I majored in Computer Science, and I always tell people "However complicated you imagine computers to be, the reality is much MUCH worse." I am continually astounded that anything this complicated ever works correctly.
@@Karuska22ps mostly economy I'd say. I work in a big company as an engineer. They had a huge hiring pool. We'll probably see demand go back to normal when the economy picks back up. But relatively, I'd say it's more in demand than other job fields.
Its complicated and astounding and it works correctly because of computerized machines making them to perfection. Maybe computer science isnt your thing. l2p.
Thats easy to say when you live in the present. In the future they would laugh at how primitive we are, bragging about your feats. Even worse, aliens civilizations.
@@frozzytango9927 what a fatuous comment. Everyone, by definition, ‘lives in the present’. By that line of reasoning, no one could ever appreciate the quality of anything as it would seem ‘primitive’ to the hypothetical populous of the future.
@@frozzytango9927 i dont think so, we archaeologists still praise how sofisticated some ceramic or metal production technologies used to be, specially in the americas, many procedures requiring special steps and controlled temperatures, lack of contaminants or special material ratios
Sometimes I'm really terrified how human can progress so vigorously from 1900 to 2000s, any of our modern technology is easily seen as black magic back in the days.
My IT career was working for chip manufacturers. I've been in several front end (chips) and backend (test and assembly) factories. It is amazing. As the video explains, the scales are incredible but unlike a car or toaster assembly line, the wafer can go through the line dozens of times and there are hundreds of different types of chips on their own wafers going through the factory at any time. Each wafer requiring its own 'recipe'. Some of the processes can handle many wafers at the same time, like diffusion, other processes are done one wafer at a time. It's crazy. And as they alluded to in the video, if something is wrong, you might not know for 12 or more weeks. The quality control is amazing. I feel very lucky to have been a small part of it.
If you can reach that level with no external help then the field is actually for you. if you understood what i wrote, start running on your path. good luck brother @@indranilgupta0530
physics go brrr and makes small things, then all of those small things called transistors send electricity back and forth, toggling 1s and 0s and that corresponds to calculations and images on our screens
I work in one of these facilities and I have to say it's by far the coolest place I've ever worked and ever will. Photolithography is by far the quickest process in making wafers, which means I handle hundreds of lots (typically and up to 25 wafers per lot) every night I go into work.
1:35 One step is skipped - after removal from the melt, the boule then goes through what is known as zone melting to further purify the silicon. It's not ready after coming out of the melt, as it's 99.9% pure silicon - it needs to be more like 99.999% pure (note - not sure on actual percentages, but before any silicon is made into a microchip, it has to be hyperpure.)
I think equally as fascinating is all the equipment that is used to create these chips, they have to be so precise and exact and have no room for error in such a small surface area, yet they are exactly that precise
If this technology hadn’t already been developed, I’d have said it’s not possible! I just am totally amazed that it is possible, and it even continues to advance. Mind boggling.
I can imagine a machine programmed to move tiniest movement still its a lot. 26 weeks... Explains everything except the magic on screen puts me back to square 1.
Microchips, also known as integrated circuits, are made using a complex process called semiconductor fabrication or "wafer fabrication". Here are the general steps involved in making microchips: Design: The first step is to design the microchip using computer-aided design (CAD) software. Wafer preparation: A silicon wafer is prepared by cleaning and polishing it to a mirror finish. The wafer is then coated with a layer of photoresist. Photolithography: Photolithography is a process used to transfer the design onto the wafer. The wafer is exposed to ultraviolet light through a mask, which creates a pattern on the photoresist layer. Etching: The wafer is then etched with chemicals to remove the portions of the photoresist layer that were not exposed to light. This leaves a patterned layer of photoresist on the surface of the wafer. Doping: Doping is the process of adding impurities to the wafer to create regions with different electrical properties. This is done by introducing a gas containing the desired impurities into a high-temperature furnace where the wafer is heated. Deposition: Thin layers of metal, oxide, or other materials are deposited on the wafer using techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD). Planarization: Planarization is a process used to create a flat surface on the wafer by removing excess material. This is done using chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). Metallization: Metal contacts are deposited on the wafer to provide electrical connections to the circuit. Testing: Finally, the wafer is tested to ensure that the circuits are functioning correctly. Once the wafer has been tested, it is cut into individual chips, which are then packaged for use in electronic devices.
I had a similar thought. What about the microchips in the machines making them? What came first; the chicken or the egg.? Anyhow, it's absolutely amazing how they do that.
The crazy thing to think about is that the machines that make the chips are themselves computers with their own chips. You can imagine the step by step advancement that must take place as you need some sort of computerised devices to create more advanced chips that can power further more advanced machinery capable of creating yet more advanced chips.
This reminds me of a quote, “most people admires the creatures instead of the Creator.” If we were to admire these amazing technologies, how much more is the Creator of all things are to be admired. God bless.🙏✝️
@@vuhoang7109 I hate to burst your bubble friend, but it was Prometheus/Lucifer/Satan who gave humanity the "fire of the Gods". It is satan who gives humanity knowledge and technology against the will of God. That's why we're all stuck living in this satan ran world full of corruption and evil. It was Satan betraying God and giving humanity knowledge we weren't supposed to have that got all of us in such deep trouble and why we're all forced to repent and beg for forgiveness.
I worked at a semiconductor plant in both wafer fab and final testing. This video doesn't even begin to explain the unreal complexity of a modern semiconductor but I guess that's the point it, would take 2-3 days to explain it all. It's actually some of the most insane tech we have. Imagine dozens of layers with all the transistors, etc. laid out one on top of the other interconnected on a microscopic level. We are talking billions of elements and connections. It's absolutely mind boggling. I don't even know of anything equivalent to compare it to and to think some engineers designed every layer, every connection millions of times and they get it right 99% of the time. It's some of the most mind boggling tech that most people take for granted because they don't understand by no fault of their own how insanely complicated it truly is.
It's mind boggling because it isn't human technology. Ancient civilizations literally all have stories about how the "Gods" or strange visitors "from the sea" etc. etc. were the ones that taught them everything they know. Language, writing, farming, city building, etc. I believe them. If humans couldn't even conceive of farming on their own, I doubt we just came up with microchips on our own either.
I’m glad there’s others as dumbfounded by this technology as I am. Mind boggling is certainly an accurate description. The reliability factor as well, truly staggering to comprehend. It’s as if we’re nearing complete fluidity, as if the chips themselves are alive. Crazy times we live in.
Seeing how a factory manufacture their product is always interesting but seeing chips manufacture is fascinating it's truly wonderful how such human can develop something like this in just years
I have been working for more than 10 years in ONSemiConductor in Dendermonde Belgium and i must say, working there isnt as hightech this video portrays it to be. Sure the tech is high end, but working on the wafers is pretty much the same as working on a car in a factory. All the magical things happen behind glasses and everything is automated, thats why the job prescription is 'process-operator' for both jobs. You operate (pre-configs and you just choose the right setting) a machine which has a whole process (like a machine cleaning and bathing the wafers in different solutions, like putting it into an 'oven' and let the silicone cook to get it thicker, etc.). So all in all, they only take graduates etc to work there but a car mechanic man can as easely work there as a graduate. In fact, the car mechanic will be preferred since he could also step in and fix small issues on the machine he operates. Every other technical issue is solved by an engineer, and not a regular mechanic like they are in a car factory.
I had no idea that it was so complex to *produce* chips. I knew that designing it and creating a matrix was way complicated and a long process but assumed that once the matrix was done the production was just a matter of "stamp" it like they make plastic injection molding. I am surprised that having so many steps, sophisticated equipment and a lot of time involved those microchips reach the market in such low price! 😮
even if its hundereds of steps, every layer can be watched and if its not good you wipe it down and do it again. only if the etching is wrong you have some chips fail. but normaly never all. so you always get a high amount of chips of every wafer. and since the wafers are getting bigger and bigger you can make more and more chips on 1 wafer. so the prices are low.
@yahya Humans but.. if u ask me about what crazy theory i have well, i think that if there is beings out of this world those are made of light, only possible way to my logic to travel through universe. So light beings "posses" some humans to teach them the thing we humans have learned since only the past century. If u think about it, we have got to a crazy point since 1980 and only in 40 years we have evolve multiple times what we have evolve from thousand of years. But yea humans lol
Exraordinary would be if we are ever able to find peace. If there is one fact about us, it is that we do not know how to do that still. We basically are a virus with feet. All the microchips in the world will never stop of us from consuming this planet. It will just make people enjoy things while they consume it. ;)
I did my engineering in electronics and communication...and I can relate it ..how complex it is to make even a single chip and how complex electronics is!! But fortunately I'm lucky that I have gained a knowledge about electronics components..how it is made and what is the concept behind working of transistors and MOSFETs... by the way electronics is like an ocean as it is containing an uncountable information and beautiful concepts.
I’m considering from switching to Mechanical to electronics given my increase interest in the world of electronics. However, I am still a noob and barely have any knowledge 😔
Shortage in the supply of chips are said to halt production of many things like Mobile phones, cars, etc. I used to wonder, why the chip industry giants are unable to produce required quantities sufficiently to meet the demand. After seeing the video, I got answers for almost everything, and astonished to learn that each chip carry capacities upto 28 billion transistors, an unimaginable figure. 🙏🙏🙏
It's a manufactured shortage. Companies took advantage of the scamdemic and controlled the flow of silicon. Slowed production of chips but also have "low quantities" of silicon? Even after lockdowns they still have "low quantities" of silicon. Gpu companies selling low quantities and selling to stores to sell at a considerable amount above msrp. Scalpers getting the product with no issues yet actual loyal customers can't get a single one no matter how much they tried. Out of stock in mere seconds of release. Only a handful sold at a time to real customers and the rest sold to scalpers to sell over 100% above msrp. No preorders available to anyone but scalpers and miners. No preorders to guarantee a person will get one. Even over a year of new products release and absolutely no lockdowns for almost a year they 'can't" keep a product in stock and still going at a criminal amount above msrp. Talking about nvidia obviously. Yet other companies have no problem at keeping products in stock such as intel, apple, qualcomm, samsung, micron, sk hynix, and amd but amd sucks, shit products, abysmal performance. Sorry amd fangirls but no one buys shit products. Why do you think those stay in stock. Go ahead talk about "muh benchmarks", "cheaper for same performance", "less power" blah blah blah. Real world applications, gaming, mining, nvidia and intel are in every way better. But nvidia continues producing gpus that are nearly 3 years old but they for some reason cant make the new gpus that people want? Meaning to tell me they haven't changed the tooling and programming to discontinue the rtx 2000 series in all their factories for nearly 2-3 years? Literally no one wants those when 3000 series are light years faster for similar or a little more at msrp if they were in stock. Also the amount of models like literally! 3050, 3050 ti, 3060, 3060 ti, 3060 super, 3070, 3070 ti, 3070 super, 3080, 3080 ti, 3080 super, 3090, 3090 ti, 3090 super. Can't even make ones they originally released and keep coming out with new models and keep making ones that came out years ago. Sorry for the rant but this stuff is ridiculous lol
And that is why they make the big bucks. They make a incredible product that is used in a device which people are willing to buy. The engineering behind all this is absolutely unbelievable.
Informative and user-friendly for a layman like me. Appreciate the way you explained it in the video, giving me the basic idea (the animations are also great to help me understand/visualize the processes of making the chips!) but not in a way that I (layman) can't understand. Thanks for making the good video and sharing it here!
@@bobaGogo I do not understand it , but can the software be installed on computers which do not have such fancy cpus? Or can the cpu/gpu be upgraded with software from a different manufaccturer?
A microchip is an amazing piece of technology but you also have to know a machine makes it and someone had to design and build it too, making it even more fascinating.
I loved this I currently work in the field of Semiconductor manufacturing and I'm gonna say this is an awesome summary of the process but it's even more complicated than you could ever imagine
I would love to know more about the processes such as depositing of SiO2, photographic techniques used for development of the circuits, doping of silicon etc. I think that the manufacturing of microchip is the finest moment of metallurgy. Incidentally, if a transistor in a Chip measures 8x10-8 (eight multiplied by ten to the power of minus eight), the electron measures 10-19 (ten to the power of minus nineteen). So there’s no danger of these microscopic transistors running out of free electrons.
Size doesn't matter, quantity does. A silicon atom is 2,1 × 10^-10 m across. I has 14 protons, and therefore 14 electrons. I has four electrons available at the last orbital. Considering quantum effects like tunneling, it is in danger of running out of electrons.
@@MrFujinko Yes. I believe we will need a complete change in how transistors are made, or some new component entirely to get much smaller than what we currently have. Now that they are only a few atoms big, we might have to somehow use smaller atoms, or maybe even a chemical that somehow happens to work as the circuitry we need.
@@vibaj16 Right now what most excites me is hardware implemented neural nets. The current computing technology perhaps is already enough for a lot of performance with these nets running at hardware level. Hardware level spiking neural nets might solve the power problems, and with the natural falling price of lithography perhaps hitting a tech limit isn't that bad afterall. Cheers.
The funny thing is, this is a video showing us microprocessors making microprocessors. I want to see a video of the first microprocessor being made. How did they do that?
you can make your own microprocessor if you wanted to, obviously it would be nowhere near as complex as this but it is possible and many people do it as a hobby, as well as class projects.
That’s what I was thinking as well 😁 these high tech automated machines must use these aswell, so how was the first ever microchip created before these intelligent equipment 🥶
That was more of an "introduction" than my introduction to digital electronics class. Thank goodness I learned how to calculate voltages at various nodes along a single transistor.
pile different materials on the top of silicon. Most of materials is like metal(thin film process). Actually the process is much more than your imagination.
They build it one layer at a time with lots of washing with very expensive ultra pure water....wash, photo resist, mask, wash, etich, wash, deposit layer, polish repeat. The limiting factor is the wave length of light....well some of the realy small stuff needs to acount for interference patterns and quantum effects.
Look for some of the videos released by actual manufacturers (like "Sand to silicon") - they take a bit more time and explain more details with fewer mistakes.
"Microchips are made in extremely sterile conditions". No they are not. There is a difference between clean and sterile, hence the name cleanroom...:-)
Bacteria can also be considered particles and will not penetrate the HEPA filters of a decent clean room. Older clean rooms were often more strict than the newer of today. I worked in class 10 and even class 1 clean rooms. Later in a newer factory it was a class 1000 clean room (less clean) but the wafers where housed in air tight pods (also shown in the video) that function as a tiny clean room for the wafers.
@@Alucard-gt1zf What if a surgeon coughs above a wound during surgery. An operation room is also not sterile. Only the instruments that the surgeon uses are steril. In a clean room, your mouth and nose are covered. In a modern clean room the wafers are in pods, you can't cough on a wafer.
@@Richard-bq3ni Ohh, you could cough on a wafer, but you would have to take it out of the pod first, which takes special tools at a special station - that's a lot of effort for a silly reason to be fired. 😛 While most bacteria will probably get stuck in the filters, some of the smaller ones will probably get through and many viruses will also get through. The people inside the room will also constantly shed viruses and bacteria that they carry - most will get stuck in the mask, but not all of them. The room is clean, not sterile. There is no effort to kill those bacteria and viruses in semiconductor fabs - pharma clean rooms do ionize the air and/or use biocides in addition to filters.
Great video I wish they could've gone further and also explained the assembly stage of putting different package types on the parts ie tqfp think quad flat pdip etc...
you start with really oversized things to build machinery capable of building smaller and more precise ones, and then spend decades downscaling. I mean back in the day things still ran on vacuum tubes in place of transistors and a computer the size of a house wouldn't come close to out-computing a modern graphing calculator.
That's just it... They weren't precise at all, compared to today. But they gradually shrunk the process down, iteration after iteration. The silicon wasn't as pure back then either, but it didn't matter as much because they were making much larger chips that could tolerate such defects.
Very complex topic explained in short and nicely. I hope this information will be very useful for country like India eyeing to step into chip manufacturing soon
As long as we Dutch have the sort of monopoly on building the machines that can create chips ;) ASML, they have some nice videos too if you are interested.
Didn't you hear ? Tata backed out. They said they will do chip repackaging instead. Which is virtually useless. And knowing my country men and women, the clean room will be full of paan and gutka, Carelessness, unionism, vandalisms etc. That's why no one is risking manufacturing in India.
45, 5, or 3nm technology does not mean the transistor is that large... It refers to the minimal size of the channel length of the mosfet. Edit: 2nm does not even exist (yet)
Of course not, they are using metric system like the rest of the world. Inches was used to describe it to american audience, but they may also say "very small".
Watching this video on my iPhone 12 Pro with A14 Bionic packing 11.8 billion transistors made me appreciate the level of engineering and effort that goes into making these chips.
4:57 In metric world where 95% of population uses metric system expressing transistor size in fraction of the INCH looks weird... Come on US friends, it's time to give up on imperial system especially in Engineering RUclips Channel
This process is so complex so we simplified it by supplying the Automotive, Telecommunication, Aerospace, Industrial, MedTech and many more sectors with the help of our state of the art lab for QA
That’s an absolutely stunning video. Good creative work and great editing skills. Truly this video is very informative and eye-catching. Looking forward for many more such good videos from you. Good luck and God Bless for your future, life and career...............
If you wanna be successful, you most take responsibility for your emotions, not place the blame on others. In addition to make you feel more guilty about your faults, pointing the finger at others will only serve to increase your sense of personal accountability. There's always a risk in every investment, yet people still invest and succeed. You must look outward if you wanna be successful in life.
While the main chain of common organic synthetic polymers consists of repeating carbon (C) atoms, silicone is an "inorganic synthetic polymer" whose main chain is made of polysiloxane, which is the repetition of silicon(Si) and oxygen(O) atoms
@@rokas8594 Precisely. Silicon and Silicone and completely different materials. One is an element, the other is a compound. One is a metal, the other is a polymer. Different chemical formulas, different properties, different everything. It's like comparing water with hydrogen, they couldn't be more different.
@@starcraft2f2p77 Yep, he talks about silicon as an element and shows silicone in a mixing machine. Let's call this a "creative mistake". Silicon, the element, has more in common with other metals than with most non-metals: it is silvery grey (silvery enough to think "metal" and grey enough to have some slight doubt). It feels cold to the touch. In its impure elemental form (99% or less) it is a weak conductor. It easily alloys with other metals - much more easily than carbon. And it exists in a typical metal-like crystal lattice. There is some justification to call it a metal, although it is clearly an outlier amongst the metals.
For a layman like me all these details just fly over my head. These inventions are baffling indeed. My last video was on jet engines and I am yet to get out of 'jet' lag .
I'm looking forward to the future chips that will be made for quantum computing. I wonder how different manufacturing quantum chips would be like compared to current chips. Hmmm.
I would not expect that to be significantly different from other chip manufacturing. After all the good old MOSFET is a device that uses quantum effects to switch on and off. Currently quantum computing devices are made using technology that moves single atoms around for the critical parts. For it to scale to mass production they'll have to find a way to structure the material in a way that can use normal production equipment. It's hard, but not impossible.
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5:00
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I majored in Computer Science, and I always tell people "However complicated you imagine computers to be, the reality is much MUCH worse." I am continually astounded that anything this complicated ever works correctly.
Isn’t computer science extremely saturated
@@Karuska22ps no. Lot of demand bc so much innovation.
@@KyleCOOLman then why are a lot of companies no longer hiring
@@Karuska22ps mostly economy I'd say. I work in a big company as an engineer. They had a huge hiring pool. We'll probably see demand go back to normal when the economy picks back up. But relatively, I'd say it's more in demand than other job fields.
Its complicated and astounding and it works correctly because of computerized machines making them to perfection.
Maybe computer science isnt your thing. l2p.
This is surely the greatest or at least most intricate feat of engineering that humanity has produced
Thats easy to say when you live in the present. In the future they would laugh at how primitive we are, bragging about your feats. Even worse, aliens civilizations.
@@frozzytango9927 what a fatuous comment. Everyone, by definition, ‘lives in the present’. By that line of reasoning, no one could ever appreciate the quality of anything as it would seem ‘primitive’ to the hypothetical populous of the future.
@@JackT13 I agree!
@@frozzytango9927 i dont think so, we archaeologists still praise how sofisticated some ceramic or metal production technologies used to be, specially in the americas, many procedures requiring special steps and controlled temperatures, lack of contaminants or special material ratios
@@waterbox4202 that would be just a very few and most people dont even remember ps1.
Sometimes I'm really terrified how human can progress so vigorously from 1900 to 2000s, any of our modern technology is easily seen as black magic back in the days.
Black Monolith Swiss Army Knife a reality.
because it is
1877sjdbdfdjsj?
@@lindamcdingdong557 but it isn't
Reverse engineering alien technology, its been exposed already for a long time, the resistor capacitors and transistors took us ages into the future
My IT career was working for chip manufacturers. I've been in several front end (chips) and backend (test and assembly) factories. It is amazing. As the video explains, the scales are incredible but unlike a car or toaster assembly line, the wafer can go through the line dozens of times and there are hundreds of different types of chips on their own wafers going through the factory at any time. Each wafer requiring its own 'recipe'. Some of the processes can handle many wafers at the same time, like diffusion, other processes are done one wafer at a time. It's crazy. And as they alluded to in the video, if something is wrong, you might not know for 12 or more weeks. The quality control is amazing. I feel very lucky to have been a small part of it.
🙏
Sir I also want to go in this field of manufacturing processors...so can you please tell what type of engineering is required for this?
@@indranilgupta0530
Ece
If you can reach that level with no external help then the field is actually for you. if you understood what i wrote, start running on your path. good luck brother @@indranilgupta0530
@@indranilgupta0530Electrical and/or computer hardware engineering
I praise those who figured out each step of this process.
"Figured out," begs the question.
Aliens
My brain cannot wrap itself around this at all.
same
amen
You should read chip war. Super insightful to the history of the making of semiconductors and the chip industry.
physics go brrr and makes small things, then all of those small things called transistors send electricity back and forth, toggling 1s and 0s and that corresponds to calculations and images on our screens
@@adnanuddin1998 Funnily enough the book brought me here to understand semiconductors better! It's indeed a good read
I work in one of these facilities and I have to say it's by far the coolest place I've ever worked and ever will. Photolithography is by far the quickest process in making wafers, which means I handle hundreds of lots (typically and up to 25 wafers per lot) every night I go into work.
Where are the PS5's
@@thegamersden4824
already in your den.
@@Lights480 I wish they were.
People who work in this kind of places are truly modern day heroes.
I give u employment....give contact
1:35 One step is skipped - after removal from the melt, the boule then goes through what is known as zone melting to further purify the silicon. It's not ready after coming out of the melt, as it's 99.9% pure silicon - it needs to be more like 99.999% pure (note - not sure on actual percentages, but before any silicon is made into a microchip, it has to be hyperpure.)
My law: the more impure silicon and the smaller the transistors, the more faulty chips are produce. 😳
Thanks for this extra information, the method of zone-refining is actually very interesting, we had it in our high school chemistry.
The actual percentage is called eleven nines, 99.999999999% pure silicon.
@@tanqs789 did they teach you this in your school/university?
@@tanqs789 Thanks, didn't know the actual purity % - I just knew it was extremely high.
I think equally as fascinating is all the equipment that is used to create these chips, they have to be so precise and exact and have no room for error in such a small surface area, yet they are exactly that precise
If this technology hadn’t already been developed, I’d have said it’s not possible! I just am totally amazed that it is possible, and it even continues to advance. Mind boggling.
This is only the beginning when it comes to nanotechnology. Prepare to have your mind blown again over and over in the not-so-far future!
It's just lithography, same as Andy Warhol did, raster, develop it ...
I can imagine a machine programmed to move tiniest movement still its a lot. 26 weeks... Explains everything except the magic on screen puts me back to square 1.
@@renx81yea, 10-20 years from now will look insane to us cavemen
Microchips, also known as integrated circuits, are made using a complex process called semiconductor fabrication or "wafer fabrication". Here are the general steps involved in making microchips:
Design: The first step is to design the microchip using computer-aided design (CAD) software.
Wafer preparation: A silicon wafer is prepared by cleaning and polishing it to a mirror finish. The wafer is then coated with a layer of photoresist.
Photolithography: Photolithography is a process used to transfer the design onto the wafer. The wafer is exposed to ultraviolet light through a mask, which creates a pattern on the photoresist layer.
Etching: The wafer is then etched with chemicals to remove the portions of the photoresist layer that were not exposed to light. This leaves a patterned layer of photoresist on the surface of the wafer.
Doping: Doping is the process of adding impurities to the wafer to create regions with different electrical properties. This is done by introducing a gas containing the desired impurities into a high-temperature furnace where the wafer is heated.
Deposition: Thin layers of metal, oxide, or other materials are deposited on the wafer using techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD).
Planarization: Planarization is a process used to create a flat surface on the wafer by removing excess material. This is done using chemical mechanical polishing (CMP).
Metallization: Metal contacts are deposited on the wafer to provide electrical connections to the circuit.
Testing: Finally, the wafer is tested to ensure that the circuits are functioning correctly.
Once the wafer has been tested, it is cut into individual chips, which are then packaged for use in electronic devices.
Thank you
Chatgpt?
Respect for you to share such a description 🙌🙌 thanks
@@atulkumar943 no
Thanks for this
basically they make microchips for machines that make even smaller microchips
And toasters :)
Washing machines. 😳
I Understood nothing in video
I had a similar thought. What about the microchips in the machines making them? What came first; the chicken or the egg.? Anyhow, it's absolutely amazing how they do that.
When I hear about how a fabrication machines makes some end product, it always makes me think "Okay, but how was the fabrication machine fabricated?"
Having done many chip tape-outs, it makes me more at ease seeing how fab labs take care of making things perfect.
I’m amazed at how these chips are made, but how amazing are the machines that are making the chips!
The crazy thing to think about is that the machines that make the chips are themselves computers with their own chips. You can imagine the step by step advancement that must take place as you need some sort of computerised devices to create more advanced chips that can power further more advanced machinery capable of creating yet more advanced chips.
Non-Biological evolution
This reminds me of a quote, “most people admires the creatures instead of the Creator.”
If we were to admire these amazing technologies, how much more is the Creator of all things are to be admired.
God bless.🙏✝️
Yes. I wonder who built the machines.
@@vuhoang7109 I hate to burst your bubble friend, but it was Prometheus/Lucifer/Satan who gave humanity the "fire of the Gods". It is satan who gives humanity knowledge and technology against the will of God. That's why we're all stuck living in this satan ran world full of corruption and evil. It was Satan betraying God and giving humanity knowledge we weren't supposed to have that got all of us in such deep trouble and why we're all forced to repent and beg for forgiveness.
I worked at a semiconductor plant in both wafer fab and final testing. This video doesn't even begin to explain the unreal complexity of a modern semiconductor but I guess that's the point it, would take 2-3 days to explain it all. It's actually some of the most insane tech we have. Imagine dozens of layers with all the transistors, etc. laid out one on top of the other interconnected on a microscopic level. We are talking billions of elements and connections. It's absolutely mind boggling. I don't even know of anything equivalent to compare it to and to think some engineers designed every layer, every connection millions of times and they get it right 99% of the time. It's some of the most mind boggling tech that most people take for granted because they don't understand by no fault of their own how insanely complicated it truly is.
It's mind boggling because it isn't human technology. Ancient civilizations literally all have stories about how the "Gods" or strange visitors "from the sea" etc. etc. were the ones that taught them everything they know. Language, writing, farming, city building, etc. I believe them. If humans couldn't even conceive of farming on their own, I doubt we just came up with microchips on our own either.
What's more complex.... What it is that you're trying to explain or a human being?
I’m glad there’s others as dumbfounded by this technology as I am. Mind boggling is certainly an accurate description. The reliability factor as well, truly staggering to comprehend. It’s as if we’re nearing complete fluidity, as if the chips themselves are alive. Crazy times we live in.
You take that much time to Say how complicated it is without even explaining it. I call it fake
I love how complicated it sounds while simultaneously simplifying or skipping several steps lol.
...and he even gets quite a few facts wrong! Quite the achievement. I applaud the effort.
Yeah, It's not really how it's made.
How it's made included lots of failures and lessons learned. Lots of brain storming sessions.
Vigorous R&D. etc.
Seeing how a factory manufacture their product is always interesting but seeing chips manufacture is fascinating it's truly wonderful how such human can develop something like this in just years
The machines that do that fine microscopic detailed jobs on those chips blow my mind
wtf builds those machines??
@@weilm Dutch
I want to know who made these machines and how, before this technology came around.
I have been working for more than 10 years in ONSemiConductor in Dendermonde Belgium and i must say, working there isnt as hightech this video portrays it to be. Sure the tech is high end, but working on the wafers is pretty much the same as working on a car in a factory. All the magical things happen behind glasses and everything is automated, thats why the job prescription is 'process-operator' for both jobs. You operate (pre-configs and you just choose the right setting) a machine which has a whole process (like a machine cleaning and bathing the wafers in different solutions, like putting it into an 'oven' and let the silicone cook to get it thicker, etc.). So all in all, they only take graduates etc to work there but a car mechanic man can as easely work there as a graduate. In fact, the car mechanic will be preferred since he could also step in and fix small issues on the machine he operates. Every other technical issue is solved by an engineer, and not a regular mechanic like they are in a car factory.
I had no idea that it was so complex to *produce* chips. I knew that designing it and creating a matrix was way complicated and a long process but assumed that once the matrix was done the production was just a matter of "stamp" it like they make plastic injection molding. I am surprised that having so many steps, sophisticated equipment and a lot of time involved those microchips reach the market in such low price! 😮
The process is much more complicated than what is shown. Video is quite simplified for general population to understand.
Well to be fair the price is not so cheap. Even for US citizen which are richer than a lot of parts of the world
even if its hundereds of steps, every layer can be watched and if its not good you wipe it down and do it again. only if the etching is wrong you have some chips fail. but normaly never all. so you always get a high amount of chips of every wafer. and since the wafers are getting bigger and bigger you can make more and more chips on 1 wafer. so the prices are low.
Well they just don't grow on trees that's for sure..
Chinese can made it double and sell it low cost
You just left my mouth open , this is incredible
Looking at innovations happening at such a small scale reminds me that humans are extraordinary...
IF this was invented by humans in the first place.
GOD created humans, gave us brains to exist & prosper!
@yahya Humans but.. if u ask me about what crazy theory i have well, i think that if there is beings out of this world those are made of light, only possible way to my logic to travel through universe. So light beings "posses" some humans to teach them the thing we humans have learned since only the past century. If u think about it, we have got to a crazy point since 1980 and only in 40 years we have evolve multiple times what we have evolve from thousand of years. But yea humans lol
Exraordinary would be if we are ever able to find peace. If there is one fact about us, it is that we do not know how to do that still. We basically are a virus with feet. All the microchips in the world will never stop of us from consuming this planet. It will just make people enjoy things while they consume it. ;)
Reverse engineered from the ufo at rose well?
We call them microcrisps in the Uk
😂
No matter how many videos I watch or articles I read I just can't imagine it.
I did my engineering in electronics and communication...and I can relate it ..how complex it is to make even a single chip and how complex electronics is!! But fortunately I'm lucky that I have gained a knowledge about electronics components..how it is made and what is the concept behind working of transistors and MOSFETs... by the way electronics is like an ocean as it is containing an uncountable information and beautiful concepts.
I’m considering from switching to Mechanical to electronics given my increase interest in the world of electronics. However, I am still a noob and barely have any knowledge 😔
the touchpad suddenly seem look better
Shortage in the supply of chips are said to halt production of many things like Mobile phones, cars, etc. I used to wonder, why the chip industry giants are unable to produce required quantities sufficiently to meet the demand. After seeing the video, I got answers for almost everything, and astonished to learn that each chip carry capacities upto 28 billion transistors, an unimaginable figure. 🙏🙏🙏
It's a manufactured shortage. Companies took advantage of the scamdemic and controlled the flow of silicon. Slowed production of chips but also have "low quantities" of silicon? Even after lockdowns they still have "low quantities" of silicon. Gpu companies selling low quantities and selling to stores to sell at a considerable amount above msrp. Scalpers getting the product with no issues yet actual loyal customers can't get a single one no matter how much they tried. Out of stock in mere seconds of release. Only a handful sold at a time to real customers and the rest sold to scalpers to sell over 100% above msrp. No preorders available to anyone but scalpers and miners. No preorders to guarantee a person will get one. Even over a year of new products release and absolutely no lockdowns for almost a year they 'can't" keep a product in stock and still going at a criminal amount above msrp. Talking about nvidia obviously. Yet other companies have no problem at keeping products in stock such as intel, apple, qualcomm, samsung, micron, sk hynix, and amd but amd sucks, shit products, abysmal performance. Sorry amd fangirls but no one buys shit products. Why do you think those stay in stock. Go ahead talk about "muh benchmarks", "cheaper for same performance", "less power" blah blah blah. Real world applications, gaming, mining, nvidia and intel are in every way better. But nvidia continues producing gpus that are nearly 3 years old but they for some reason cant make the new gpus that people want? Meaning to tell me they haven't changed the tooling and programming to discontinue the rtx 2000 series in all their factories for nearly 2-3 years? Literally no one wants those when 3000 series are light years faster for similar or a little more at msrp if they were in stock. Also the amount of models like literally! 3050, 3050 ti, 3060, 3060 ti, 3060 super, 3070, 3070 ti, 3070 super, 3080, 3080 ti, 3080 super, 3090, 3090 ti, 3090 super. Can't even make ones they originally released and keep coming out with new models and keep making ones that came out years ago. Sorry for the rant but this stuff is ridiculous lol
@@altonb93 imagine getting so pissed over gpu shortage what a sad life
😂
@@altonb93 "lol" destroys the initial serious mood of this comment.
@@altonb93 You sound like an amazing person to hang around with.
Probably the most impressive things ever made
Is there any harm to the human making these things ?
@@staysolid19 No, and they'd be worth the harm anyway.
The heart of all engineering works.
Thanks!
No replies?
That's incredible 💥.
I have been searching through internet many times to find out how the chips are made but i finally know now... 🔥
Great video 🔥🔥
I love potato chips too
No one actually knows completely how these are made. It was supernatural knowledge from demons.
And that is why they make the big bucks. They make a incredible product that is used in a device which people are willing to buy. The engineering behind all this is absolutely unbelievable.
Informative and user-friendly for a layman like me. Appreciate the way you explained it in the video, giving me the basic idea (the animations are also great to help me understand/visualize the processes of making the chips!) but not in a way that I (layman) can't understand.
Thanks for making the good video and sharing it here!
Love the glue dots (I guess they are) at 4:44. All this hi-tech stuff, and the glue is like, "Look out lil' bro, I gotcha."
Do they make resistors and diodes on the chip?
Its absolutely amazing what us humans can achieve.
Agreed. It's beautiful.
@@astrotelomeres1084 Why focus on the negatives and ignore the positives?
Except u n me only these smart mfs
What a time to be alive! Microchips truly are beautiful.
The interesting part is the lithography machines use silicon chips to help make more such chips.
"i used the stones to destroy the stones"- Thanos.
@@bikrantjungbudhathoki3687think backward, how these chips are made?
@@bobaGogo interesting. Is it then possible to update the software and make them more efficient?
@@bobaGogo I do not understand it , but can the software be installed on computers which do not have such fancy cpus? Or can the cpu/gpu be upgraded with software from a different manufaccturer?
This video gave more questions than answers
One of the shortest chip production videos I have come across on RUclips but explicit. Many i see are like an hour or 2 hrs long.
An advice: when talking about high-end technologies and engineering, maybe it makes more sense to use the metric system.
Thank for your advice, mortal. Scurry along now.
Wdym, clearly we all know the size of a microchip is always measured in football fields
It's all arbitrary anyway
Lmao we (USA) invented nukes, nobody cares about your system. You're welcome for the mercy of American might. Praise Jesus Christ and have a good one
A microchip is an amazing piece of technology but you also have to know a machine makes it and someone had to design and build it too, making it even more fascinating.
I'll never get over the intricacy and extreme level of technical applications needed to make this a possibility. Humanity truly is incredible!
There is no way we have innovated the machines that build these things every year this fast. NO WAY.
I loved this I currently work in the field of Semiconductor manufacturing and I'm gonna say this is an awesome summary of the process but it's even more complicated than you could ever imagine
I would love to know more about the processes such as depositing of SiO2, photographic techniques used for development of the circuits, doping of silicon etc. I think that the manufacturing of microchip is the finest moment of metallurgy.
Incidentally, if a transistor in a Chip measures 8x10-8 (eight multiplied by ten to the power of minus eight), the electron measures 10-19 (ten to the power of minus nineteen). So there’s no danger of these microscopic transistors running out of free electrons.
Size doesn't matter, quantity does. A silicon atom is 2,1 × 10^-10 m across. I has 14 protons, and therefore 14 electrons. I has four electrons available at the last orbital. Considering quantum effects like tunneling, it is in danger of running out of electrons.
@@MrFujinko Yes. I believe we will need a complete change in how transistors are made, or some new component entirely to get much smaller than what we currently have. Now that they are only a few atoms big, we might have to somehow use smaller atoms, or maybe even a chemical that somehow happens to work as the circuitry we need.
@@vibaj16 Right now what most excites me is hardware implemented neural nets. The current computing technology perhaps is already enough for a lot of performance with these nets running at hardware level. Hardware level spiking neural nets might solve the power problems, and with the natural falling price of lithography perhaps hitting a tech limit isn't that bad afterall.
Cheers.
interesting point ,only engg can raise
This might also interest you: ruclips.net/video/bor0qLifjz4/видео.html
no matter how many videos I watch, I will never fully understand how these are made and utilized.
This is one of the most fundamentally educative source I've came across. Splendid 🔥
Mind blowing technical work,a layman cannot understand it without information of computer history👍👍
The funny thing is, this is a video showing us microprocessors making microprocessors. I want to see a video of the first microprocessor being made. How did they do that?
Intel 4004, chemical reactions.
you can make your own microprocessor if you wanted to, obviously it would be nowhere near as complex as this but it is possible and many people do it as a hobby, as well as class projects.
That’s what I was thinking as well 😁 these high tech automated machines must use these aswell, so how was the first ever microchip created before these intelligent equipment 🥶
Human created the first and very basic chips with chemical reactions, then used those chips in basic machines that could make better chips, and so on.
It was aliens who gave us the first microchip
Awesome. Never knew this. It’s so complex creating microchips
Couldnt have been a better explanation of this topic!!
That was more of an "introduction" than my introduction to digital electronics class. Thank goodness I learned how to calculate voltages at various nodes along a single transistor.
Electronics are literally magic.
Just amazing... thanks for sharing...!! ( We take our daily tasks on our devices for granted...all thanks to these incredible " chips..."!!!)
this video is very straightforward and educational. well done. 👏👏
Dunno what's more mind blowing, Microchip or the machine that made the Microchip or the machine that made the machine that made the Microchip.
One of the most significant invention in modern history.
This is an example of humanity's brilliance and tendency for innovation and progress for good not war and greed
All of this stuff was made by Europe and Asia and 90% of it during times of war...
Understandable how you make the chip. But how do you make those small things planted on the chip. I'm more interested to know that.
pile different materials on the top of silicon. Most of materials is like metal(thin film process). Actually the process is much more than your imagination.
They build it one layer at a time with lots of washing with very expensive ultra pure water....wash, photo resist, mask, wash, etich, wash, deposit layer, polish repeat. The limiting factor is the wave length of light....well some of the realy small stuff needs to acount for interference patterns and quantum effects.
Look for some of the videos released by actual manufacturers (like "Sand to silicon") - they take a bit more time and explain more details with fewer mistakes.
"Microchips are made in extremely sterile conditions". No they are not. There is a difference between clean and sterile, hence the name cleanroom...:-)
Bacteria can also be considered particles and will not penetrate the HEPA filters of a decent clean room.
Older clean rooms were often more strict than the newer of today.
I worked in class 10 and even class 1 clean rooms. Later in a newer factory it was a class 1000 clean room (less clean) but the wafers where housed in air tight pods (also shown in the video) that function as a tiny clean room for the wafers.
Try coughing on a silicon wafer and see how quickly you're kicked out I dare you
@@Alucard-gt1zf
What if a surgeon coughs above a wound during surgery. An operation room is also not sterile. Only the instruments that the surgeon uses are steril.
In a clean room, your mouth and nose are covered. In a modern clean room the wafers are in pods, you can't cough on a wafer.
@@Richard-bq3ni the reason why surgeons wear surgical masks
@@Richard-bq3ni Ohh, you could cough on a wafer, but you would have to take it out of the pod first, which takes special tools at a special station - that's a lot of effort for a silly reason to be fired. 😛
While most bacteria will probably get stuck in the filters, some of the smaller ones will probably get through and many viruses will also get through. The people inside the room will also constantly shed viruses and bacteria that they carry - most will get stuck in the mask, but not all of them. The room is clean, not sterile. There is no effort to kill those bacteria and viruses in semiconductor fabs - pharma clean rooms do ionize the air and/or use biocides in addition to filters.
Great video I wish they could've gone further and also explained the assembly stage of putting different package types on the parts ie tqfp think quad flat pdip etc...
After watching this video i think Technology is beyond out of my thinking
the chips in the machines making them:👁️👄👁️
But how did people build the silicone wafers at first when there were no microchips to operate the precise machinery?
Its an evolution, took 30/40 years to get to that precision..
you start with really oversized things to build machinery capable of building smaller and more precise ones, and then spend decades downscaling.
I mean back in the day things still ran on vacuum tubes in place of transistors and a computer the size of a house wouldn't come close to out-computing a modern graphing calculator.
That's just it... They weren't precise at all, compared to today. But they gradually shrunk the process down, iteration after iteration. The silicon wasn't as pure back then either, but it didn't matter as much because they were making much larger chips that could tolerate such defects.
At first computers weren't built on silicon wafers but instead built by using massive tube based transistors
Befeore microchips, there were.... chips
Very complex topic explained in short and nicely. I hope this information will be very useful for country like India eyeing to step into chip manufacturing soon
As long as we Dutch have the sort of monopoly on building the machines that can create chips ;) ASML, they have some nice videos too if you are interested.
غ
Didn't you hear ? Tata backed out. They said they will do chip repackaging instead. Which is virtually useless. And knowing my country men and women, the clean room will be full of paan and gutka, Carelessness, unionism, vandalisms etc. That's why no one is risking manufacturing in India.
@@nlx78 I have seen lots of ASML videos already. Including the latest which uses mirror instead of lens for exposure
@@SF-li9kh hmm really paan & gutka stopped chip production? or india lacks technology & know-how.
45, 5, or 3nm technology does not mean the transistor is that large... It refers to the minimal size of the channel length of the mosfet.
Edit: 2nm does not even exist (yet)
that part about "after further processing" theres the rub, the genius, the nadness
I wish it was possible to show this to a victorian child and 1600s Pilgrims
Stunning potential of our civilization!
The transistor size is given in inches (8 x 10 power -8) and metres (2 nm). Do chip makers work with inches?
Of course not, they are using metric system like the rest of the world. Inches was used to describe it to american audience, but they may also say "very small".
probably just written so that it makes sense to americans
@@ciarangale4738 Do you think the average american know what "8x10^-8 inches" is? lol!
@@kord2003 a tiny bit of a tomato*
2 nm? So its dissolved in liquid and flows into your blood? Lol
This is the most nerdiest feat by Humans. From Architecture to Design to fabrication to testing it just is WOW!!
Dude just the process of making those silicon boules is blowing my mind
Technology that was brought to earth by aliens gave humankind major advancement.
To me, weirdly enough, I find the silicone wafers to be the most beautiful thing to gaze upon.
They DO look nice, don't they?
thank you so much please do more videos about cpu anf gpu chips specific 😊
Curious to know how the first microchip was made since the machinery that makes microchips would need a whole heap of them
Look up Jack Kilby and Texas Instruments.
Watching this video on my iPhone 12 Pro with A14 Bionic packing 11.8 billion transistors made me appreciate the level of engineering and effort that goes into making these chips.
4:57 In metric world where 95% of population uses metric system expressing transistor size in fraction of the INCH looks weird... Come on US friends, it's time to give up on imperial system especially in Engineering RUclips Channel
Yes imperial system should not be used in an engineering related stuff because it's not accurate
Exactly 👍🏼
My whole master's (Micro and Nano electronics) in 5:30 minutes.
Thank You for the education.
Where exactly do they divide the silicon wafer into different transistors tho?
This process is so complex so we simplified it by supplying the Automotive, Telecommunication, Aerospace, Industrial, MedTech and many more sectors with the help of our state of the art lab for QA
I'm a day smarter! Love from India!
That’s an absolutely stunning video. Good creative work and great editing skills. Truly this video is very informative and eye-catching. Looking forward for many more such good videos from you. Good luck and God Bless for your future, life and career...............
surface level info, I was expecting how the transistor are made on chips on that large scale and that small and that accuracy
Inching closer and closer to developing machines resembling the complexity of human brain.
I just wanna say EVERYTHING ABOUT TECHNOLOGY IS MIND-BLOWING!!!
For real😂
This is a great learning material, thank you!,
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0:54 I laughed so hard at this.
That's SILICONE, not SILICON.
The final E makes it a completely different material.
While the main chain of common organic synthetic polymers consists of repeating carbon (C) atoms, silicone is an "inorganic synthetic polymer" whose main chain is made of polysiloxane, which is the repetition of silicon(Si) and oxygen(O) atoms
@@rokas8594 Precisely. Silicon and Silicone and completely different materials. One is an element, the other is a compound. One is a metal, the other is a polymer. Different chemical formulas, different properties, different everything.
It's like comparing water with hydrogen, they couldn't be more different.
He is talking about Silicon as an element on the planet, also Silicon is not a metal.
When did he ever said anything about silicone? Are you braindead?
@@starcraft2f2p77 Yep, he talks about silicon as an element and shows silicone in a mixing machine. Let's call this a "creative mistake".
Silicon, the element, has more in common with other metals than with most non-metals: it is silvery grey (silvery enough to think "metal" and grey enough to have some slight doubt). It feels cold to the touch. In its impure elemental form (99% or less) it is a weak conductor. It easily alloys with other metals - much more easily than carbon. And it exists in a typical metal-like crystal lattice. There is some justification to call it a metal, although it is clearly an outlier amongst the metals.
So many smart people. Not 1 person can do any of this ,but a community of people can do almost anything.
Just awesome video with nice explanation.🎉🎉🎉
For a layman like me all these details just fly over my head. These inventions are baffling indeed. My last video was on jet engines and I am yet to get out of 'jet' lag .
if i were to describe it in less than 20 words:
Printing a massive circuit pattern on a sheet of glass.
I'm looking forward to the future chips that will be made for quantum computing. I wonder how different manufacturing quantum chips would be like compared to current chips. Hmmm.
I would not expect that to be significantly different from other chip manufacturing. After all the good old MOSFET is a device that uses quantum effects to switch on and off.
Currently quantum computing devices are made using technology that moves single atoms around for the critical parts. For it to scale to mass production they'll have to find a way to structure the material in a way that can use normal production equipment. It's hard, but not impossible.
Who the hell thought of this 🤔
Many scientists and engineers through generation of generation . Everything build on top of each other . Not pop out thin air
Well, original circuits started off bulky and they kept making them smaller and more efficient I guess
In the book, Selected by Extraterrestrials, by William Tompkins, he says they got transistors and microchips from recovered flying saucers.
Alien tech we reverse engineared.
Nothing will replace the iconic classic "Silicon Run II"
This is like magic... How TF would someone even come up with this... Mind boggles
Actually chips are ' Integrated circuits ( I.C ) ' which consists of as many conductors and semiconductors being build in nano scales 😉
Fun fact: 99% of people after watching this video still don't know how micro chips are made!
FACT