Also, if you have any questions on the video or semiconductor fabrication, I'd be happy to answer them here. This video took an incredible amount of work to make. Me (Teddy T.) and a few other animators (Mike R., Prakash K., Adrei D., and Parvesh K.) have been working non-stop on this video for the past 4.5 months. If you want more videos like this one support our Patreon: www.patreon.com/brancheducation Q: Why do we use older components e.g. i9-13900K, or the 3090GPU, or Iphone 13 Pro. A: We purchase broken (typically 1 generation old) components from EBay and tear them open to model them. Q: Is binning done with all the chips? A: Well GPUs are also binned, for example the 3090ti, 3080ti, 3090 and 3080 are all the same chip design called GA102. Whereas DRAM chips are not typically binned, but rather due to the redundancy of DRAM, there are typically extra array structures beyond the capacity of the chip. If cells in an array fail, then they are replaced with the redundant cells. When a chip runs out of redundancy it's considered defective and thrown out. Beyond that chips are binned based on quality and interface speed capability. Thank you @JoeLion55 for the correction. Q: Marcel151 asked: The transistor layer, sits it more at the bottom or at the top of the CPU? A: JoeLion55 answered: During construction on the wafer, the transistors are built first, directly on the surface of the silicon wafer. Then all of the metal interconnect layers are built on top. This all happens on the original wafer, with hundreds of dies on the wafer. So when in wafer form, the transistors are on the bottom, and the metal is on the top. However, during the packaging process, after the dies are cut apart from the wafer, the die is flipped over and mounted upside-down onto the package substrate. This is because the pins are on the bottom of the package (the pins that go into the socket on the motherboard). The pins on the package need to connect to the top metal layer on the die, which is what allows external signals to enter and exit the die. So, the die is flipped over so the top metal layer is now facing down, and is soldered to the package substrate. So technically, when you have a final "chip" that you install in a motherboard, when you're looking at the top of the chip where the heatspreader is, if you had X-ray vision and could see through the top of the chip, you would be looking at the backside of the die. The backside of the die is pure silicon. Then, if you keep looking through, you would find the transistor layers next. Then keep digging and you'd go through all of the metal layers, then finally you'd reach the interposed and package board. Q: elektronikk-service asked: How do you align the different layers in a chip? They cannot be off by more than a few nm. A: Joe Lion55 responds: they layers have alignment makes built in. Those are little cross or X-shaped structures that are non functional (they’re not part of any live circuit). But when the lithography machine is putting down a new layer, it will find the alignment marks from the previous layer and adjust the wafer position and/or the scanner optics until the alignment marks are in the right place. Q: Someone asked about low die yield for small nanometer transistors, and was it just particles that resulted in low die yield? A: For new technology nodes, which are the smallest nanometer names for the transistors- Typically low die yield is due to getting exact parameters for the process steps correct. For example, when FinFets were first being developed, a etching pillars of silicon was incredibly difficult and designing / engineering / and then fine tuning the etchers to perfectly etch billions of fins in perfect fin structures is wildly difficult and is what contributed to low die yield. This is just one of the processes but the example applies to practically all other processes for the a new node. For example, when you do ion implantation, you need to evenly implant about 5-10 atoms of boron / phos to a specific region of the fin. Well, what happens if there are just 2 dopant atoms? Or what about 50?
I've been considering concepts of mobile fabrication plants, meaning making logic chips in a plant that can fit inside something that can be moved in several parts if needed; optimally, in a single trailer which was a stretch even with what I did already know. Most of what I know about these procedures comes from free publicly available information that doesn't cover all these steps. If there is no better way to make logic chips (APUs and more), then I'm not sure it would be possible to improve upon this. That said, I still don't know why the water and possibly some solvents used in cleaning processes can not be recycled (even though I understand purification would take extra energy no matter what method is used). This idea was on the back-burner, so I didn't put in this type of careful research into actually making mobile fabrication plants a reality. Maybe certain types of chips could still be made with mobile chip fabrication plants?
@@VariantAEC One machine, such as the ion implanter is the size of a 2 car garage. It is shipped in shipping containers and takes a weeks to install, test and get up and running. Then it also needs to be in a cleanroom which takes billions of dollars to build in itself.
So how to relate this video with samsung 5 nanometer failure low yield in 2021-2022, or low yield in general, is it simply because of dust or mistake in photolayering?
@@BranchEducation I understand the size and scope of these machines currently. My question is why they need to be that big in the first place? I also understand the layouts of some of thess facilities... lots of empty space. Could that all be reduced greatly to make one type of chip? Could we use one pint of pure water to clean on wafer at a time - for certain cleaning steps - and recycle that same pint almost indefinitely?
Tak. Jest szalone. Ale to co tutaj widzimy to jest i tak zbyt mało aby udowodnić co jest poza naszym układem słonecznym i czy gdzieś jest inna forma cywilizacji. Jeszcze jesteśmy zbyt mało rozwinięci technologicznie. Brzmi wręcz nieprawdopodobnie w porównaniu z tym co tutaj oglądamy. Jesteśmy tylko mało istotnym pionkiem w całej tej materii.
I work at a semiconductor company , and have taught this lesson to many junior engineers , but never with this kind of amazing visual aids. This video is top notch! 👏👏👏👏👏 Bravo!
this fake video manifests the degradation of society. quantum laws apply below 5 nanometers.... rly? bravo! except under any microscope the tiniest part of the most advanced microchip is several hundred nanometers and the surface of those discs cannot be polished at 1nanometer accuracy, thats blatant lie. purpose of this video is to show how difficult it is to produce advanced chips so others do not ever try... low marketing trick. sad if not tragic.
I'm a quartz glassblower based in the UK. I fabricate various parts for the semiconductor industry... Furnace liners, wafer carriers, injectors to name a few. I asked the boss that I'd love to see how all of the fabricated parts I make are used, so he managed to arrange a visit to a semiconductor factory who we supply parts for and they were kind enough to give us a tour of their factory. A few of us spent the day there in our space suits and I was simply blown away by all the processes involved.. plus it was cool to see the quartz parts in use. Such an awesome industry, it was a great day out!
Yeah this is just insane, the level of research, the level of skill for the animation, the level of skill for explaining it and the great narrating voice. I wish I had the power to even get these animations played in school
Consider the view count the number of people intelligent enough to understand and curious enough to stay engaged for half an hour of dense, complex material. People like you.
this truly shows the power of collaboration. every thousand scientists, engineers, etc. was needed to figure out just one tiny tiny detail of the whole entire process. this was done by the collaboration of every scientist that ever existed figuring out things about physics, chemistry, biology, and so on; to all come together unknowingly to create something so complex we can barely even understand it. this gave me a new outlook on the future of humanity
I am speechless about this immensely clear and yet overwhelming graphical representation and the yet understandable explanations. You are doing a fantastic job!!
What humans have accomplished is beyond words. Also one man does not know how the whole process works. It is a collaboration of different companies that bring it all together. One mines the commodities to make the machines and buildings. Others design and builds the buildings, whilst another builds the machines. Then you have the programmers and designers of the chips. Also the maintenance guys for when the machines break down etc etc.
i knew how micro processors were made, but watching this video was still interesting. the level of detail is quite good, however what i was really hoping to see on this video, when clicking on it, is not the concept of CPU, but how the machines actually work. i mean seeing the real machines work.
I'm a physicist who has substantial background in semiconductor technology and this is still so crazy and incredible for me. Thanks for making this video and the stunning visuals !
@@ShegerBusiness At least at the fab I'm at, an associates in engineering (mechanical or electrical) is enough to be a technician maintaining the tools. Honestly, just apply and see if they accept. At worst they say no.
Guys, so the i9 i7 i5 i3 are all the same chip but the difference between them are the amount of defective parts? So those Intel CPU without Integrated Graphics actually have integrated graphics but it just doesn't work due to the problems during production?
@@FallenLight0 You are partially correct, generally during the design stage itself they have some hard switches(kind of shutdown switches/logic) added to each block in the design to disable them(doesn't matter if the ic is faulty or not), the advantage of this method is that they don't have to redesign the whole circuit for different lineup(That's why you will see their Idle power/base power to be in close neighbourhood like for example all 14th gen i7, i5, i9 have same base power). Coming to the detective part point, it is also one of the best method to save cost instead of scraping. But defects are not very common generally during the design stage the chips are designed in such a way that yield is more than 95%, preferably 99%.
I've worked in Semiconductor and semiconductor equipment manufacturing for over 40 years, ultimately supporting every area in and outside of the fab. I was fortunate enough to lead great teams in building a semiconductor factory. This video is very well done and educational for everyone wanting to know what a 'chip' is and how it is made. I highly recommend watching this video whether you work in the industry or not-it is very much worth your time. The team that made and produced this is awesome-thank you!
this was amazing. I have an electronics engineering degree, and worked at AMD (chip maker) with the supply ops and substrate teams - so I likely had more knowledge about semicon fabs than 99.999% of the population. I even have a 2005 wafer chip without the substrate and packaging which one guy from the production floor gave me. But my knowledge was maybe 5% of what this video shows. This video blew my mind off. Wow!! Amazing work guys.
I work at a small electronics manufacturing company at the PCBA and box build level. Some of the equipment we produce is involved in IC development. I find this video really helpful in explaining the chip manufacturing process and the importance of our work to our operators. Will send a link to everyone in my team :) Btw, this video was what finally made me sign up for Brilliant, after many years of nagging from youtubers.
I’m a carpenter, I know next to nothing about computers. But I do enjoy learning about all building processes large and small. Thanks for making a great video,
Well if this is great just wait until you start learning about the CPU architecture. Having 26 billion transistors means nothing, it's how they're connected that determines the logic and holy damn that logic is like a spaghetti factory, often using a single part for multiple things as well. And I don't even know that much yet.
This is absolutely insane. Not just the quality of the video, but also the fact that people actually figured out how to create these chips. Thank youso much fore makeing this video
I have been working with and repairing computers for almost 30 years. I've done a lot of study and have kept up with most facets of the industry. I have never come across a video series that explains, so clearly, the details of the chip manufacturing process. I will make sure to have all my colleagues watch your wonderful presentations.
this is mainly because its always a closely guarded secret in the industry. Specially, the details of the masks, circuit interconnections, chip module layouts, etc are never shared in public. Even the factory tour requires special high level permission/ clearance. Some people who work in the industry which provide tools for chip manufacturers, such as ASML lithography, vapor deposition, etc have some idea what they do and how they do. Apart from this, this is an active area of research, and is published in well known journals as well, but being hidden behind the paywalls, the published research also stay away from the reach of general public. Edit : for those who want to dive deeper into the subject, there are dedicated channels which i would recommend - Asianometry (you will thank me later)
So the i9 i7 i5 i3 are all the same chip but the difference between them are the amount of defective parts? So those Intel CPU without Integrated Graphics actually have integrated graphics but it just doesn't work due to the problems during production?
I cannot say I understood the entire CPU manufacturing process (but that's just me;), but I sure did gain an appreciation of its complexity, as well as that of the effort to make an excellent video that made the technology a bit clearer to laymen like me. So, a huge thank you!
@@Oilstar Ah yes the AI that often gets dumb stuff wrong because it's unaware of what's it's saying. That stuff wouldn't even exist without cpus, making cpus is also much harder like it's so expensive getting all the insane machines to make them that new competitors can't even emerge, meanwhille some startups can compete in the AI race
@@Oilstar I'd say processors are more important considering they're used in all the technologies we are most reliant on nowadays.. including AI. If anything, companies are just hyping up AI for investors. It certainly will have more uses in the future, but we're not HEAVILY reliant on AI as we are with processors in general.
I recently fell into a rabbit hole about fabs and found this video just in time. Absolutely mind blowing how humans are capable of this, and most of us are clueless about this incredible feat of engineering powering the phones and computers we use daily.
CPUs are so complex that not a single person can understand how a modern one even works. You cannot follow the logic chain because there are simply too many transistors; and the layering... .it is all insane to even think human can produce such a thing; THIS IS PURE SOCERY Yes, understanding this from 'first principles' is quite simple, and the concepts are also simple to understand, but the ACTUAL PROCESS OF HOW THIS WORKS ON A PHYSICAL ELVEL IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UNDERSTAND. In essence, it is a pure black box; we give a billion transistor CPU inputs and expect certain outputs; if we get those outputs, we consider it 'working as intended.' But NOT A SINGLE PERSON UNDERTSANDS HOW A MODERN CPU ACTUALLY OWRKS IN IMPLEMENTATION. If someone does know how a CPU works they would be able to tell me what happens when transistor #432423 receives a single and how it will precisely output and affect the entire whole and how it affects those around it _exactly._ And no, running a program that simulates or tells you such things is not 'understanding' it
The production quality of this video is absolutely amazing! I’m watching it from Argentina, and I’m truly impressed by how it explains the process of chip manufacturing. Let’s support this incredible content by sharing it and helping it reach a wider audience. This kind of work deserves to go viral! 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻
In a world where the internet is filled with absolute idiocy, this video exists as a testament to why it could possibly be the single greatest invention in human history. Thank you, you are doing the world a service.
As a dedicated and hardworking internet idiot, I object to your harsh attack on me and my people! And everybody knows that plastic is the greatest invention in human history! Where would civilization be without it?
As an engineer in semiconductor manufacturing industry, I want to say this is by far the best and detailed video to explain the IC manufacturing process. I can even tell which tool is which by looking at the animated pictures. The video production team really did a great job in the details.
Would have been so easy to get a lot of this stuff wrong, too. Sounds like they probably double checked their info with some expert to be sure, cuz no way some amateur fumbles their way through all this jargon and machinery and whatnot without messing up.
literally nobody explained this process in such detail, mainstream science channels always made it seem so simple, though in reality it is much more complex and interesting. I always wondered that they are not telling the full truth, that was true. I am so grateful to you for making this video. Animation and narration are as always, excellent.
Amazing. I've learned much more than I expected to when I watched this video, and although I'll only retain the general process of it all, it has more than satiated my burning desire to know, "How do we create such complex circuitry on a nanoscale?" Thanks to the team that made this.
Semiconductor manufacturing engineer here. Well done, folks. This is the best video of its kind that I've seen. I'm sharing it with a ton of people I work with and it's my new go-to for when people ask what I do. I'm especially impressed at the models of all of the processing tools. Spot on.
The dude literally made one of the best scientific pieces of Human history, it's literally the epitome of human technology, the most complex thing we have and probably will ever make. Despite being the best example of Human ingenuity, most people have no idea where the things powering their phones and laptops come from, not anymore with this video.
Semiconductor Manufacturing is indeed the most complex and high precision job for any engineer, it is the work of 100s of scientists and engineers that made this world possible. One of the best videos I had ever seen on this complicated process. Love you man ❤
Leftios of system sheet right iOS of system sheet ramed copid window hard to hard wafer data and window copy files data games saved at rams pins a straight a straight.
Everyone’s saying “omg the animations”.. but seriously holy sh*t! The hours and hours that it takes to pull off stuff like this. Things we’re enjoying in 10 seconds took 4 hours.
Semiconductor manufacturing is legitimately the most complex and crazy thing humans have ever engineered and produced. Like, even rocket science pales in comparison in most ways. There's other super complex fields like neurobiology and whatnot, but nothing in terms of what people are actually putting into practice and MAKING.
@@wade3owais819 have you seen quantum computers? I imagine they took a while to make but it's got like 1000 qubits and are about 20 feet across. Like you can see each of the tubes leading to where. Chips are unequivocally more complex. We make a big hoopla about quantum computers but they suck pretty bad for what they are. Like it's amazing what they could be, especially if we continue trying to make them better, but they're pretty shit. Calling them a computer is like calling a couple logic gates a calculator.
Hi I am 60 years old electronics technician, I used many semiconductors in my life but never looked in to technology that makes them. Your video is incredible, thank you very much. 👍👍🇦🇺
I’ve always wanted someone to make a detailed and accurate video on how CPUs are manufactured and this is a dream come true! It is incredible how complex chip fab is and to think this video only covers the physical manufacturing process which is only a quarter of the full story. There’s an entire process with similar complexity involving the design of the various masks and circuitry using EDA tools and CAD softwares and another entire process where chip designers, chip fabs and tooling manufacturers work hand in hand to calibrate and customize the tools to a specific process node and yet another phase where R&D teams, regulatory bodies & academic institutions collaborate with all these blocks to create new standards and frameworks to streamline and regulate the entire process. The true FULL process is mind boggling and radiates into multiple industries and governing bodies. Thank you guys for this video!
This is one of the most in depth videos I've seen that focuses on so many things. You people gave so much information that would normally be glossed over, yet somehow you managed to compact the video into just 28 minutes. That is insane!
I've worked in the semiconductor industry for more than half of my life. I must say that this is the best video explaining how chips are made I ever watched. Excellent work!
Incredible! The labor involved in making these vids is phenomenal. Props from an electronics technologist/repair technician. Seeing the tech in video practically supersedes old book learning. Thank you so much.
as an engineer of one of the processes, this video is the best video explaining everything related to semiconductor manufacturing i have ever watched. excellent video, excellent modelling, excellent scripts
Honestly I'm blown away by how much you've educated me on this subject in just 25 or so min. The fact that I can say "I sorta understand how they do it" in that amount of time is a testament to how well you've explained and visualized the process. Instant subscribe and like!
As a mechanical guy with background in aerospace manufacturing, this information was packaged so well that I hardly had to rewind to understand the concepts. Clear, concise, detailed illustrations with no nonsense to filter through. Astounding work. The internet can be so fruitful. How far we've come from refrigerator size memory units to consolidating generations worth of tools like cameras, typewriters and computers into a handheld ask-me-anything device. And to think it all comes from crushed rocks, conceptualized by people who couldn't fathom where we would be today or even stumbled upon certain properties by accident. Inquisitive souls loyal to the pursuit of truth, doing their diligence putting in years of their lives standing on the shoulders of giants to gift us even one of incalculable scientific advances that made the next one possible so that we could one day take what they discovered and produce this magnicifently capable and versatile tool that talks in 1s and 0s. A true marvel of engineering, and we use it to view images of kittens. The dichotomy of man.
Insane how complex the whole process is, literally blown away. Huge thanks Branch Education for this video and all videos you all make. Definitely learning alot!
My brain is having such a hard time processing how intricate and small scale this process is. The technology is more than I can comprehend and the people behind this are brilliant.
As someone who is working as IC designer, this is the best explanation and visuals of chip fabrication I have ever seen. And surprisingly accurate for a video intended for general audience. Keep up the good work!!
This is the singular most helpful video on CPU design available. The quality of animation, the visuals, and the script really help boil down all of the mechanisms an processes involved in making a silicon die.
From French retired. I worked in these arena for years and was an FSE, field service engineer. I worked for different USA companies and on different machines, etching, deposition, copper, plasma and so on. This great video gives a good idea how are made CPUs, Memories and so on. The first day I started my job in a Fab, years ago, it was like a space ship, incredible. The machines had already touch screens, which came on laptop or comp around twenty years later in everyone world. It would be great to have some real videos of the Fab. If a day you have the opportunity to visit such Fab, just go and admire the technology. For engineers, it is a great job opportunity and well paid if you don't count your hours, your avaibility and being ready to learn so many. I enjoyed it.
What metals are used to connect the transistor? Is it copper only or are there other metals such as gold and what is their percentage of the total weight?😊
@@عبدالمجيد-ك1د9ل Was not a process engineer. The interconnections inside the chip between transistors is not gold. Copper is used to interconnect layers of transistors but it is done by deposition, then anneal at high temp 400°C. The gold is used only to connect the chip I/O to the exterior contacts. Inside the chip itself, mainly silicon.
@@paillart527 My brother, people who work in electronics recycling say that the average percentage of gold in electronics is 0.04 percent Of his weight. I think the processor has gold inside and not just in the pins or what?
@@عبدالمجيد-ك1د9ل Again, the connections between the chip and the ext contacts to other computer circuits are gold. Mainly, gold is found on all conatcs inside a computer (mother board, Ram, not only in the processor). Check on YT to get more information about gold in our modern computers.
One of the greatest youtube videos ever created, comprehensively explaining the greatest feat of human engineering ever accomplished. It doesn't get any better.
Working in the industry (photolithography) for over a decade, watching this on a Friday night, after a very busy work week. And still enjoyed it tremendously! Truly, kudos to BranchEducation team!!
@@wilhelmbittrich88 a technical degree (masters or PhD), preferably in an area involving physical sciences or electrical engineering, a curious mind, and an ability to work in multinational/multidisciplinary teams :)
This video left me speechless. Not only is the manufacturing process of a cpu so much more complex to the point where im surprised that one cpu doesnt cost 1 million dollars, im also speechless about the effort put into the making on this video.
As a 20yr tech vet with a graduate degree in EE, who started his career in semiconductor process tech and chip reliability, this is the best most well done/informative video on this topic I’ve ever seen. This can be shown in a freshman semiconductor course to help folks visualize that’s actually happening without sacrificing details. The quality of the video really reflects your effort
Damn... had this stuff in university two semesters ago and never thought that i would see it again... but this animation is on a hole other level.. I wish that i could have seen this before the exam... great work here!
I was NOT expecting this when I clicked on this video. I was expecting a half-arsed documentary with some clueless journalist walking through the general areas of some old fab. This is INCREDIBLE. Having a background in embedded systems design, I knew a fair amount of how this stuff is done, but, good lord... the level of detail, the graphics, flow and animations in this video left me speechless! Whoever was involved in the research, scripting and production of this video - you've done an incredible job of it. I've turned on notifications for this channel. A first for me.
Wait till you look through some of the others they've made. Try the hard-drive one. It is so complex it's scary. How can humans be SO clever with technology, and so stupid at other times? We are very very clever, but not very wise at all.
I cannot even begin to explain how interesting this is for me. I never could've guessed in 1000 years that a single transistor could be made so small so accurately. Thank you for making this video.
I'm a Computer Engineer and I remember us designing a very simple transistor logic gate chip back in the day in college and I loved every second of it. I also used to work in a semiconductor company with very similar processes so I completely understand the protocols and processes involved. Watching this video brings me back to those days. Thanks for creating this video!
@@luxaly9510yea bro I honestly hate when people say this, like people are entitled to their own beliefs and that but this is a human achievement not a god thing, it took thousands of human minds working together to create this thing that 99.9% of the word cannot even fathom. It’s the same with surgery’s, when they says thank god or pray to god for a safe surgery, it wasn’t god saving them it was the doctors and surgeons who put hundreds or even thousands of hours studying and mastering their craft
What is special about you and make you different from other 3D channels is the deep understanding you have and the details you share in a structured way thank you for this amazing video.
It's just insane how long it must have taken the researchers to figure out how to build all these different machines and what parameters they have to use to fabricate a functioning chip. What's also insane is how incredible the quality of these videos are. It is truly great to have such high-quality material to get a first insight into how different topics work.
As always they started big. Then made improvements in all aspects which qualitatively evolved it. The CPU in particular has an immensely wide array of applications so any manner of improvement on the CPU can probably improve a lot of other systems as well. And so the cycle continues until people forget they left the graphics cards and motherboards behind oops.
I am a software developer in the EDA business, and never understood what actually happens in the fab so well. This video was really very enlightening, thank you for your good work. ❤
MAN..I thought particle physics was mind boggling...BUT...this stuff is mind boggling and mind blowing times ten..I am truly awestruck at what it takes to make a microchip..I'm blown away. The men and women behind this are geniuses. Thank you to everyone for all the hours and effort that has made this video possible..this is beyond wonderful. I was first introduced to DUV machines on a radio program on NPR..at 3 o'clock in the morning..an interview with the then CEO of ASML...ever since then I have become more interested on the subject of microchips as a whole. Thank you so much for this video, I don't think I'll ever completely understand all about the fabrication processes but for sure I'll continue looking at great videos like this one to grow in my understanding of the subject. A heartfelt thank you.
Particle physics are a big part of semiconductor research and understanding. Seriously, the amount of cross-expertise required for leading edge semiconductor manufacturing is insane.
The amount of tech that has gone into this is insane. The devices that we use everyday are a testament to immense human capabilities. The fact that us humans can even conceive of making something like this which is so so complicated let alone actually manufacture it is mind blowing. Kudos to computer scientists and chip manufacturers! Seems way more intense than making a rocket.
a rocket engine actually is a super simple thing - you can basically build one in the backyard and even figure out best nozzle designs etc with trial and error. the hard part is to improve it to a point where it runs stable inside very tiny thresholds extremely close to the physical properties of the used materials without blowing itself to pieces...and then improve it even further.
You have the ability to explain in 30 minutes what universities can't teach in a semester. This is by far the best 3D animation I've ever seen-better than Animagraffs. I'm in love with this channel. I'm a student today, but I'll definitely become a patron once I start earning. Thank you once again!
Recently I had curiosity about this and looked for videos in bigger channels than this. But this one takes the cake , the quality of these animation is outstanding. Subscribed.
as someone who has spent over 30 years in the computer/tech industry, I learned something that no one has ever been able to explain to me! great video!!!!!!
5 people working away for 4.5+ months of work, utterly spoiling us for almost 30 minutes, is way more than the 3 months for the build of the single wafer you highlighted! Your work deserves an Oscar (if there was such an equivalent) in this type of video production. Honestly I hope this channel will serve the next generation of EEs, Mech Eng, Comp Eng and CS majors graduating and enhance their knowledge. Absolutely phenomenal work. Thank you so much for your efforts and I can not wait to see what you have planned for us next. 😊
This was an absolute pleasure to learn about. I was deeply involved in computers during the Pentium 3 vs AMD days. How far CPU and GPU technology has come is mind bending!
This channel has the more detail CORRECT and visually appealing explanation to questions that dont have a straight forward answer, and you guys make and amazing job at making everything digestivel.
As a college student major in computer science and born at the beginning of the century, it's so proud that our generation could witness the whole technological revolution and benefit from it. I still remember when I was only 3 or 4 years old, my father was passionate about computer and other electronic devices. He always bought some interesting stuff from the market, and explained to me how each of them works. At that time I couldn't understand why he was so obsessed with those machines. But today after watching this video illustrating elaborately how the microchips are manufactured, I suddenly know everything. I feel happy and surprised for the big human progress. I think maybe that's why my father highly recommended me to major in CS. This is so amazing. Masterpiece.
Words fail me at the complexity of this manufacturing process. The video is nothing short of the best I've ever seen. Congratulations to all those who made it happen.
23:45 I wasn't expecting that CPUs are manufactured and labeled based on how many cores don't work. This was an incredible in depth video. Thank you for your efforts!
It is not always like that, sometimes you get an actual i7 or sometimes a defective i9, these companies Eg. Nvidia, Intel, AMD always launch their Higher end models first due to this reason - so that based on the yield & defects could accordingly launch the budget models
back in the day there were tools and ways of unlocking the disabled cores on CPUs at the possible cost of instability (most of the times there was a reason why they were disabled), these days they made that pretty much impossible though
Yeah imagine going for a i9 instead of i7 or i5 but telling your buddy at store you want one that works, and send him the link of the video with time stamp...
As an Embedded Systems Engineer who works on microcontrollers, it's refreshing to see how the CPUs are made. We embedded engineers take these Engineering Marvel for granted without realizing the efforts that go into making chips out of sand (aka Silicon). Kudos to the entire Branch Education Team for making Science, Technology and Engineering accessible for free to everyone around the world! We need more of Branch Education ❤
I think this is the best educational video I've ever seen explaining anything - full stop. To take a subject as complicated and complex as integrated circuit manufacturing and explain it in in the kind of lucid and easily comprehendable manner in which you have, **without** leaving any substance or necessary detail off the table, with the use of accurate and precise illustrations at every single step, all in a
Wow. The level of detail in this video is incredible. I've been a programmer for 30+ years, and I've been around tech since I was 12 (I'm in my 50s now). For 10 years I worked at a company that made EPROM programmers, so I've actually had to burn off the tops of chips with nitric acid to decipher features on the die, in order to figure out how to program them. And even I learned a few things watching this. You should be very proud of this video.
How is this free content. TV channels and Programs don’t even make videos this good and detailed, let alone 30 minute high quality animated videos. I’m blown away and I wish this channel gets the attention it deserves. Fantastic content
I have always been curious about how chips and CPUs are manufactured. This video gave me a pretty good idea and filled in the gaps in my knowledge. I recommend this video to anyone interested in this ultra-advanced technology.
I work for a semi conductor company that may or may not have been mentioned in this video and I’ve asked people who work in the fab to explain to me how the chips are made. They made it more confusing to me. This video clearly explained the entire process so that anyone can understand and will help me explain to others how chips are made. Amazing video. 🎉❤
Seriously, I literally liked, hit the bell icon to get all alerts, shared with a few of my friends, and became a patreon. I've never felt so moved to act on that request. Usually channels put out half baked mediocre content mixed damn Brilliant or NordVPN sponsorships and have the audacity to ask us to "subscribe, like, share!". RUclipsrs of the world, look at what this channel is doing. This is how you earn your viewers true admiration.
Congratulations for this wonderful and very well made and detailed video. I have been working in the semiconductor industry for thirty years and I have never seen a video so complete, yet simplified to the right degree and so realistic of the work I do on a daily basis. The animations and reconstructions of plants and equipment are also truly wonderful. I love your works. Thanks
![ARGENTINA vs. PERÚ [1-0] | RESUMEN | ELIMINATORIAS SUDAMERICANAS | FECHA 12](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/xtI25ENDDSY/mqdefault.jpg)
Also, if you have any questions on the video or semiconductor fabrication, I'd be happy to answer them here.
This video took an incredible amount of work to make. Me (Teddy T.) and a few other animators (Mike R., Prakash K., Adrei D., and Parvesh K.) have been working non-stop on this video for the past 4.5 months. If you want more videos like this one support our Patreon: www.patreon.com/brancheducation
Q: Why do we use older components e.g. i9-13900K, or the 3090GPU, or Iphone 13 Pro. A: We purchase broken (typically 1 generation old) components from EBay and tear them open to model them.
Q: Is binning done with all the chips?
A: Well GPUs are also binned, for example the 3090ti, 3080ti, 3090 and 3080 are all the same chip design called GA102. Whereas DRAM chips are not typically binned, but rather due to the redundancy of DRAM, there are typically extra array structures beyond the capacity of the chip. If cells in an array fail, then they are replaced with the redundant cells. When a chip runs out of redundancy it's considered defective and thrown out. Beyond that chips are binned based on quality and interface speed capability. Thank you @JoeLion55 for the correction.
Q: Marcel151 asked: The transistor layer, sits it more at the bottom or at the top of the CPU?
A: JoeLion55 answered: During construction on the wafer, the transistors are built first, directly on the surface of the silicon wafer. Then all of the metal interconnect layers are built on top. This all happens on the original wafer, with hundreds of dies on the wafer. So when in wafer form, the transistors are on the bottom, and the metal is on the top. However, during the packaging process, after the dies are cut apart from the wafer, the die is flipped over and mounted upside-down onto the package substrate. This is because the pins are on the bottom of the package (the pins that go into the socket on the motherboard). The pins on the package need to connect to the top metal layer on the die, which is what allows external signals to enter and exit the die. So, the die is flipped over so the top metal layer is now facing down, and is soldered to the package substrate. So technically, when you have a final "chip" that you install in a motherboard, when you're looking at the top of the chip where the heatspreader is, if you had X-ray vision and could see through the top of the chip, you would be looking at the backside of the die. The backside of the die is pure silicon. Then, if you keep looking through, you would find the transistor layers next. Then keep digging and you'd go through all of the metal layers, then finally you'd reach the interposed and package board.
Q: elektronikk-service asked: How do you align the different layers in a chip? They cannot be off by more than a few nm.
A: Joe Lion55 responds: they layers have alignment makes built in. Those are little cross or X-shaped structures that are non functional (they’re not part of any live circuit). But when the lithography machine is putting down a new layer, it will find the alignment marks from the previous layer and adjust the wafer position and/or the scanner optics until the alignment marks are in the right place.
Q: Someone asked about low die yield for small nanometer transistors, and was it just particles that resulted in low die yield?
A: For new technology nodes, which are the smallest nanometer names for the transistors- Typically low die yield is due to getting exact parameters for the process steps correct. For example, when FinFets were first being developed, a etching pillars of silicon was incredibly difficult and designing / engineering / and then fine tuning the etchers to perfectly etch billions of fins in perfect fin structures is wildly difficult and is what contributed to low die yield. This is just one of the processes but the example applies to practically all other processes for the a new node. For example, when you do ion implantation, you need to evenly implant about 5-10 atoms of boron / phos to a specific region of the fin. Well, what happens if there are just 2 dopant atoms? Or what about 50?
I've been considering concepts of mobile fabrication plants, meaning making logic chips in a plant that can fit inside something that can be moved in several parts if needed; optimally, in a single trailer which was a stretch even with what I did already know. Most of what I know about these procedures comes from free publicly available information that doesn't cover all these steps. If there is no better way to make logic chips (APUs and more), then I'm not sure it would be possible to improve upon this. That said, I still don't know why the water and possibly some solvents used in cleaning processes can not be recycled (even though I understand purification would take extra energy no matter what method is used). This idea was on the back-burner, so I didn't put in this type of careful research into actually making mobile fabrication plants a reality. Maybe certain types of chips could still be made with mobile chip fabrication plants?
We know. And we thank you greatly.
@@VariantAEC One machine, such as the ion implanter is the size of a 2 car garage. It is shipped in shipping containers and takes a weeks to install, test and get up and running. Then it also needs to be in a cleanroom which takes billions of dollars to build in itself.
So how to relate this video with samsung 5 nanometer failure low yield in 2021-2022, or low yield in general, is it simply because of dust or mistake in photolayering?
@@BranchEducation
I understand the size and scope of these machines currently. My question is why they need to be that big in the first place? I also understand the layouts of some of thess facilities... lots of empty space. Could that all be reduced greatly to make one type of chip? Could we use one pint of pure water to clean on wafer at a time - for certain cleaning steps - and recycle that same pint almost indefinitely?
This is absolutely insane. Not just the quality of the video, but also the fact that people actually figured out how to create these chips.
That's exactly what I always think when wathch this incredible product and it's factory process!!! 🙌🙌🙌🙌🙌🙌
Actually used to educate new employees in the semi industry already.
Tak. Jest szalone. Ale to co tutaj widzimy to jest i tak zbyt mało aby udowodnić co jest poza naszym układem słonecznym i czy gdzieś jest inna forma cywilizacji. Jeszcze jesteśmy zbyt mało rozwinięci technologicznie. Brzmi wręcz nieprawdopodobnie w porównaniu z tym co tutaj oglądamy. Jesteśmy tylko mało istotnym pionkiem w całej tej materii.
Technology is so incredible sometimes I wonder if they reverse engineered it from an UFO to get it!!
Aliens
I work at a semiconductor company , and have taught this lesson to many junior engineers , but never with this kind of amazing visual aids. This video is top notch! 👏👏👏👏👏 Bravo!
this fake video manifests the degradation of society. quantum laws apply below 5 nanometers.... rly? bravo! except under any microscope the tiniest part of the most advanced microchip is several hundred nanometers and the surface of those discs cannot be polished at 1nanometer accuracy, thats blatant lie. purpose of this video is to show how difficult it is to produce advanced chips so others do not ever try... low marketing trick. sad if not tragic.
I'm a quartz glassblower based in the UK. I fabricate various parts for the semiconductor industry... Furnace liners, wafer carriers, injectors to name a few. I asked the boss that I'd love to see how all of the fabricated parts I make are used, so he managed to arrange a visit to a semiconductor factory who we supply parts for and they were kind enough to give us a tour of their factory.
A few of us spent the day there in our space suits and I was simply blown away by all the processes involved.. plus it was cool to see the quartz parts in use.
Such an awesome industry, it was a great day out!
50 dollas is the amount of money my grandma sends me for christmas, are you this guys gramma?
No thanks back 😂 💀💀💀
Thank you!! I appreciate it.
This channel deserves millions upon millions of views… the animations and graphics are better than anything I’ve seen ever.
But the narrator doesn't understand the subject matter and when he screws up, there's no take two.
True.
Yeah this is just insane, the level of research, the level of skill for the animation, the level of skill for explaining it and the great narrating voice. I wish I had the power to even get these animations played in school
It's just a matter of time until it does. Shockingly good quality videos always get the attention they deserve.
Consider the view count the number of people intelligent enough to understand and curious enough to stay engaged for half an hour of dense, complex material. People like you.
this truly shows the power of collaboration. every thousand scientists, engineers, etc. was needed to figure out just one tiny tiny detail of the whole entire process. this was done by the collaboration of every scientist that ever existed figuring out things about physics, chemistry, biology, and so on; to all come together unknowingly to create something so complex we can barely even understand it. this gave me a new outlook on the future of humanity
Yet one man, in a cave could figure it out on his own!
Wait until you find out how complex biology is
My guy casually drops one of the most detailed RUclips videos on HOW PROCESSORS ARE MADE and act like we wouldn't notice. This channel is incredible
u speaking skibidi language
@@неамериканец-н1в 😂
@@неамериканец-н1в skibidibapmdara
@@неамериканец-н1в True
Your guy?
I am speechless about this immensely clear and yet overwhelming graphical representation and the yet understandable explanations. You are doing a fantastic job!!
What humans have accomplished is beyond words. Also one man does not know how the whole process works. It is a collaboration of different companies that bring it all together. One mines the commodities to make the machines and buildings. Others design and builds the buildings, whilst another builds the machines. Then you have the programmers and designers of the chips. Also the maintenance guys for when the machines break down etc etc.
Greatly detailed video wow yes thank you. Wow yes. Yes.
Yep
i knew how micro processors were made, but watching this video was still interesting. the level of detail is quite good, however what i was really hoping to see on this video, when clicking on it, is not the concept of CPU, but how the machines actually work. i mean seeing the real machines work.
Feld
Best video I've ever seen explaining CPU production.
Absolutely
Lol it's the only one
@@musicplus6306Lol true!
You must not watch many videos about it then. It's decent, but far from the best.
@@musicplus6306 Oh really? I must have dreamt watching many other videos years back. Thanks for letting me know I've been living a lie!
I'm a physicist who has substantial background in semiconductor technology and this is still so crazy and incredible for me. Thanks for making this video and the stunning visuals !
As a retired technician, working with semiconductor fabrication line for 27 years. This the best and details explanation. Thank you.
What an endorsement!
Where to start to be a semiconductor technician?
@@ShegerBusiness At least at the fab I'm at, an associates in engineering (mechanical or electrical) is enough to be a technician maintaining the tools. Honestly, just apply and see if they accept. At worst they say no.
Guys, so the i9 i7 i5 i3 are all the same chip but the difference between them are the amount of defective parts?
So those Intel CPU without Integrated Graphics actually have integrated graphics but it just doesn't work due to the problems during production?
@@FallenLight0 You are partially correct, generally during the design stage itself they have some hard switches(kind of shutdown switches/logic) added to each block in the design to disable them(doesn't matter if the ic is faulty or not), the advantage of this method is that they don't have to redesign the whole circuit for different lineup(That's why you will see their Idle power/base power to be in close neighbourhood like for example all 14th gen i7, i5, i9 have same base power). Coming to the detective part point, it is also one of the best method to save cost instead of scraping. But defects are not very common generally during the design stage the chips are designed in such a way that yield is more than 95%, preferably 99%.
I think this is your best video yet. Well done everyone who worked on it
Thanks! I appreciate it!
I've worked in Semiconductor and semiconductor equipment manufacturing for over 40 years, ultimately supporting every area in and outside of the fab. I was fortunate enough to lead great teams in building a semiconductor factory. This video is very well done and educational for everyone wanting to know what a 'chip' is and how it is made. I highly recommend watching this video whether you work in the industry or not-it is very much worth your time. The team that made and produced this is awesome-thank you!
It's insane how dedicated you are with these videos. I love your work so much and each video absolutely blows my mind
this was amazing. I have an electronics engineering degree, and worked at AMD (chip maker) with the supply ops and substrate teams - so I likely had more knowledge about semicon fabs than 99.999% of the population. I even have a 2005 wafer chip without the substrate and packaging which one guy from the production floor gave me. But my knowledge was maybe 5% of what this video shows.
This video blew my mind off. Wow!! Amazing work guys.
I work at a small electronics manufacturing company at the PCBA and box build level. Some of the equipment we produce is involved in IC development.
I find this video really helpful in explaining the chip manufacturing process and the importance of our work to our operators. Will send a link to everyone in my team :)
Btw, this video was what finally made me sign up for Brilliant, after many years of nagging from youtubers.
What kind of background do you have to have to do that?
@@MarcoRobles2001 You just need to click on the "Thanks" button below the video and enter your Visa for payment.
I’m a carpenter, I know next to nothing about computers. But I do enjoy learning about all building processes large and small. Thanks for making a great video,
Well if this is great just wait until you start learning about the CPU architecture. Having 26 billion transistors means nothing, it's how they're connected that determines the logic and holy damn that logic is like a spaghetti factory, often using a single part for multiple things as well. And I don't even know that much yet.
This is absolutely insane. Not just the quality of the video, but also the fact that people actually figured out how to create these chips. Thank youso much fore makeing this video
I have been working with and repairing computers for almost 30 years. I've done a lot of study and have kept up with most facets of the industry. I have never come across a video series that explains, so clearly, the details of the chip manufacturing process. I will make sure to have all my colleagues watch your wonderful presentations.
this is mainly because its always a closely guarded secret in the industry. Specially, the details of the masks, circuit interconnections, chip module layouts, etc are never shared in public. Even the factory tour requires special high level permission/ clearance. Some people who work in the industry which provide tools for chip manufacturers, such as ASML lithography, vapor deposition, etc have some idea what they do and how they do. Apart from this, this is an active area of research, and is published in well known journals as well, but being hidden behind the paywalls, the published research also stay away from the reach of general public.
Edit : for those who want to dive deeper into the subject, there are dedicated channels which i would recommend - Asianometry (you will thank me later)
The quality and clarity are unmatched on this platform. This channel's videos should be shown in schools.
I am a Staff Engineer at Samsung Semiconductor. This is the best video I've ever seen, including all the educational content from Samsung.
Fix the heating and make better chips!
u sure?@@MombasaCry04
@@MombasaCry04😂
So the i9 i7 i5 i3 are all the same chip but the difference between them are the amount of defective parts?
So those Intel CPU without Integrated Graphics actually have integrated graphics but it just doesn't work due to the problems during production?
@@FallenLight0 that's what I understood as well. It's a broken egg sold at a cheaper price.
I cannot say I understood the entire CPU manufacturing process (but that's just me;), but I sure did gain an appreciation of its complexity, as well as that of the effort to make an excellent video that made the technology a bit clearer to laymen like me. So, a huge thank you!
This may be the absolute peak of human ingenuity. Incredible.
artificial intelligence is the peak for the moment
@@Oilstar Ah yes the AI that often gets dumb stuff wrong because it's unaware of what's it's saying.
That stuff wouldn't even exist without cpus, making cpus is also much harder like it's so expensive getting all the insane machines to make them that new competitors can't even emerge, meanwhille some startups can compete in the AI race
@@someone-v1z interesting angle. But then basically it means the wheel is the biggest invention of humans. If we use your analogy
@@someone-v1z the startups that uses chatgpt
@@Oilstar I'd say processors are more important considering they're used in all the technologies we are most reliant on nowadays.. including AI. If anything, companies are just hyping up AI for investors. It certainly will have more uses in the future, but we're not HEAVILY reliant on AI as we are with processors in general.
I recently fell into a rabbit hole about fabs and found this video just in time. Absolutely mind blowing how humans are capable of this, and most of us are clueless about this incredible feat of engineering powering the phones and computers we use daily.
Honestly the only time I’ve ever considered reverse engineering. I feel very Neanderthal right now
CPUs are so complex that not a single person can understand how a modern one even works. You cannot follow the logic chain because there are simply too many transistors; and the layering... .it is all insane to even think human can produce such a thing; THIS IS PURE SOCERY
Yes, understanding this from 'first principles' is quite simple, and the concepts are also simple to understand, but the ACTUAL PROCESS OF HOW THIS WORKS ON A PHYSICAL ELVEL IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UNDERSTAND.
In essence, it is a pure black box; we give a billion transistor CPU inputs and expect certain outputs; if we get those outputs, we consider it 'working as intended.' But NOT A SINGLE PERSON UNDERTSANDS HOW A MODERN CPU ACTUALLY OWRKS IN IMPLEMENTATION.
If someone does know how a CPU works they would be able to tell me what happens when transistor #432423 receives a single and how it will precisely output and affect the entire whole and how it affects those around it _exactly._
And no, running a program that simulates or tells you such things is not 'understanding' it
@@pyropulseIXXIum thats a big assumption
@@pyropulseIXXI alien sorcery that is….
Alien technology
Over the last 30-yrs working in this industry, this is the best video for anyone to watch and understand how chips were made! Absolutely perfect!
Asianometry is better.
@@ciCCapROSTithis channel is better for animation and general knowledge, asianometry more like insight news
The production quality of this video is absolutely amazing! I’m watching it from Argentina, and I’m truly impressed by how it explains the process of chip manufacturing. Let’s support this incredible content by sharing it and helping it reach a wider audience. This kind of work deserves to go viral! 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻
In a world where the internet is filled with absolute idiocy, this video exists as a testament to why it could possibly be the single greatest invention in human history. Thank you, you are doing the world a service.
1% of the population upholds the survival of the 99%
As a dedicated and hardworking internet idiot, I object to your harsh attack on me and my people!
And everybody knows that plastic is the greatest invention in human history! Where would civilization be without it?
@@charliedoyle7824without internet, most people will still cope with primitive religion, information is more precious than one substance
Yeah but there is far two few of us that understand this stuff or even care about it
@@INTJ791 Hey bro, I'm religious and I'm currently studying systems engineering, my father is a physicist. Not cool bro.
As an engineer in semiconductor manufacturing industry, I want to say this is by far the best and detailed video to explain the IC manufacturing process. I can even tell which tool is which by looking at the animated pictures. The video production team really did a great job in the details.
An amazingly accurate presentation, might be as close as the normi can get to getting inside a fab
@@michaelleahy7794 u need to apply for process engineer or Fabrication Engineer. Or also u can get into design part of it
Lol right, when they detail the LF generators on the producer GT's you know it's legit..hard to believe AMAT would have gave them the CAD's for those
so you are the guys causing chip shortage😂😂
Would have been so easy to get a lot of this stuff wrong, too. Sounds like they probably double checked their info with some expert to be sure, cuz no way some amateur fumbles their way through all this jargon and machinery and whatnot without messing up.
literally nobody explained this process in such detail, mainstream science channels always made it seem so simple, though in reality it is much more complex and interesting. I always wondered that they are not telling the full truth, that was true. I am so grateful to you for making this video. Animation and narration are as always, excellent.
Amazing. I've learned much more than I expected to when I watched this video, and although I'll only retain the general process of it all, it has more than satiated my burning desire to know, "How do we create such complex circuitry on a nanoscale?" Thanks to the team that made this.
What you are doing is revolutionary. No one has ever made a video about microchip manufacturing this deep.
Semiconductor manufacturing engineer here. Well done, folks. This is the best video of its kind that I've seen. I'm sharing it with a ton of people I work with and it's my new go-to for when people ask what I do.
I'm especially impressed at the models of all of the processing tools. Spot on.
The dude literally made one of the best scientific pieces of Human history, it's literally the epitome of human technology, the most complex thing we have and probably will ever make. Despite being the best example of Human ingenuity, most people have no idea where the things powering their phones and laptops come from, not anymore with this video.
@@maximusasauluk7359 I still have no clue what is being stenciled onto the thing
Would love it if you could briefly explain how the photomasks are created.
Semiconductor Manufacturing is indeed the most complex and high precision job for any engineer, it is the work of 100s of scientists and engineers that made this world possible. One of the best videos I had ever seen on this complicated process. Love you man ❤
Even with there are details still left out. It's that complicated.
Leftios of system sheet right iOS of system sheet ramed copid window hard to hard wafer data and window copy files data games saved at rams pins a straight a straight.
8 second comp 24hp
It's crazy how this video is free to everyone. Thank you.
Literally. The fact that i’m sleep deprived & still understood. Amazing stuff!
Everyone’s saying “omg the animations”.. but seriously holy sh*t! The hours and hours that it takes to pull off stuff like this. Things we’re enjoying in 10 seconds took 4 hours.
Semiconductor manufacturing is legitimately the most complex and crazy thing humans have ever engineered and produced. Like, even rocket science pales in comparison in most ways. There's other super complex fields like neurobiology and whatnot, but nothing in terms of what people are actually putting into practice and MAKING.
Especially the transistor holy fkc
3 Months
What about the quantum computers?
They are surely more complex than that@@maynardburger
@@wade3owais819 have you seen quantum computers? I imagine they took a while to make but it's got like 1000 qubits and are about 20 feet across. Like you can see each of the tubes leading to where. Chips are unequivocally more complex.
We make a big hoopla about quantum computers but they suck pretty bad for what they are. Like it's amazing what they could be, especially if we continue trying to make them better, but they're pretty shit. Calling them a computer is like calling a couple logic gates a calculator.
Hi
I am 60 years old electronics technician, I used many semiconductors in my life but never looked in to technology that makes them. Your video is incredible, thank you very much. 👍👍🇦🇺
How much is the salary?
Not your business young man @@helloitsamie6214
I’ve always wanted someone to make a detailed and accurate video on how CPUs are manufactured and this is a dream come true! It is incredible how complex chip fab is and to think this video only covers the physical manufacturing process which is only a quarter of the full story. There’s an entire process with similar complexity involving the design of the various masks and circuitry using EDA tools and CAD softwares and another entire process where chip designers, chip fabs and tooling manufacturers work hand in hand to calibrate and customize the tools to a specific process node and yet another phase where R&D teams, regulatory bodies & academic institutions collaborate with all these blocks to create new standards and frameworks to streamline and regulate the entire process. The true FULL process is mind boggling and radiates into multiple industries and governing bodies.
Thank you guys for this video!
This is what the internet was made for. What insane production quality. Very well done!
This is one of the most in depth videos I've seen that focuses on so many things. You people gave so much information that would normally be glossed over, yet somehow you managed to compact the video into just 28 minutes. That is insane!
I've worked in the semiconductor industry for more than half of my life. I must say that this is the best video explaining how chips are made I ever watched. Excellent work!
Incredible! The labor involved in making these vids is phenomenal. Props from an electronics technologist/repair technician. Seeing the tech in video practically supersedes old book learning. Thank you so much.
as an engineer of one of the processes, this video is the best video explaining everything related to semiconductor manufacturing i have ever watched. excellent video, excellent modelling, excellent scripts
chill dude you guys are inane😮💨😮💨
@@USER1.01.01 yeah these guys are inane???🤔
so you guys got this technology from aliens right?
I was expecting some info on the PCM testing as well.
Honestly I'm blown away by how much you've educated me on this subject in just 25 or so min. The fact that I can say "I sorta understand how they do it" in that amount of time is a testament to how well you've explained and visualized the process. Instant subscribe and like!
As a mechanical guy with background in aerospace manufacturing, this information was packaged so well that I hardly had to rewind to understand the concepts. Clear, concise, detailed illustrations with no nonsense to filter through. Astounding work. The internet can be so fruitful.
How far we've come from refrigerator size memory units to consolidating generations worth of tools like cameras, typewriters and computers into a handheld ask-me-anything device. And to think it all comes from crushed rocks, conceptualized by people who couldn't fathom where we would be today or even stumbled upon certain properties by accident. Inquisitive souls loyal to the pursuit of truth, doing their diligence putting in years of their lives standing on the shoulders of giants to gift us even one of incalculable scientific advances that made the next one possible so that we could one day take what they discovered and produce this magnicifently capable and versatile tool that talks in 1s and 0s. A true marvel of engineering, and we use it to view images of kittens. The dichotomy of man.
I'm pretttttttty sure kittens is code for porn 👌
Insane how complex the whole process is, literally blown away.
Huge thanks Branch Education for this video and all videos you all make. Definitely learning alot!
After more than 4 years working in a cleanroom, I've never seen such a clear and faithful explanation.
Simply unbelievable. Congrats!
You got to work in a cleanroom!! This seems so cool to me, I want to research what training/skills I need to work there
One of the rare videos that makes youtube the best free learning platform
Its crazy how clear these explanations are, I've not found a single other source that 'dumbs down' this process enough for a layman to understand it.
This video is one of the best videos I’ve seen in over 5000 hours of RUclips. You are awesome!
The people behind these process are so intelligent and diligent! Full respect!
The people behind this are aliens
My brain is having such a hard time processing how intricate and small scale this process is. The technology is more than I can comprehend and the people behind this are brilliant.
Aliens maybe :-) not human
@@madmaxmad4221lol you’re ignorant
As someone who is working as IC designer, this is the best explanation and visuals of chip fabrication I have ever seen. And surprisingly accurate for a video intended for general audience.
Keep up the good work!!
This is the singular most helpful video on CPU design available. The quality of animation, the visuals, and the script really help boil down all of the mechanisms an processes involved in making a silicon die.
Just wanted to express my support for you guys. This channel deserves all the attention it gets and so much more.
From French retired. I worked in these arena for years and was an FSE, field service engineer. I worked for different USA companies and on different machines, etching, deposition, copper, plasma and so on. This great video gives a good idea how are made CPUs, Memories and so on.
The first day I started my job in a Fab, years ago, it was like a space ship, incredible. The machines had already touch screens, which came on laptop or comp around twenty years later in everyone world. It would be great to have some real videos of the Fab. If a day you have the opportunity to visit such Fab, just go and admire the technology.
For engineers, it is a great job opportunity and well paid if you don't count your hours, your avaibility and being ready to learn so many. I enjoyed it.
Now I know who I want to be when I grow up
What metals are used to connect the transistor? Is it copper only or are there other metals such as gold and what is their percentage of the total weight?😊
@@عبدالمجيد-ك1د9ل Was not a process engineer. The interconnections inside the chip between transistors is not gold. Copper is used to interconnect layers of transistors but it is done by deposition, then anneal at high temp 400°C. The gold is used only to connect the chip I/O to the exterior contacts. Inside the chip itself, mainly silicon.
@@paillart527 My brother, people who work in electronics recycling say that the average percentage of gold in electronics is 0.04 percent Of his weight. I think the processor has gold inside and not just in the pins or what?
@@عبدالمجيد-ك1د9ل Again, the connections between the chip and the ext contacts to other computer circuits are gold. Mainly, gold is found on all conatcs inside a computer (mother board, Ram, not only in the processor). Check on YT to get more information about gold in our modern computers.
One of the greatest youtube videos ever created, comprehensively explaining the greatest feat of human engineering ever accomplished. It doesn't get any better.
Working in the industry (photolithography) for over a decade, watching this on a Friday night, after a very busy work week. And still enjoyed it tremendously! Truly, kudos to BranchEducation team!!
What a neat job you have. How does one get into your line of work?
@@wilhelmbittrich88 a technical degree (masters or PhD), preferably in an area involving physical sciences or electrical engineering, a curious mind, and an ability to work in multinational/multidisciplinary teams :)
so you are the guys causing chip shortage😂😂 we found one lads
vary interesting, thank you so much, i'll support you!
This video left me speechless.
Not only is the manufacturing process of a cpu so much more complex to the point where im surprised that one cpu doesnt cost 1 million dollars, im also speechless about the effort put into the making on this video.
Economies of scale
Economies of scale...
this video is incredibly detailed and produced. I can't believe it's free.
As a 20yr tech vet with a graduate degree in EE, who started his career in semiconductor process tech and chip reliability, this is the best most well done/informative video on this topic I’ve ever seen. This can be shown in a freshman semiconductor course to help folks visualize that’s actually happening without sacrificing details. The quality of the video really reflects your effort
Damn... had this stuff in university two semesters ago and never thought that i would see it again... but this animation is on a hole other level.. I wish that i could have seen this before the exam... great work here!
This kind of research, animation, correct content delivery deserves applause.
I was NOT expecting this when I clicked on this video. I was expecting a half-arsed documentary with some clueless journalist walking through the general areas of some old fab.
This is INCREDIBLE. Having a background in embedded systems design, I knew a fair amount of how this stuff is done, but, good lord... the level of detail, the graphics, flow and animations in this video left me speechless!
Whoever was involved in the research, scripting and production of this video - you've done an incredible job of it.
I've turned on notifications for this channel. A first for me.
Wait till you look through some of the others they've made. Try the hard-drive one. It is so complex it's scary. How can humans be SO clever with technology, and so stupid at other times? We are very very clever, but not very wise at all.
I wish I had these videos 20 years ago)) How lucky the current generation of engineers-to-be are! This is pure gold. For free.
I am an aspiring engineer, at i have so much respect for you all
My favorite channel on youtube hands down. Can’t believe we get this information for free and at such quality.
Thank u so much for the free information. You guys are a blessing.
I cannot even begin to explain how interesting this is for me. I never could've guessed in 1000 years that a single transistor could be made so small so accurately. Thank you for making this video.
I'm a Computer Engineer and I remember us designing a very simple transistor logic gate chip back in the day in college and I loved every second of it. I also used to work in a semiconductor company with very similar processes so I completely understand the protocols and processes involved. Watching this video brings me back to those days. Thanks for creating this video!
Bro that's so cool 😮
I'm a computer engineering student at the moment 😁😁
I will never ever complain about a processor being over priced again. This was just amazing.
When I see how this is made, I think how God created everything, big and small.
@@sootuckchoong7077But this was artificially made wasn’t it??
@@sootuckchoong7077 god didnt do this... it was engineers that design the cpus ...
I use to think the same thing.
For years I looked at AMD and Intel chips and thought how hard could it possibly be.
Then I see this.
lol.
@@luxaly9510yea bro I honestly hate when people say this, like people are entitled to their own beliefs and that but this is a human achievement not a god thing, it took thousands of human minds working together to create this thing that 99.9% of the word cannot even fathom. It’s the same with surgery’s, when they says thank god or pray to god for a safe surgery, it wasn’t god saving them it was the doctors and surgeons who put hundreds or even thousands of hours studying and mastering their craft
What is special about you and make you different from other 3D channels is the deep understanding you have and the details you share in a structured way thank you for this amazing video.
This channel is insane! Ever since the shader video I have been hooked. Keep up the work!
Glad you enjoy it!
Best semiconductor manufacturing animation video I saw on RUclips
It's just insane how long it must have taken the researchers to figure out how to build all these different machines and what parameters they have to use to fabricate a functioning chip.
What's also insane is how incredible the quality of these videos are. It is truly great to have such high-quality material to get a first insight into how different topics work.
As always they started big. Then made improvements in all aspects which qualitatively evolved it. The CPU in particular has an immensely wide array of applications so any manner of improvement on the CPU can probably improve a lot of other systems as well. And so the cycle continues until people forget they left the graphics cards and motherboards behind oops.
I am a software developer in the EDA business, and never understood what actually happens in the fab so well. This video was really very enlightening, thank you for your good work. ❤
MAN..I thought particle physics was mind boggling...BUT...this stuff is mind boggling and mind blowing times ten..I am truly awestruck at what it takes to make a microchip..I'm blown away. The men and women behind this are geniuses. Thank you to everyone for all the hours and effort that has made this video possible..this is beyond wonderful. I was first introduced to DUV machines on a radio program on NPR..at 3 o'clock in the morning..an interview with the then CEO of ASML...ever since then I have become more interested on the subject of microchips as a whole. Thank you so much for this video, I don't think I'll ever completely understand all about the fabrication processes but for sure I'll continue looking at great videos like this one to grow in my understanding of the subject. A heartfelt thank you.
Particle physics are a big part of semiconductor research and understanding. Seriously, the amount of cross-expertise required for leading edge semiconductor manufacturing is insane.
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Bapak pamudjiid
The amount of tech that has gone into this is insane. The devices that we use everyday are a testament to immense human capabilities. The fact that us humans can even conceive of making something like this which is so so complicated let alone actually manufacture it is mind blowing. Kudos to computer scientists and chip manufacturers! Seems way more intense than making a rocket.
AND NERDS AND GEEKS AND
a rocket engine actually is a super simple thing - you can basically build one in the backyard and even figure out best nozzle designs etc with trial and error. the hard part is to improve it to a point where it runs stable inside very tiny thresholds extremely close to the physical properties of the used materials without blowing itself to pieces...and then improve it even further.
You have the ability to explain in 30 minutes what universities can't teach in a semester. This is by far the best 3D animation I've ever seen-better than Animagraffs. I'm in love with this channel. I'm a student today, but I'll definitely become a patron once I start earning. Thank you once again!
The problem is that animagrafs are generalized!
The information is not very precise.
How so? Precise in the sense of going deeper into the subject.
Recently I had curiosity about this and looked for videos in bigger channels than this. But this one takes the cake , the quality of these animation is outstanding. Subscribed.
The value that you are giving is just priceless! Deep thanks from my heart!
Thank you for helping out! I appreciate it!
as someone who has spent over 30 years in the computer/tech industry, I learned something that no one has ever been able to explain to me! great video!!!!!!
5 people working away for 4.5+ months of work, utterly spoiling us for almost 30 minutes, is way more than the 3 months for the build of the single wafer you highlighted! Your work deserves an Oscar (if there was such an equivalent) in this type of video production. Honestly I hope this channel will serve the next generation of EEs, Mech Eng, Comp Eng and CS majors graduating and enhance their knowledge. Absolutely phenomenal work. Thank you so much for your efforts and I can not wait to see what you have planned for us next. 😊
This was an absolute pleasure to learn about. I was deeply involved in computers during the Pentium 3 vs AMD days. How far CPU and GPU technology has come is mind bending!
This team deserves a " graphics explanation Nobel "Great job and thank you for the effort doing this video for us .
This channel has the more detail CORRECT and visually appealing explanation to questions that dont have a straight forward answer, and you guys make and amazing job at making everything digestivel.
University where take thousands of dollars to give education but this channel give increadible free knowledge with single click, hats of you🙏
only in america, this is basics 2nd year cs in CA
college is a scam.
University gives you the background context is truly understand the field.
As a college student major in computer science and born at the beginning of the century, it's so proud that our generation could witness the whole technological revolution and benefit from it. I still remember when I was only 3 or 4 years old, my father was passionate about computer and other electronic devices. He always bought some interesting stuff from the market, and explained to me how each of them works. At that time I couldn't understand why he was so obsessed with those machines. But today after watching this video illustrating elaborately how the microchips are manufactured, I suddenly know everything. I feel happy and surprised for the big human progress. I think maybe that's why my father highly recommended me to major in CS. This is so amazing. Masterpiece.
Words fail me at the complexity of this manufacturing process. The video is nothing short of the best I've ever seen. Congratulations to all those who made it happen.
23:45 I wasn't expecting that CPUs are manufactured and labeled based on how many cores don't work.
This was an incredible in depth video. Thank you for your efforts!
New Fear unlocked. Was not expecting that also.
It is not always like that, sometimes you get an actual i7 or sometimes a defective i9, these companies Eg. Nvidia, Intel, AMD always launch their Higher end models first due to this reason - so that based on the yield & defects could accordingly launch the budget models
back in the day there were tools and ways of unlocking the disabled cores on CPUs at the possible cost of instability (most of the times there was a reason why they were disabled), these days they made that pretty much impossible though
Yeah imagine going for a i9 instead of i7 or i5 but telling your buddy at store you want one that works, and send him the link of the video with time stamp...
it means im using i9 by the name of i3 😂
As an Embedded Systems Engineer who works on microcontrollers, it's refreshing to see how the CPUs are made. We embedded engineers take these Engineering Marvel for granted without realizing the efforts that go into making chips out of sand (aka Silicon). Kudos to the entire Branch Education Team for making Science, Technology and Engineering accessible for free to everyone around the world! We need more of Branch Education ❤
Me Too!
That was absolutely WOW! Great balance between being in the details and yet not being boring
I think this is the best educational video I've ever seen explaining anything - full stop.
To take a subject as complicated and complex as integrated circuit manufacturing and explain it in in the kind of lucid and easily comprehendable manner in which you have, **without** leaving any substance or necessary detail off the table, with the use of accurate and precise illustrations at every single step, all in a
Wow. The level of detail in this video is incredible. I've been a programmer for 30+ years, and I've been around tech since I was 12 (I'm in my 50s now). For 10 years I worked at a company that made EPROM programmers, so I've actually had to burn off the tops of chips with nitric acid to decipher features on the die, in order to figure out how to program them.
And even I learned a few things watching this. You should be very proud of this video.
How is this free content. TV channels and Programs don’t even make videos this good and detailed, let alone 30 minute high quality animated videos. I’m blown away and I wish this channel gets the attention it deserves. Fantastic content
I have always been curious about how chips and CPUs are manufactured. This video gave me a pretty good idea and filled in the gaps in my knowledge. I recommend this video to anyone interested in this ultra-advanced technology.
I work for a semi conductor company that may or may not have been mentioned in this video and I’ve asked people who work in the fab to explain to me how the chips are made. They made it more confusing to me. This video clearly explained the entire process so that anyone can understand and will help me explain to others how chips are made. Amazing video. 🎉❤
I don't think I've ever seen a channel MORE deserving of it's viewers' support than this one. Genuinely top-tier all around.
Seriously, I literally liked, hit the bell icon to get all alerts, shared with a few of my friends, and became a patreon. I've never felt so moved to act on that request. Usually channels put out half baked mediocre content mixed damn Brilliant or NordVPN sponsorships and have the audacity to ask us to "subscribe, like, share!".
RUclipsrs of the world, look at what this channel is doing. This is how you earn your viewers true admiration.
Branch Engineering, you're one of the most valuable channels on RUclips. All the love you're getting from your public is well deserved!
in awe how far we've come and how precise this whole process is, thank you for putting in all those hours in the sake of free education.
Gotta say the RUclips algorithm hit it out of the park recommending this channel to me
Congratulations for this wonderful and very well made and detailed video. I have been working in the semiconductor industry for thirty years and I have never seen a video so complete, yet simplified to the right degree and so realistic of the work I do on a daily basis. The animations and reconstructions of plants and equipment are also truly wonderful. I love your works. Thanks
I have no experience in any process of this production.
But I'm dead serious when I say that this is the BEST educational video on RUclips.