball was in compliance with NFL rules and taken no action. But instead, they called for a test of all of the Patriots balls at halftime by referees who had never done that before and for which there was no protocol. The impromptu testing of cold balls as they slowly warmed up in a locker room resulted in random and unreliable data that was nevertheless used to accuse the Patriots of a serious rule infraction causing enormous loss and harm to many innocent people and creating a sports controversy that will probably never be put to rest. But the saddest part, if you care about football, is that the entire episode looks like a trap planned and sprung by embittered competitors.
John David: You have posted a very good and prescient comment.Your last two paragraphs can be added to by saying,after Super Bowl LI,the trap went spectacularly wrong after an extra motivatedTB steered the Pats to victory....and a visibly embarrassed Goodell handed the trophy to Mr Kraft.What the NFL thinks about air pressure in balls is clear in that no action,none at all,was taken against other teams who have subsequently had underinflated footballs.
The experiment is inaccurate. You're actually supposed to use a crappy $5 PSI measuring instrument to check the balls before they cool down and then another crappy $4 PSI measuring instrument to check the balls after. Then you have to forget which one you used. That's what the refs did and that's what you should have done to improve accuracy.
Also the one HUGE difference is that the Patriots balls were measured at the beginning of half time and the Colts balls were measured at the end of the half after sitting in a warm room for 17 minutes. The Refs were only able to measure 4 colts balls out of 12 because the half was ending and they needed to get back on the field. Most of these experiments that I have seen never talk about this. There is more info in the AEI report that went up recently.
Randall Johnson A very good point, there are MANY factors that will influence the pressure of a given ball and impact the temperature of the air within the ball. Time is one of those factors.
Water vapor pressure of water affects ball pressure quite a lot too especially if the balls were inflated in the steam room. This will create even more of a pressure difference.
You’re dumb to think the ideal gas law would make your basketball that deflated. A better analogy is your car tires, in the fall when it gets cooler your tire pressure indicator will light up knowing you didn’t drive over nails or something.
Does there also need to be a control? Would introducing two additional footballs, initially inflated to 12.5 and 13.5. These footballs would remain at 74F for 1.5 hours and then check their PSIs. This would show that temp/duration (and not duration alone) is the only factor influencing the change in PSI from the initial PSI.
Gary, a great point. We expect a control football remaining at 24 degrees C would have seen no change in pressure. We did allow the footballs to remain at room temperature after the test for a few hours and then measured the pressure again. As expected the pressure increased and came back within 0.1 psi of the original values, they were both lower by 0.1 psi. You might ask, why were they a little lower and that would be a good question! The test done in the chamber was at 24 degrees C, our office temperature was about 22 to 23 degrees C. So again, the small change in temperature had an impact on the pressure! I should also note I don't think we fully got down to 10 degree C in our test, if we had let the footballs soak a little longer I believe the pressure would have come down a little more.
Hi Mide Tech, Wonderful video and clearly stated experimental parameters. During the thermal imaging at 10C (thermal chamber after 90 minutes) the FLIR imager stated 14.2C and not 10C. Was that caused by a distance dependence on your FLIR imager? A miscalibrated thermal chamber? A miscalibrated FLIR? or any number of other factors? The thermal imaging of the scuffed ball is awesome. Do I need permission to share this video in a classroom setting? I am teaching physical chemistry and going over equations of state and the ideal gas law. Thanks
Abraham Wolcott That is a great question, it is possible that the thermal camera was picking up some reflections or having difficulty adjusting leading to a higher/inaccurate reading. Thermal cameras have issues with highly reflective materials like the steel walls of the chamber. However, we think the higher reading of the ball itself was more due to the amount of time the ball was in the chamber. We found that more than 90 minutes was needed to get the air within the ball down to 10 C, air is a great insulator! We chose 90 minutes because we thought this was a reasonable assumption for the amount of time from when the balls were in a warm condition to a cooler condition during the game. Our thermal chamber is calibrated annually and was within calibration during this test. We also have redundant calibrated temperature sensors measuring the air temperature within the chamber. We are very confident that the temperature of the air within the chamber (not the football!) was at 10 C during the test. Of course you can share the video with your students, we would love that! We did a quick article on the ideal gas low and its impact, link below if you are interested. www.mide.com/deflategate-how-temperature-can-influence-pressure-psi.php
Abraham Wolcott It could possibly just be fact that only inside chamber was 10c but right outside of it is/was prob 24c and door of chamber was open for a min or so b4 he checked with the FLIR and the temp was actually fluctuating and was down to 13.2 at its lowest b4 he grabbed balls so it may have just been the outside temp influence as well as fact he never really held FLIR perfect steady for long enough just a thought
Thank god someone did this. I calculated this a long time ago and was laughed at.P2=[(P1)*(V1)*(T2)] / (T1)*(V2)I assumed the volume of the football to be V1 = 0.15 cubic feet in volumeI assumed local atmospheric pressure to be 14.73 psiAlso, the ball is not a rigid container. So, there is a small error there. I assumed V1=V2T1 = 75 Deg F (Assumed Locker Room Temp)T2 = 40 Deg F (Assumed Field Temp)P1 = 12.50 psigP2 = 10.72 psig (Calculated)
Just check out the 60 Mins. Tv show about deflate gate. The ref used 2 different pressure gauges to check footballs and didn’t remember which one was used, his regulation one or his personally owned one!
Great video, and shows why the Colt balls were roughly 1 psi under 13.5 psi....but still doesn't answer how some NE balls were around the -2 psi mark...
Just when you thought #Deflategate had blown away, watch as our VP of Engineering (Chris Ludlow) demonstrates how temperature can influence pressure (measured in psi) of an official NFL football - with a real-world comparison. ruclips.net/video/gkKlr7YOlig/видео.html You can also find out more about this, and the #IdealGasLaw by visiting our web page: goo.gl/sfKxp7
Science proves Tom cheated. Many balls were 50-100% more deflated than what should be expected given the ideal gas law. That would be like saying you can prove without a shadow of a doubt that you didn't siphon gas from my car because I drove my car after you were accused of siphoning the gas. Then you really sound like an idiot when you say the tank was full and I burned up 1/2 a tank worth of fuel driving and present 1/4 of a tank remaining as your evidence as you giddily prance around shouting I proved it because of the "cars burn gas while driving law."
This is a good example of why it is necessary to add air pressure to your car tires in the winter...other wise, your car tires are under inflated (not safe). For car tires you are better off (safer) to be 5 lbs over inflated vs 5 lbs under inflated. Remember, as the temperature goes down...the air pressure inside a closed container always goes down. I have no bias one way or the other...and I have not watched a football game in the last 40+ years. The 1974 football strike ended my obsession with NHL football! I felt betrayed by the players strike and that ended my obsession with football. As a kid I sold Coke & Hot Dogs as a means to be able to see the Denver Broncos games in person. I was devastated by the strike. Good by Football after that.
if this is right Mide, and you look at the official chart of the 11 balls and the psi readings at halftime.....this explains everything....why isn't the nfl taking the science seriously what so ever......after seeing this and if i was investigating the case...I would through the whole stupid case out.....you know why this got so big...because of that espn reporter who released the first report on the scandal on saying all the balls were 2 psi dropped under regulation at the beginning....which was false.....only one ball was at 10.95.....the rest were in the 11 psi region......i am using the favourable readings from the referee out of the 2 that showed the favourable numbers,,,,even the other ref readings weren't near any 2.0 psi drop...in his gauge readings....5 of the 11 balls all read in the high 10 psi region the rest in the 11psi region......this has become worse than the salem witchhunt.
paranormalfrank We agree, the pressure readings are easily explained by the environment influence and the measurement process (or lack thereof!) used by the NFL.
I'm assuming the removal of the pressure gauge needle *psst* is negligible? Because technically speaking, that is going in the direction of a loss of pressure.
I like Tom and want him to do well but he did cheat a tiny bit. Text messages, coversations, videos of balls going into bathroom and him destroying his cell phone are hard to ignore. Science proves Tom cheated. Many balls were 50-100% more deflated than what should be expected given the ideal gas law. That would be like saying you can prove without a shadow of a doubt that you didn't siphon gas from my car because I drove my car after you were accused of siphoning the gas. Then you really sound like an idiot when you say the tank was full and I burned up 1/2 a tank worth of fuel driving and present 1/4 of a tank remaining as your evidence as you giddily prance around shouting I proved it because of the "cars burn gas while driving law."
Andy Council I hate to Inform you, but the info you provided is incredibly skewed. Text messages were completely out of context (proven in court documents), the guy who took them into the restroom was in the restroom long enough to use it, (you can’t properly deflate 11 balls in that amount of time), he’s destroyed every cellphone he’s ever owned( they used his destroyed cellphone as proof of guilt because the HAD NO PROOF. The truth is, after Tom gave them ALL of his phone data. texts/calls/documents and they told Tom he did not have to turn his phone over, he did not, and then they used it against him. When there is no rule about requiring players to hand over his phone regardless of if there is an investigation going on (there was also no punishment in the history of the nfl for “failing to cooperate” with an investigation. Judge Berman overturned Goodells suspension do to lack of evidence and a totally unfair investigation/ judiciary process. The ONLY reason THAT decision was overturned was because the CBA grants goodell the authority to issue punishment to players, coaches, and owners, regardless of proof or evidence. Every lawyer and judge who viewed the case knows the NFL was unjust and dishonest with how they went about all of this. Goodell was proven to have lied multiple times between the court hearings. Do more unbiased research before you come to your BS conclusions about someone “cheating”. Nearly every football on that field was under-inflated that day. He did not cheat. Go read the court documents (actually read them) and tell me you still believe Tom cheated. I’ll wait.
Good Job Chris. To better understand the rubbing phase of pregame preparation, you might want to check out this ESPN Clip: espn.go.com/video/clip?id=12221498 If this is the "rubbing process" that Belichick said goes on right up to when the footballs are given to the NFL game officials, then it is likely that friction would have significantly raised the ball temperature at the time of initial testing. Another factor worth considering is the effect of evaporation from wet footballs in windy conditions. Intermittently the balls were thrown spinning through the air at over 60mph. Would this further drop their surface temperature, air temperature inside and also the pressure? Finally, the air was relatively moist that night, and moist air is predicted to have a greater drop in pressure than that presumed by the ideal gas law.
Austin Hill In our experiment we specifically chose to have two different balls with about a 1 psi difference in their initial pressure. For the Patriots, they had a similar situation where the balls were all at different pressures. There are many factors that play into the fact that the balls dropped in pressure. One of the biggest is that the referees used two different pressure gages, one of which was 0.4 psi different from the other. That explains why some footballs may have "dropped" more pressure than others. If the ball was 12.5psi on one gage, dropped 1 psi due to environmental factors and then measured with other gage it would read 11.1 psi. The NFL in our opinion was very slopped with their measurement process. It is very important to use accurate and calibrated test equipment! Thanks for the comment.
Mide Technology I was actually wondering about the variance in pressure according to a single gauge when the balls were reported to all have the same pressure. There was nearly 2 psi in variance on one gauge between the balls.
+Austin Hill The Patriots balls were measured one at a time as they were warming up in the locker room so the first ones were low and the later ones were a higher. The Colts balls were tested so late they could only test 4 of them so they had warmed up the most. The difference in calibration between the 2 gages used averaged .38 psi.
+Austin Hill there was never a 2 psi variance. They had no recorded starting numbers so they said all were 12.5 as a collective. So then we have to use same system and average all readings and we get 11.3 which fits within ideal gas law. Colts balls ( only 4) measured less drop but were not wet and measured near end of halftime giving them better acclimation to room temp.
Hi Mark! The engineer, Chris, who performed the experiment believes he used this gauge, www.keyence.com/products/process/pressure/gp-m/models/gp-m001/, but because it was some time ago he is not 100% certain. I hope this helps!
sam adams Science proves Tom cheated. Many balls were 50-100% more deflated than what should be expected given the ideal gas law. That would be like saying you can prove without a shadow of a doubt that you didn't siphon gas from my car because I drove my car after you were accused of siphoning the gas. Then you really sound like an idiot when you say the tank was full and I burned up 1/2 a tank worth of fuel driving and present 1/4 of a tank remaining as your evidence as you giddily prance around shouting I proved it because of the "cars burn gas while driving law."
Andy Council if Tom Brady really cheated then why were 3 out of 4 colts balls deflated the same exact game? Also you are a fucking idiot if you didn’t know yet.
@@andycouncil5470 mate lying doesnt help your case. the AVERAGE pressure of the balls were 11.4 (.1 PSI difference from this experiment) so making facts up "most of the balls" were at 10.5 PSI is a straight up lie.i nfact only 1 out of the 10 balls were below 11.0 psi. so its you who sounds like an idiot because you made up facts to support your argument and you got caught.you analogy would be nice if what happened actually supported you.
@@andycouncil5470 Only 3 footballs were under the ideal gas law prediction, probably because it was raining and the football absorbs some of the water, causing the leather to stretch and decrease the pressure.
Every SCUBAdriver knows about a hot fill. When you compress air it heats up and if you fill a tank with that hot air by the time it reaches room temperature instead of getting the 3000 pounds that you paid for you get something a lot less. At sea level air pressure is 14.7 psi. So if you take a deflated ball and another 14 pounds of psi to it (Relative to atmospheric pressure of 14.7). Do you have essentially doubled its temperature from the room you filled in. So the ball would have seen even a greater drop in temperature after resting. This assumes you filled it from the compressor or a hand pump. But If the ball was filled from a compressed tank of air that had been allowed to go to room temperature the ball would’ve been colder that the air in the tank due to the air in the tans going to a state of lower pressure in the ball. In this cast the ball would’ve actually gained temperature and pressure. The problem is trying to explain this to people. The more Brady would’ve tried, the more he would look like he was covering something up. So it was a no-win situation for him. Thank you for doing part of the temperature test. Too bad you’ll never convince the haters.
The NFL might be smarter than to just measure PSI of the ball without taking temperature change into account (big if there), I don't know the source of this quote but someone from patspulpit.com (great site if you are a pats fan) said the measurement is as follows: Pressure at start * Temperature at end = Temperature at start * Pressure at end (using absolute pressure, not gauge pressure, and convert degrees C to K) (link to the story: www.patspulpit.com/2015/1/20/7864155/deflategate-patriots-used-11-deflated-footballs-against-the-colts) In the above experiment, the ratio of the Pressure at start * Temperature at end = Temperature at start * Pressure at end as long as the ball didn't deflate to the point where it shrunk significantly, there are no large changes in the atmospheric pressure, and no air was let out of the ball (seems safe to assume those are all true). However, as reported from the article where that equation was quoted, the equation did not hold true meaning some air had been let out of the ball. If the claim is that because the ball lost some pressure, then obviously cold weather could do that. If the ball lost some air, then there is a story there. When I do the calculations, I get about 1% error from your results and when I take out 1 PSI due to letting some air out, I get about 3% error. Not exactly a smoking gun with temperature and pressure measurements. They likely did not measure the temperature of the ball when they took the second pressure reading anyway (it would been brought back inside a warmer environment and would have started to warm back up). Without a video of someone actually letting air out, you can't prove anything with just simple pressure measurements. Another consideration here, when using those FLIR IR temperature measuring devices, they are typically most accurate when measuring a flat black surface. The surface of the football is non-black and maybe has a slight amount of gloss (not much though). There is probably some error in your temperature measurement.
This was never about deflated footballs. It was about the NFL flexing their muscles and show their power. Brady was literally found innocent in court, but at the same time Brady along with all players agree to the CBA and in that contract it give the NFL total power over punishments. The Judges basically said “there is no evidence to suggest you deflated the balls but unfortunately you still need to serve the suspension because you agreed to give the NFL the power to suspend anyone for anything without needing any evidence. The NFL used this to set a precedent which was immediately used against Zeke the following season, Zeke was suspended for domestic abuse even though the police dropped the charges and said that there was no evidence against Zeke.
a deflated football is actually worse. deflated football by two PSI only add about 1 mm of grip and slows the balls speed down so what profit would it be to deflate a football for a qb?
The whole so called investigation has already been proven to be a biased farce from start to finish. Multiple scientists have weighed in and explained slight pressure loss during the game, and the head Ref who the checked the pressure of the balls did not even use the same devices to measure the balls. In fact, the NFL provided biased photos of the two meters he used and changed the position of the rulers next to each meter to try to make the needle lengths look similar in length to each other. A complete scam of an investigation, and there is no meaningful evidence that there was any conspiracy to deflate footballs. The crybaby whiners will always whine abiut it. That is what losers do. FYI , in the very same "Wells report" used by the NFL it was also shown that multiple balls the Colts were using that game were below the supposed league minimum, but no mention of it or meaningful investigation of it by the Commissioner. Guess why??? LOL
WHAT? You've obviously never worn a helmet, not one for football anyway. Soft footballs throw like lame ducks, hard footballs throw nice tight spirals, got news for ya, soft footballs may have an easier impact on the hands but are far from easier to catch. And even if it were true, who's going to cheat to make things easier on teammates and more difficult for themselves? Clue in!
The great thing about science is that you dont have to show infrared to prove to people that you are not cheating. If you give a detailed method of how you do it, people can do it themselves and get the same numbers you do!
11.5 PSI ... but several of the Patriots balls measured below this. You should have done another scenario where you inflate the ball to what was measured (some Patriots footballs were under 11.0 PSI) at 10C and then heated it up to room temperature to see what pressure that gives you. Second, the friction can add heat to the surface, but not the inside. Why was a pressure reading not obtained after rubbing the football?
Hey guys, spoiler alert. Bill Nye is "the science guy", rather than scientist, for a reason. Mainly not having a science based background. Unless we are going to say mechanical engineering falls under this umbrella.
Sheldon, I like Tom and want him to do well but he did cheat a tiny bit. Text messages, coversations, videos of balls going into bathroom and him destroying his cell phone are hard to ignore. Science proves Tom cheated. Many balls were 50-100% more deflated than what should be expected given the ideal gas law. That would be like saying you can prove without a shadow of a doubt that you didn't siphon gas from my car because I drove my car after you were accused of siphoning the gas. Then you really sound like an idiot when you say the tank was full and I burned up 1/2 a tank worth of fuel driving and present 1/4 of a tank remaining as your evidence as you giddily prance around shouting I proved it because of the "cars burn gas while driving law."
Amwesome - check out espn.go.com/video/clip?id=12221498&ex_cid=espnFB from 2006 which shows the packers' ball guys buffing the balls pre-game with electric sanders would love to see an IR camera shot of those balls and see the preassure change as they cool to room temp. This type of mechanical energy is exactly what Belichick was describing as "preparation" (although in his typical secretive way)
Adam, great video and thanks for sharing. Clearly, the rotary sander devices they are using to work the balls in is similar to the types of friction forces we put into the footballs in the video. Also of importance is that they mentioned that this working in of the balls was happening 15 minutes before submitting them to the referee's. That is enough time for the added thermal loads to begin warming the air within the footballs but not too much time that they would cool back down to room temperature.
You should try repeating this experiment, only try to increase the pressure inside the ball from rubbing the ball. Increasing the surface temperature of the ball in one spot will not translate into increasing the temperature of the air inside the ball. See what it takes to actually increase the pressure in the ball from rubbing. I am doubtful due to the thermal impedance of the material the football is made out of would actually heat much of the air inside the ball very efficiently. The video from 2006 showing the Packers prepping their footballs, to me, does not look like it would do much to the temperature of the surface of the ball and even less to the temperature of the air inside the ball.
Eric, we agree increasing the temperature in one spot will not heat air within the ball up substantially. The point of that test was to show how only a little bit of friction could add thermal loads. Videos such as this one espn.go.com/video/clip?id=12221498&ex_cid=espnFB show how teams use power tools to rough the balls up. We have heard of some teams using belt driven systems, these types of approaches would heat up the exterior of the football substantially. If the balls are subjected to enough friction for a long enough amount of time, the air inside would increase in temperature. Your point about the thermal resistance of the leather/rubber is a good one, that will impact how long it will take for the friction thermal loads to impact the internal air temperature, but if the thermal loads are there for long enough they will heat the air within the football. It is those same materials which transfer the thermal energy from the environment (a test chamber in our experiment) to the air within the football.
Thanks for your reply! I am more or less curious to see what it takes to actually raise the internal temperature/pressure of the ball from rubbing. Does it take 5 minutes or 50 from rigorous polishing or light polishing?
eric beaty Eric, maybe we'll run another test to find out, if so I'll post the results. We think the most amount of time the balls would be scuffed up for would be 5 minutes. But after that you would have to let the ball sit there for a little while (like it would during transportation to the referees) to allow the thermal energy to "sink" into the air within. Only a few degrees change in the air will have an impact.
+eric beaty Rubbing is not a factor because the balls are prepared the week before the game and not rubbed during the game nor would it be possible to maintain a higher temperature long enough to test. If the 12.5 psi ball had been kept wet for 2 1/2 hours during this test (the Patriots balls were not protected) they would have tested closer to 11.3 psi.
Of course, you didn't use your fancy temperature controlled ovens to reheat the balls to the seventy degree environment in which they were measured at the game (which was in the locker room after they had had time to again reach 70 degrees F). Oops....Silly engineer! LOL
the originnone The Pats footballs were measured right on halftime...it didn't have time to heat in the locker room...hence the way he demonstrated....the Colts footballs were taken into the locker room at halftime and were measured before the 2nd half started, hence only 4 footballs PSI were measured....this experiment is mainly about the Pats footballs....
I don't get it. why would the Patriots want more air in their footballs. wouldn't that make it harder to catch? I remember trying to catch a hard football it hurts your hands and is hard to catch.
What about the 12th ball? Noone is debating that it happens and if EVERY ball had changed it would be a non issue. Its an issue because there was a 12th that read the same as it should. And if there was no intent then why did he smash those cell phones? Theres a thing called common sense, and the totality of circumstances most people have. Apparently its not as common in Boston. Just sayin
Problem is you can't just use the mean PSI for the footballs to fit your agenda. If he cheated on 1 football...he cheated. The mean PSI means nothing. He had footballs well below the projected 11.5 PSI that margin for error doesn't fit within that realm. Combine that with the texts from over a year showing that McNally and Jastremski discussed deflating footballs per Brady's request for payment and then video showing McNally sneaking off into the bathroom with the footballs which breaks protocol, the evidence is pretty clear that he cheated. And that's not even considering that he destroyed his cell phone for no apparent reason. I don't like Goodell as much as the next person and their way of staking out Brady to catch him was shoddy work. But, the Ideal Gas Law only explains the mean PSI which really doesn't matter.
Problem is that a deflated football is actually slower and doesnt even help the qb at all, the grip is only changed by 1mm after two pounds of air loss and the ball speed is reduced so what would the benefit be of intentionally deflating a football?
The claim is that the deflated football will help prevent fumbles. I don't know how accurate that is, but Warren Sharp's statistical analysis backed by Brian Burke's analysis showed a major anomaly in the Patriots fumbles per play, starting right about when the league changed the rule to allow teams to prepare footballs (which was led by two players, Peyton Manning and....Tom Brady). Even still, you could very well be correct. But, it doesn't mean that Brady didn't cheat. Plenty of cheaters and criminals have broken the rules/laws and later have found out that it was no benefit to them to do so. It should also be noted that Belichick wrote the foreword to the book Football Physics, which discussed many things such as how changing the properties of the football can affect his aerodynamics. And that's still all speculation. But the problem with all of these scientists backing up Brady (and almost all of them are from New England and/or are self professed Pats fans) is that you can't use the mean PSI to prove your point. The footballs measuring well below that PSI with the margin for error are all that matter. And I could go into the fact that the scientists don't even know what the footballs were measured at when McNally got ahold of them. They just know that they were in the range of 12.5 - 13.5 PSI. They just make the assumption that they 'had to be at 12.5 PSI because that's how Tom likes 'em' w/o any proof. Thus, the highest PSI football measured at 11.85 may have started at 13.5 PSI and that football would have deflated below that projected measurement using the Ideal Gas Law. So, combine the 4 footballs that were well below the 11.5 PSI with the margin for error, the texts showing McNally and Jastremski discussing deflating footballs for over a year per Brady's request and getting paid by Brady to do so and the video of McNally sneaking off to the bathroom with the footballs which was against protocol and Brady destroying his cell phone for no reason, it's really an open and shut case. And I don't like Roger Goodell as much as the next person and I think the investigation was poorly done. But, still can't deny the fact that if he cheated on 1 football...he cheated. And he did exactly that (well, 4 footballs that we can prove).
@@richiehunt5097 No one cares, he would have beaten that team with a watermelon. Even if you were correct, unlikely. It doesn't matter in the grand scheme of things, they won 3 more championships after the fact. No one gives a fuck besides silly and sad football fans who wish their team were as good.
@@pundaint3177 Just because somebody does a bad job of cheating, doesn't mean they didn't cheat. I don't imagine McNally and Jastremski to be these brilliant masterminds. For McNally and Jastremski, they just have to make it appear to Brady that they deflated the footballs and then they get their reward. So based on the video evidence of McNally going into the bathroom, my feeling is that he didn't deflate every ball. And remember, he can't badly over-defate a football or the cheating will be exposed. So he took off what he could in a few footballs. But again, there are a few footballs that go beyond the Ideal Gas Law. Combine that with the video of McNally breaking protocol and going into the bathroom with the balls (which was just odd to begin with) and the texts between McNally and Jastremski talking about previous incidents of deflating footballs for payment from 'Tom'...it is what it is. Doing test trials with one football that may or may not have been at the PSI that the other footballs were at and using the average football PSI doesn't change that.
The NFL never released PSIs from this past season because they know they got it wrong.
They still have to do a PSI check, and it’s much stricter now .
All you have to do is drive a car with tire pressure sensors. Cold weather makes them alarm all the time if they were initially filled in the warm weather.
Thats dumb a car has constant weight on the tires
What? That's not true I'm a mechanic I've never seen that happen once. I've inflated thousands of tires in a warm shop and then taken them outside the warm shop to the freezing temperature of a Canadian winter. Never seen the light come on because of that. That could be easily a 70 degree F change or 40 degree C from inside to outside.
Forget the sensors, You can see with your own eyes when a tire looks like it needs air coming from the warm city and then driving through snow.
@@fuckjewtube69 As temperature of the air changes the, density of the air changes which accounts for the loss in psi. This is why some places use nitrogen to fill tires being that it holds temps better.
I can definitely confirm I'll have all my tires at 40lb on the money and if my car is parked where only my passenger side is facing the sun those will stay like 38 whilst the side in the shade will go to 35ish but then at dawn they'll all be back to 38 and this reading from 40 to 38 happened due to a 40 degree temp drop
Great video man thanks for taking the time. Educate yourself haters!!
TB12 GOAT
James Sweezey Thanks, it was fun to put the video together. Hopefully the next few generations of New England kids will do much better on their ideal gas law quiz!
When the NFL rule was changed so each team got to modify and use their own game balls, the ball pressure rule should have been dropped.
Anyway, a ball pressure rule is unenforceable unless the balls are measured OUTSIDE before the game and at half-time with the same gage and the Allowable Pressure range is adjusted up or down for any temperature change during the first half (0.0513 psi per degree F) minus a small drop in pressure for wetness (0.2 +/- psi).
All we really need to know about this controversy is that the intercepted Patriots ball was tested on the field by NFL reps at the request of the Colts and found to be more than a pound below the Minimum Allowable Pressure (12.5 psi). But if they had adjusted the Minimum Allowable Pressure for a 23 degree temperature drop and rain (12.5 - 1.18 - .2 = 11.12 psi) they would have discovered that the intercepted ball was in compliance with NFL rules and taken no action. But instead, they called for a test of all of the Patriots balls at halftime by referees who had never done that before and for which there was no protocol.
The impromptu testing of cold balls as they slowly warmed up in a locker room resulted in random and unreliable data that was nevertheless used to accuse the Patriots of a serious rule infraction causing enormous loss and harm to many innocent people and creating a sports controversy that will probably never be put to rest.
But the saddest part, if you care about football, is that the entire episode looks like a trap planned and sprung by embittered competitors.
John David: You have posted a very good and prescient comment.Your last two paragraphs can be added to by saying,after Super Bowl LI,the trap went spectacularly wrong after an extra motivatedTB steered the Pats to victory....and a visibly embarrassed Goodell handed the trophy to Mr Kraft.What the NFL thinks about air pressure in balls is clear in that no action,none at all,was taken against other teams who have subsequently had underinflated footballs.
The experiment is inaccurate. You're actually supposed to use a crappy $5 PSI measuring instrument to check the balls before they cool down and then another crappy $4 PSI measuring instrument to check the balls after. Then you have to forget which one you used. That's what the refs did and that's what you should have done to improve accuracy.
I'm here after the goat has won the Superbowl here in tampa
Also the one HUGE difference is that the Patriots balls were measured at the beginning of half time and the Colts balls were measured at the end of the half after sitting in a warm room for 17 minutes. The Refs were only able to measure 4 colts balls out of 12 because the half was ending and they needed to get back on the field. Most of these experiments that I have seen never talk about this. There is more info in the AEI report that went up recently.
Randall Johnson A very good point!
Randall Johnson A very good point, there are MANY factors that will influence the pressure of a given ball and impact the temperature of the air within the ball. Time is one of those factors.
Nice demonstration Chris!
Water vapor pressure of water affects ball pressure quite a lot too especially if the balls were inflated in the steam room. This will create even more of a pressure difference.
The same thing happens to my outside basketball i go outside its hot i go out at night its flatter than the kim k before surgery
Stephen Rikey nah she had a nice body before the surgery...
You’re dumb to think the ideal gas law would make your basketball that deflated.
A better analogy is your car tires, in the fall when it gets cooler your tire pressure indicator will light up knowing you didn’t drive over nails or something.
Can someone tell me what the final score of that deflate gate game was again. It was close and came down to the very end right?
48 - 7 not even close, the Patriots could've play with a rock and still won
Does there also need to be a control? Would introducing two additional footballs, initially inflated to 12.5 and 13.5. These footballs would remain at 74F for 1.5 hours and then check their PSIs. This would show that temp/duration (and not duration alone) is the only factor influencing the change in PSI from the initial PSI.
Gary, a great point. We expect a control football remaining at 24 degrees C would have seen no change in pressure. We did allow the footballs to remain at room temperature after the test for a few hours and then measured the pressure again. As expected the pressure increased and came back within 0.1 psi of the original values, they were both lower by 0.1 psi. You might ask, why were they a little lower and that would be a good question! The test done in the chamber was at 24 degrees C, our office temperature was about 22 to 23 degrees C. So again, the small change in temperature had an impact on the pressure! I should also note I don't think we fully got down to 10 degree C in our test, if we had let the footballs soak a little longer I believe the pressure would have come down a little more.
Mide Technology Brilliant! Forgot to mention, a very well-presented experiment.
Hi Mide Tech,
Wonderful video and clearly stated experimental parameters.
During the thermal imaging at 10C (thermal chamber after 90 minutes) the FLIR imager stated 14.2C and not 10C.
Was that caused by a distance dependence on your FLIR imager? A miscalibrated thermal chamber? A miscalibrated FLIR? or any number of other factors?
The thermal imaging of the scuffed ball is awesome.
Do I need permission to share this video in a classroom setting? I am teaching physical chemistry and going over equations of state and the ideal gas law.
Thanks
Abraham Wolcott That is a great question, it is possible that the thermal camera was picking up some reflections or having difficulty adjusting leading to a higher/inaccurate reading. Thermal cameras have issues with highly reflective materials like the steel walls of the chamber. However, we think the higher reading of the ball itself was more due to the amount of time the ball was in the chamber. We found that more than 90 minutes was needed to get the air within the ball down to 10 C, air is a great insulator! We chose 90 minutes because we thought this was a reasonable assumption for the amount of time from when the balls were in a warm condition to a cooler condition during the game. Our thermal chamber is calibrated annually and was within calibration during this test. We also have redundant calibrated temperature sensors measuring the air temperature within the chamber. We are very confident that the temperature of the air within the chamber (not the football!) was at 10 C during the test.
Of course you can share the video with your students, we would love that! We did a quick article on the ideal gas low and its impact, link below if you are interested.
www.mide.com/deflategate-how-temperature-can-influence-pressure-psi.php
Abraham Wolcott It could possibly just be fact that only inside chamber was 10c but right outside of it is/was prob 24c and door of chamber was open for a min or so b4 he checked with the FLIR and the temp was actually fluctuating and was down to 13.2 at its lowest b4 he grabbed balls so it may have just been the outside temp influence as well as fact he never really held FLIR perfect steady for long enough just a thought
Thank god someone did this. I calculated this a long time ago and was laughed at.P2=[(P1)*(V1)*(T2)] / (T1)*(V2)I assumed the volume of the football to be V1 = 0.15 cubic feet in volumeI assumed local atmospheric pressure to be 14.73 psiAlso, the ball is not a rigid container. So, there is a small error there. I assumed V1=V2T1 = 75 Deg F (Assumed Locker Room Temp)T2 = 40 Deg F (Assumed Field Temp)P1 = 12.50 psigP2 = 10.72 psig (Calculated)
Just check out the 60 Mins. Tv show about deflate gate. The ref used 2 different pressure gauges to check footballs and didn’t remember which one was used, his regulation one or his personally owned one!
Great video, and shows why the Colt balls were roughly 1 psi under 13.5 psi....but still doesn't answer how some NE balls were around the -2 psi mark...
That was false
I thought it was colder in the game...like 40ish?
Just when you thought #Deflategate had blown away, watch as our VP of Engineering (Chris Ludlow) demonstrates how temperature can influence pressure (measured in psi) of an official NFL football - with a real-world comparison.
ruclips.net/video/gkKlr7YOlig/видео.html
You can also find out more about this, and the #IdealGasLaw by visiting our web page: goo.gl/sfKxp7
how does temperature affect Brady's destroyed cell phone? How does temperature affect secretly recording the opposing sidelines?
This entire controversial can be easily refuted by a simple ideal gas law equation.
Science proves Tom cheated. Many balls were 50-100% more deflated than what should be expected given the ideal gas law. That would be like saying you can prove without a shadow of a doubt that you didn't siphon gas from my car because I drove my car after you were accused of siphoning the gas. Then you really sound like an idiot when you say the tank was full and I burned up 1/2 a tank worth of fuel driving and present 1/4 of a tank remaining as your evidence as you giddily prance around shouting I proved it because of the "cars burn gas while driving law."
This is a good example of why it is necessary to add air pressure to your car tires in the winter...other wise, your car tires are under inflated (not safe). For car tires you are better off (safer) to be 5 lbs over inflated vs 5 lbs under inflated. Remember, as the temperature goes down...the air pressure inside a closed container always goes down.
I have no bias one way or the other...and I have not watched a football game in the last 40+ years. The 1974 football strike ended my obsession with NHL football! I felt betrayed by the players strike and that ended my obsession with football. As a kid I sold Coke & Hot Dogs as a means to be able to see the Denver Broncos games in person. I was devastated by the strike. Good by Football after that.
if this is right Mide, and you look at the official chart of the 11 balls and the psi readings at halftime.....this explains everything....why isn't the nfl taking the science seriously what so ever......after seeing this and if i was investigating the case...I would through the whole stupid case out.....you know why this got so big...because of that espn reporter who released the first report on the scandal on saying all the balls were 2 psi dropped under regulation at the beginning....which was false.....only one ball was at 10.95.....the rest were in the 11 psi region......i am using the favourable readings from the referee out of the 2 that showed the favourable numbers,,,,even the other ref readings weren't near any 2.0 psi drop...in his gauge readings....5 of the 11 balls all read in the high 10 psi region the rest in the 11psi region......this has become worse than the salem witchhunt.
paranormalfrank We agree, the pressure readings are easily explained by the environment influence and the measurement process (or lack thereof!) used by the NFL.
I'm assuming the removal of the pressure gauge needle *psst* is negligible? Because technically speaking, that is going in the direction of a loss of pressure.
Just saw the rest of the video, seems legit.
it was never about the cheating and footballs being "deflated", its about haters and crybabies complaining!
I like Tom and want him to do well but he did cheat a tiny bit. Text messages, coversations, videos of balls going into bathroom and him destroying his cell phone are hard to ignore. Science proves Tom cheated. Many balls were 50-100% more deflated than what should be expected given the ideal gas law. That would be like saying you can prove without a shadow of a doubt that you didn't siphon gas from my car because I drove my car after you were accused of siphoning the gas. Then you really sound like an idiot when you say the tank was full and I burned up 1/2 a tank worth of fuel driving and present 1/4 of a tank remaining as your evidence as you giddily prance around shouting I proved it because of the "cars burn gas while driving law."
Andy Council I hate to Inform you, but the info you provided is incredibly skewed. Text messages were completely out of context (proven in court documents), the guy who took them into the restroom was in the restroom long enough to use it, (you can’t properly deflate 11 balls in that amount of time), he’s destroyed every cellphone he’s ever owned( they used his destroyed cellphone as proof of guilt because the HAD NO PROOF. The truth is, after Tom gave them ALL of his phone data. texts/calls/documents and they told Tom he did not have to turn his phone over, he did not, and then they used it against him. When there is no rule about requiring players to hand over his phone regardless of if there is an investigation going on (there was also no punishment in the history of the nfl for “failing to cooperate” with an investigation. Judge Berman overturned Goodells suspension do to lack of evidence and a totally unfair investigation/ judiciary process. The ONLY reason THAT decision was overturned was because the CBA grants goodell the authority to issue punishment to players, coaches, and owners, regardless of proof or evidence. Every lawyer and judge who viewed the case knows the NFL was unjust and dishonest with how they went about all of this. Goodell was proven to have lied multiple times between the court hearings. Do more unbiased research before you come to your BS conclusions about someone “cheating”. Nearly every football on that field was under-inflated that day. He did not cheat. Go read the court documents (actually read them) and tell me you still believe Tom cheated. I’ll wait.
@@johnshook3341 maybe not all balls were not deflated... lol you thought ALL the balls were deflated?
@@johnshook3341 Hi Patriots fan, how does it feel knowing now you don’t have Brady anymore?
Good Job Chris.
To better understand the rubbing phase of pregame preparation, you might want to check out this ESPN Clip:
espn.go.com/video/clip?id=12221498
If this is the "rubbing process" that Belichick said goes on right up to when the footballs are given to the NFL game officials, then it is likely that friction would have significantly raised the ball temperature at the time of initial testing.
Another factor worth considering is the effect of evaporation from wet footballs in windy conditions. Intermittently the balls were thrown spinning through the air at over 60mph. Would this further drop their surface temperature, air temperature inside and also the pressure?
Finally, the air was relatively moist that night, and moist air is predicted to have a greater drop in pressure than that presumed by the ideal gas law.
Thank you for that
What do you think about the wide variance in measurements from ball to ball?
Austin Hill In our experiment we specifically chose to have two different balls with about a 1 psi difference in their initial pressure. For the Patriots, they had a similar situation where the balls were all at different pressures. There are many factors that play into the fact that the balls dropped in pressure. One of the biggest is that the referees used two different pressure gages, one of which was 0.4 psi different from the other. That explains why some footballs may have "dropped" more pressure than others. If the ball was 12.5psi on one gage, dropped 1 psi due to environmental factors and then measured with other gage it would read 11.1 psi. The NFL in our opinion was very slopped with their measurement process. It is very important to use accurate and calibrated test equipment! Thanks for the comment.
Mide Technology
I was actually wondering about the variance in pressure according to a single gauge when the balls were reported to all have the same pressure. There was nearly 2 psi in variance on one gauge between the balls.
+Austin Hill
The Patriots balls were measured one at a time as they were warming up in the locker room so the first ones were low and the later ones were a higher. The Colts balls were tested so late they could only test 4 of them so they had warmed up the most.
The difference in calibration between the 2 gages used averaged .38 psi.
+Austin Hill there was never a 2 psi variance. They had no recorded starting numbers so they said all were 12.5 as a collective. So then we have to use same system and average all readings and we get 11.3 which fits within ideal gas law. Colts balls ( only 4) measured less drop but were not wet and measured near end of halftime giving them better acclimation to room temp.
What are you using for a guage there?
Hi Mark! The engineer, Chris, who performed the experiment believes he used this gauge, www.keyence.com/products/process/pressure/gp-m/models/gp-m001/, but because it was some time ago he is not 100% certain. I hope this helps!
Someone needs to show this video to Bill Nye the fake scientist.
sam adams Science proves Tom cheated. Many balls were 50-100% more deflated than what should be expected given the ideal gas law. That would be like saying you can prove without a shadow of a doubt that you didn't siphon gas from my car because I drove my car after you were accused of siphoning the gas. Then you really sound like an idiot when you say the tank was full and I burned up 1/2 a tank worth of fuel driving and present 1/4 of a tank remaining as your evidence as you giddily prance around shouting I proved it because of the "cars burn gas while driving law."
Andy Council if Tom Brady really cheated then why were 3 out of 4 colts balls deflated the same exact game? Also you are a fucking idiot if you didn’t know yet.
@@andycouncil5470 mate lying doesnt help your case. the AVERAGE pressure of the balls were 11.4 (.1 PSI difference from this experiment) so making facts up "most of the balls" were at 10.5 PSI is a straight up lie.i nfact only 1 out of the 10 balls were below 11.0 psi.
so its you who sounds like an idiot because you made up facts to support your argument and you got caught.you analogy would be nice if what happened actually supported you.
@@andycouncil5470 Only 3 footballs were under the ideal gas law prediction, probably because it was raining and the football absorbs some of the water, causing the leather to stretch and decrease the pressure.
Tom Brady is typing....
Every SCUBAdriver knows about a hot fill. When you compress air it heats up and if you fill a tank with that hot air by the time it reaches room temperature instead of getting the 3000 pounds that you paid for you get something a lot less. At sea level air pressure is 14.7 psi. So if you take a deflated ball and another 14 pounds of psi to it (Relative to atmospheric pressure of 14.7). Do you have essentially doubled its temperature from the room you filled in. So the ball would have seen even a greater drop in temperature after resting.
This assumes you filled it from the compressor or a hand pump. But If the ball was filled from a compressed tank of air that had been allowed to go to room temperature the ball would’ve been colder that the air in the tank due to the air in the tans going to a state of lower pressure in the ball. In this cast the ball would’ve actually gained temperature and pressure.
The problem is trying to explain this to people. The more Brady would’ve tried, the more he would look like he was covering something up. So it was a no-win situation for him.
Thank you for doing part of the temperature test. Too bad you’ll never convince the haters.
The NFL might be smarter than to just measure PSI of the ball without taking temperature change into account (big if there), I don't know the source of this quote but someone from patspulpit.com (great site if you are a pats fan) said the measurement is as follows:
Pressure at start * Temperature at end = Temperature at start * Pressure at end (using absolute pressure, not gauge pressure, and convert degrees C to K)
(link to the story: www.patspulpit.com/2015/1/20/7864155/deflategate-patriots-used-11-deflated-footballs-against-the-colts)
In the above experiment, the ratio of the Pressure at start * Temperature at end = Temperature at start * Pressure at end as long as the ball didn't deflate to the point where it shrunk significantly, there are no large changes in the atmospheric pressure, and no air was let out of the ball (seems safe to assume those are all true). However, as reported from the article where that equation was quoted, the equation did not hold true meaning some air had been let out of the ball.
If the claim is that because the ball lost some pressure, then obviously cold weather could do that. If the ball lost some air, then there is a story there. When I do the calculations, I get about 1% error from your results and when I take out 1 PSI due to letting some air out, I get about 3% error. Not exactly a smoking gun with temperature and pressure measurements. They likely did not measure the temperature of the ball when they took the second pressure reading anyway (it would been brought back inside a warmer environment and would have started to warm back up). Without a video of someone actually letting air out, you can't prove anything with just simple pressure measurements.
Another consideration here, when using those FLIR IR temperature measuring devices, they are typically most accurate when measuring a flat black surface. The surface of the football is non-black and maybe has a slight amount of gloss (not much though). There is probably some error in your temperature measurement.
This was never about deflated footballs. It was about the NFL flexing their muscles and show their power. Brady was literally found innocent in court, but at the same time Brady along with all players agree to the CBA and in that contract it give the NFL total power over punishments. The Judges basically said “there is no evidence to suggest you deflated the balls but unfortunately you still need to serve the suspension because you agreed to give the NFL the power to suspend anyone for anything without needing any evidence. The NFL used this to set a precedent which was immediately used against Zeke the following season, Zeke was suspended for domestic abuse even though the police dropped the charges and said that there was no evidence against Zeke.
a deflated football is actually worse. deflated football by two PSI only add about 1 mm of grip and slows the balls speed down so what profit would it be to deflate a football for a qb?
Obviosly you never playef football, 1 psi is a huge difference for qb, wr and hb but keep telling yourself theres no diffrence
The whole so called investigation has already been proven to be a biased farce from start to finish. Multiple scientists have weighed in and explained slight pressure loss during the game, and the head Ref who the checked the pressure of the balls did not even use the same devices to measure the balls. In fact, the NFL provided biased photos of the two meters he used and changed the position of the rulers next to each meter to try to make the needle lengths look similar in length to each other. A complete scam of an investigation, and there is no meaningful evidence that there was any conspiracy to deflate footballs. The crybaby whiners will always whine abiut it. That is what losers do. FYI , in the very same "Wells report" used by the NFL it was also shown that multiple balls the Colts were using that game were below the supposed league minimum, but no mention of it or meaningful investigation of it by the Commissioner. Guess why??? LOL
WHAT? You've obviously never worn a helmet, not one for football anyway. Soft footballs throw like lame ducks, hard footballs throw nice tight spirals, got news for ya, soft footballs may have an easier impact on the hands but are far from easier to catch. And even if it were true, who's going to cheat to make things easier on teammates and more difficult for themselves? Clue in!
Imagine doing this
why is my science teacher making us do a project on this
The great thing about science is that you dont have to show infrared to prove to people that you are not cheating. If you give a detailed method of how you do it, people can do it themselves and get the same numbers you do!
Remember in a game the ball has more variables
11.5 PSI ... but several of the Patriots balls measured below this. You should have done another scenario where you inflate the ball to what was measured (some Patriots footballs were under 11.0 PSI) at 10C and then heated it up to room temperature to see what pressure that gives you.
Second, the friction can add heat to the surface, but not the inside. Why was a pressure reading not obtained after rubbing the football?
Hey guys, spoiler alert. Bill Nye is "the science guy", rather than scientist, for a reason. Mainly not having a science based background. Unless we are going to say mechanical engineering falls under this umbrella.
Now just add some ideal gas law math in and you’re all set!
Sheldon, I like Tom and want him to do well but he did cheat a tiny bit. Text messages, coversations, videos of balls going into bathroom and him destroying his cell phone are hard to ignore. Science proves Tom cheated. Many balls were 50-100% more deflated than what should be expected given the ideal gas law. That would be like saying you can prove without a shadow of a doubt that you didn't siphon gas from my car because I drove my car after you were accused of siphoning the gas. Then you really sound like an idiot when you say the tank was full and I burned up 1/2 a tank worth of fuel driving and present 1/4 of a tank remaining as your evidence as you giddily prance around shouting I proved it because of the "cars burn gas while driving law."
Amwesome - check out espn.go.com/video/clip?id=12221498&ex_cid=espnFB from 2006 which shows the packers' ball guys buffing the balls pre-game with electric sanders would love to see an IR camera shot of those balls and see the preassure change as they cool to room temp. This type of mechanical energy is exactly what Belichick was describing as "preparation" (although in his typical secretive way)
Adam, great video and thanks for sharing. Clearly, the rotary sander devices they are using to work the balls in is similar to the types of friction forces we put into the footballs in the video. Also of importance is that they mentioned that this working in of the balls was happening 15 minutes before submitting them to the referee's. That is enough time for the added thermal loads to begin warming the air within the footballs but not too much time that they would cool back down to room temperature.
So your telling me it was 10 degrees in the patriots locker room ummm I beg to differ
He said 10 degrees Celsius which would be 50 degrees Fahrenheit.
You should try repeating this experiment, only try to increase the pressure inside the ball from rubbing the ball. Increasing the surface temperature of the ball in one spot will not translate into increasing the temperature of the air inside the ball. See what it takes to actually increase the pressure in the ball from rubbing.
I am doubtful due to the thermal impedance of the material the football is made out of would actually heat much of the air inside the ball very efficiently. The video from 2006 showing the Packers prepping their footballs, to me, does not look like it would do much to the temperature of the surface of the ball and even less to the temperature of the air inside the ball.
Eric, we agree increasing the temperature in one spot will not heat air within the ball up substantially. The point of that test was to show how only a little bit of friction could add thermal loads. Videos such as this one espn.go.com/video/clip?id=12221498&ex_cid=espnFB show how teams use power tools to rough the balls up. We have heard of some teams using belt driven systems, these types of approaches would heat up the exterior of the football substantially. If the balls are subjected to enough friction for a long enough amount of time, the air inside would increase in temperature. Your point about the thermal resistance of the leather/rubber is a good one, that will impact how long it will take for the friction thermal loads to impact the internal air temperature, but if the thermal loads are there for long enough they will heat the air within the football. It is those same materials which transfer the thermal energy from the environment (a test chamber in our experiment) to the air within the football.
Thanks for your reply! I am more or less curious to see what it takes to actually raise the internal temperature/pressure of the ball from rubbing. Does it take 5 minutes or 50 from rigorous polishing or light polishing?
eric beaty Eric, maybe we'll run another test to find out, if so I'll post the results. We think the most amount of time the balls would be scuffed up for would be 5 minutes. But after that you would have to let the ball sit there for a little while (like it would during transportation to the referees) to allow the thermal energy to "sink" into the air within. Only a few degrees change in the air will have an impact.
+eric beaty Rubbing is not a factor because the balls are prepared the week before the game and not rubbed during the game nor would it be possible to maintain a higher temperature long enough to test. If the 12.5 psi ball had been kept wet for 2 1/2 hours during this test (the Patriots balls were not protected) they would have tested closer to 11.3 psi.
John David Great point!
Should let the offensive teams put any pressure they want. Get rid of the rule.
+j. pepper LOL UWOT M8
Where are all the haters? Ooooh, the facts don't support their wishful thinking, I see. :D
Well um I’m 10 and i have a tiny ball and i wasn’ looking at the pressure and i kept pumping to 80 PSI how dangerous is that?
❤️
Who cares, with or without deflated footballs, the outcome is the same. Add that to your equation.
So it seems the pressures both dropped by about 1 psi... they dropped evenly... i feel like this proves the balls were manually deflated? #2YrsLate
Of course, you didn't use your fancy temperature controlled ovens to reheat the balls to the seventy degree environment in which they were measured at the game (which was in the locker room after they had had time to again reach 70 degrees F). Oops....Silly engineer! LOL
the originnone The Pats footballs were measured right on halftime...it didn't have time to heat in the locker room...hence the way he demonstrated....the Colts footballs were taken into the locker room at halftime and were measured before the 2nd half started, hence only 4 footballs PSI were measured....this experiment is mainly about the Pats footballs....
I don't get it. why would the Patriots want more air in their footballs. wouldn't that make it harder to catch? I remember trying to catch a hard football it hurts your hands and is hard to catch.
What about the 12th ball? Noone is debating that it happens and if EVERY ball had changed it would be a non issue. Its an issue because there was a 12th that read the same as it should. And if there was no intent then why did he smash those cell phones? Theres a thing called common sense, and the totality of circumstances most people have. Apparently its not as common in Boston. Just sayin
Problem is you can't just use the mean PSI for the footballs to fit your agenda. If he cheated on 1 football...he cheated. The mean PSI means nothing. He had footballs well below the projected 11.5 PSI that margin for error doesn't fit within that realm. Combine that with the texts from over a year showing that McNally and Jastremski discussed deflating footballs per Brady's request for payment and then video showing McNally sneaking off into the bathroom with the footballs which breaks protocol, the evidence is pretty clear that he cheated. And that's not even considering that he destroyed his cell phone for no apparent reason.
I don't like Goodell as much as the next person and their way of staking out Brady to catch him was shoddy work. But, the Ideal Gas Law only explains the mean PSI which really doesn't matter.
Problem is that a deflated football is actually slower and doesnt even help the qb at all, the grip is only changed by 1mm after two pounds of air loss and the ball speed is reduced so what would the benefit be of intentionally deflating a football?
The claim is that the deflated football will help prevent fumbles. I don't know how accurate that is, but Warren Sharp's statistical analysis backed by Brian Burke's analysis showed a major anomaly in the Patriots fumbles per play, starting right about when the league changed the rule to allow teams to prepare footballs (which was led by two players, Peyton Manning and....Tom Brady).
Even still, you could very well be correct. But, it doesn't mean that Brady didn't cheat. Plenty of cheaters and criminals have broken the rules/laws and later have found out that it was no benefit to them to do so.
It should also be noted that Belichick wrote the foreword to the book Football Physics, which discussed many things such as how changing the properties of the football can affect his aerodynamics.
And that's still all speculation. But the problem with all of these scientists backing up Brady (and almost all of them are from New England and/or are self professed Pats fans) is that you can't use the mean PSI to prove your point. The footballs measuring well below that PSI with the margin for error are all that matter. And I could go into the fact that the scientists don't even know what the footballs were measured at when McNally got ahold of them. They just know that they were in the range of 12.5 - 13.5 PSI. They just make the assumption that they 'had to be at 12.5 PSI because that's how Tom likes 'em' w/o any proof. Thus, the highest PSI football measured at 11.85 may have started at 13.5 PSI and that football would have deflated below that projected measurement using the Ideal Gas Law.
So, combine the 4 footballs that were well below the 11.5 PSI with the margin for error, the texts showing McNally and Jastremski discussing deflating footballs for over a year per Brady's request and getting paid by Brady to do so and the video of McNally sneaking off to the bathroom with the footballs which was against protocol and Brady destroying his cell phone for no reason, it's really an open and shut case. And I don't like Roger Goodell as much as the next person and I think the investigation was poorly done. But, still can't deny the fact that if he cheated on 1 football...he cheated. And he did exactly that (well, 4 footballs that we can prove).
@@richiehunt5097 No one cares, he would have beaten that team with a watermelon. Even if you were correct, unlikely. It doesn't matter in the grand scheme of things, they won 3 more championships after the fact. No one gives a fuck besides silly and sad football fans who wish their team were as good.
So you imagine the only under-inflated one or two balls out of 12 to gain an advantage? Is that how you would do it?
@@pundaint3177 Just because somebody does a bad job of cheating, doesn't mean they didn't cheat. I don't imagine McNally and Jastremski to be these brilliant masterminds. For McNally and Jastremski, they just have to make it appear to Brady that they deflated the footballs and then they get their reward. So based on the video evidence of McNally going into the bathroom, my feeling is that he didn't deflate every ball. And remember, he can't badly over-defate a football or the cheating will be exposed. So he took off what he could in a few footballs.
But again, there are a few footballs that go beyond the Ideal Gas Law. Combine that with the video of McNally breaking protocol and going into the bathroom with the balls (which was just odd to begin with) and the texts between McNally and Jastremski talking about previous incidents of deflating footballs for payment from 'Tom'...it is what it is. Doing test trials with one football that may or may not have been at the PSI that the other footballs were at and using the average football PSI doesn't change that.
No one cares