its 59F. rain just stopped,, i ordered your new book and cant wait to read it!! those were some beautiful cows and heifers,, i find my self dreaming of those and some of your sheep instead of the nightmares i normally have! i could just sit and watch your critters all day,,, steel and lumber aint the only things rising in price for sure!! thank you for another great video
I'd love to buy 5 of your heifers and a bull, and get my start. But I need your grazing school, and read your books first. Becoming a regenerative farmer is on my bucket list......one day soon I hope.
Gosh Greg you're a genius. The Greg Judy South Pole starter kit. It just doesn't get any better than that!! I'd be in if I wasn't old and broken down like I am. Well, I can still dream.
Gret your new book is the best of the three and I thought the other two were both super. Thanks for writing it and all you have done, My husband and I are so greatful for the knowledge you have shared. We are just getting established on our own farm here in the NW Upper Peninsula of Michigan and our goal is to build a grass genetics herd like yours, while creating a regenerative permaculture farm and ranch. Hopefully we can make it to your grazing school next spring.
Add everything east of the Cascades to that list. The west side is getting rain finally so we are only dry, but east of us until you hit the Ozarks is solidly dry.
I think any rancher who buys fertilizer to grow hay, should consider using the money used on fertilizer to purchase hay instead and graze all your hay land rotationally with electric fence you bought with the money you made from selling your hay equipment.
I have been thinking about doing this but the main issues with my hay field and many others is shade and also water development and electric. I can get around the water and electric issues but it will cost some serious money. The shade deal will be a lot more difficult. I dont care if they are red, black or white hided animals performance will drop if you bake them out in the hot sun all day everyday. I dont own any hay equipment. I have my field done on shares and i unroll the hay on my pasture land. So I import nutrients from my hay field to my pasture. I still pay for fertilizer but i would have to buy hay anyways. Its not the perfect setup but better then having a bunch of equipment. I am still looking to graze my hayfields in the future but its not as simply for everyone to just convert them over like flipping a light switch.
@@jakeschuster9991 there are enough hay making fools out there believe me! I hardly have any neighboring farm land where I live but there are still scads of hay fools making hay on the weekends all summer long. And I don't even buy my hay local, I get it from 7 hours trucking distance away and it's still cheaper than what I can make it even after I pay the trucker, after you factor in my time making hay, moving equipment around, time fixing equipment, time maintaining equipment, the odd mechanic job when it's too complicated for me to fix; then the cost of buying grease, oil, filters, twine, parts, tires; then the obscene cost of equipment turn over (even old used these days) which has worked out to an average of $3-5000 a year over the last 20 years for our medium sized hay operation. Now if I consider the cost that hay harvesting imposes on my pastures... Everytime I harvest a hay crop you leave a 1" stubble, in the middle of summer my pasture bake to oblivion killing off vast amounts of microbes and fungi and sending the earth worms packing for Sheol! After the over baking and over compacting of the soil, due to equipment, following hay harvest, we now need an enormous amount of water before regrowth can recover; better hope I get a 2" rain or have unlimited irrigation at hand (and if I do, there's another expense). The even if you feed that hay back on that harvested land, you still won't get back the damage that was caused from nutrient removal and soil exposure. The other thing that is most anoyeing with making hay, is when you don't get a harvest window untill 70 days after the crop was ready, that means the crop stoped growing and no collection of energy for 70 days while you were waiting to cut the crop. If I had planned to graze it I could have harvested it when it was at optimal age and grow a new crop of forage while leaving ample residual likey 3 times over! Now consider the lost opportunity of selling that hay I made, and yes, I can sell it for far more locally than I can buy it for from afar so feeding it myself doesn't really make sense. And one more thing to add...the $30-$40 discount on each big bale of hay you buy from another farm just for the nutrients it carries. Now, I know you said: "if no one makes hay" due to excessive drought I presume, but that is why I buy in hay enough for 2 years or so when it's cheap and plentiful. Pick up some decent tarps and place your stacks on a dry hill or logs like GJ. All in all I don't know your situation and perhaps it is better for you to make your own hay, but I have held out from buying hay for most of my life, and it is very liberating to realize that I don't need to make it my myself as long as I can manage the cycles of market and nature. Happy grazing my friend!
Red poll and shorthorn were used quite a bit in texas in early 70s along w herford not so much angus then some bo t. Uncle john snelgrove said take half leave half
Ya I want to be in the livestock business. All these videos you make with your enthusiasm for the animals and the grass. Golleey ;) My problem is being in NJ. Land is so expensive. The cheap land is a junk yard and I would have to get rid of the broken down metal and oil that has seeped in to the ground, killing the microbes.
We haven't seen much rain up here, and its been 90 or above almost every day in the last two weeks. Heat stroke is no joke, I got it real bad last summer and have had it multiple times over the years. Now it is hard to breathe and have no energy when the temp gets up to 80. Drink lots of liquids! And take breaks. Have a wonderful day 😀
I accidentally had the CC on, and the cows lowing was put in as [Music] :) It's music to my ears. And occasionally, the auto-generated captions call the cattle calls as [Applause] :)
"Happy lines", I was curious about those, been seeing them on my cattle since May. I knew they were linked to good performance but I didn't know what to call them, lol. Everything is looking good. We finally dried out here, actually too much to be comfortable, we could use a nice rain. We're getting into a concerning pattern of missing rains already too and I'm not happy about it.
@@gregjudyregenerativerancher Yes it does! I'm happy to have some drier weather as long as the spigot doesn't get shut off completely. I have about a dozen ponds to build this summer for stock water and about 2 miles of stock water line to put in. I'd like to get a nice rain on my newly planted beans though.
It is great to see you this morning I remember that I have a bicycle story to share with you but I so want to tell you something else but I shall try to remember to do that story tomorrow....... No promises I might be inspired to go in another direction. Mum was a do it yourself person who when Clarence Burnett took the wheel off her bike outside the train station she took the wheel off one of her friends bike in an attempt to find out how to put hers back on. They ended up taking both of the bikes on the train to Fredericton to find someone to fix them. When they arrived the bikes were magically fixed. Mum thought it was one of the trainmen who repaired the bikes because when ever she walked by the locomotive they would tease her and shoot out some steam. She didn't know it was Clarence until his grandson spilled the beans in 2016 apparently it was a story that he often told. Mum did learn how to fix bikes( and sewing machines for her neighbours) she would rescue bikes from the dump fix them up and give them away she felt every child should have a bike. I can remember seeing her in 2012 wearing her helmet and riding her bike to pick up her mail shortly after that she moved in with me as her health was failing we bought the bike along but our house is on a steep hill so she didn't want to go riding. We played cards instead no quarter given we each played to win. I didn't win very often.👍🖖👍🖖👍🖖🤷🏼♀️😊🙋🏼♀️❤️🚴
Cattle have, since the dawn of time been grass genetic, more to the point, some exaggerated breeds have become concentrate dependant to get some finish
We about went broke trying to use commodity long legged cattle with no gut. Today there are grass genetic cattle and grain genetic cattle. Make a living with grass, lose money with grain. Just our experience.
Timothy, Orchardgrass, white and red clover are all species we have in Europe, too. I wonder if they were introduced by to the US by the european settlers.
If you Google your zip code and "average rainfall" you'll find a chart that shows your rain totals by the month. Where I live (Branson) we get 45 inches per year.
question for greg!?!? i tried grazing goats with cows and the cows keep running the goats out of the paddock straight charging them like war. but if i give them a bigger paddock i cant graze effectively. is this why u keep your sheep separate from cows?
Our cows use the sheep as soccer balls. It takes several days of constant presence with each other before the cows finally leave them alone. Our bull mob last year ignored the sheep. Mature cows with calves are much more protective.
@@gregjudyregenerativerancher thanks greg. they seemed to get long all winter but in grazing this spring they just dont stop charging till they run them out.
@@davidhickenbottom6574 Farming is being good to nature and making a living. If you can manage your grazing platform well you can increase stocking rate. It just seems that this farm is under stocked but I don’t know what Greg’s stocking rate is. In Ireland ours is 1 cow per acre or 2.5 per hectare. Stocking rate at 0.8 cow per acre and you can farm very sustainability.
Hello Sir, am from South Africa, I realise you do regenerative grazing so do you add or give your cattle any mineral supplements? and if you do, how do you provide them? you use troughs, and what type of minerals, do you have to analyse your soil mineral composition before you buy the minerals? and how many cows do you keep per paddock, for how long and what is the size of your paddocks? Lastly, how do you separate your bulls from your cows under regenerative grazing? Thank you.
@@gregjudyregenerativerancher I don't get chiggers either, but the ticks seem to be aware of this and try to make up for it. Clothing treatments was the most effecting thing when I was surveying.
I'd purely love to see you make a video showing how you set up your polybraid, posts and pigtails. A to Z including your ATV setup and using it to unroll the wire. It would be most helpful to see the details and order you guys employ. Thanks and blessings! Doc
Mrs. Garcia is correct, there are several fencing videos here. I had missed a couple of them. ATV setup and Pigtails are covered, as well as most of the rest of the aspects of his fences of both types. Today, in one of his 2019 videos, I found his measurements for strand heights on a 4-strand high-tensile wire fence: 7, 13, 19, and 30 inches. Also, pigtails 32" not 36" because the 36'ers are too bendy (and don't need the height).
you joked that it looks like you waxed the cows, but could you? Could you put something oily and organic on them to help with bugs but not put any chemicals on them?
Genetic selection is why they are shiny. The hair coat of those cattle deter flies. It's not an accident, it's a major factor in Greg's success. Flies can be a huge economic factor and by selecting for the right hair coat he has eliminated the fly factor.
@@BJSmith-ll3uw I understand that. I'm asking about wax or oil as something natural you could put on the cattle instead of all the chemicals commercial farmers use to deter flies.
Should check RUclips Our Wyoming Life and can maybe give advice to them on grazing cattle during the drought they are in. Just pretty tough with hardly any rain.
If you are already in a drought, you should have implemented your drought plan. Sell off some livestock, combine herds, slow down your rotations. Not sure what his pasture management is.
Morning Greg, has your email changed? My boy has emailed you twice about picking up the heifers and bull we bought and hasnt heard back from you. Just wanted to check if you were getting his emails? Thanks
As a farmer's son who used to make hay this time of year I find it difficult to watch you let the cows trample that long grass. It would make perfect hay or silage and my father would be upset if we walked in the grass let alone the cows 😊
Good advice. Grade up with good bulls, they are half the herd. Also start small with health accredited stock, don’t buy in problems even if they do look like a cheap bargain.
"Expensive" is all in perspective. Buying cheap "salebarn" stock will cost tons in other expenses. I would not recommend starting out with heifers to raise calves either. Buy stockers n grow them out a couple seasons before trying to raise your own calves. Heifers typically bring more problems than experienced older cows but I'm sure Greg's will be much less likely to have mothering issues.
![Blox Fruits Dragon Rework Update [Full Stream]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/EqDAp8udhm0/mqdefault.jpg)
love that you love your cows and land, makes a heart feel good
They have a good life, the only justification for eating meat.
its 59F. rain just stopped,, i ordered your new book and cant wait to read it!! those were some beautiful cows and heifers,, i find my self dreaming of those and some of your sheep instead of the nightmares i normally have! i could just sit and watch your critters all day,,, steel and lumber aint the only things rising in price for sure!! thank you for another great video
You have the prettiest cattle I've ever seen. I'm in southern MO and most of the cattle around here look like rescues.
I know it’s taken a lot of trial and error, but your fencing set-up now is really beautiful in it’s simplicity.
I'd love to buy 5 of your heifers and a bull, and get my start. But I need your grazing school, and read your books first. Becoming a regenerative farmer is on my bucket list......one day soon I hope.
Gosh Greg you're a genius. The Greg Judy South Pole starter kit. It just doesn't get any better than that!! I'd be in if I wasn't old and broken down like I am. Well, I can still dream.
Like that grass!!
Gret your new book is the best of the three and I thought the other two were both super. Thanks for writing it and all you have done, My husband and I are so greatful for the knowledge you have shared.
We are just getting established on our own farm here in the NW Upper Peninsula of Michigan and our goal is to build a grass genetics herd like yours, while creating a regenerative permaculture farm and ranch.
Hopefully we can make it to your grazing school next spring.
Kimberly, thanks for your kind comments on my new book, glad you liked it. Hope to meet you next year at our spring grazing school.
In South Africa that tall grass is snake haven.
Still pretty as a picture!!
Beautiful herd grazing lush green qualify forage
Pray for rain for our friends in Wyoming and South of there, they need rain 🐊🇺🇸🦅😇
Add everything east of the Cascades to that list. The west side is getting rain finally so we are only dry, but east of us until you hit the Ozarks is solidly dry.
I think any rancher who buys fertilizer to grow hay, should consider using the money used on fertilizer to purchase hay instead and graze all your hay land rotationally with electric fence you bought with the money you made from selling your hay equipment.
You will be much further ahead doing this, your profit will skyrocket from grazing your entire farm.
Yes, and no petrochemicals are in the soil, too !
I have been thinking about doing this but the main issues with my hay field and many others is shade and also water development and electric. I can get around the water and electric issues but it will cost some serious money. The shade deal will be a lot more difficult. I dont care if they are red, black or white hided animals performance will drop if you bake them out in the hot sun all day everyday.
I dont own any hay equipment. I have my field done on shares and i unroll the hay on my pasture land. So I import nutrients from my hay field to my pasture. I still pay for fertilizer but i would have to buy hay anyways. Its not the perfect setup but better then having a bunch of equipment. I am still looking to graze my hayfields in the future but its not as simply for everyone to just convert them over like flipping a light switch.
Can’t buy hay if no one is making it
@@jakeschuster9991 there are enough hay making fools out there believe me! I hardly have any neighboring farm land where I live but there are still scads of hay fools making hay on the weekends all summer long. And I don't even buy my hay local, I get it from 7 hours trucking distance away and it's still cheaper than what I can make it even after I pay the trucker, after you factor in my time making hay, moving equipment around, time fixing equipment, time maintaining equipment, the odd mechanic job when it's too complicated for me to fix; then the cost of buying grease, oil, filters, twine, parts, tires; then the obscene cost of equipment turn over (even old used these days) which has worked out to an average of $3-5000 a year over the last 20 years for our medium sized hay operation. Now if I consider the cost that hay harvesting imposes on my pastures... Everytime I harvest a hay crop you leave a 1" stubble, in the middle of summer my pasture bake to oblivion killing off vast amounts of microbes and fungi and sending the earth worms packing for Sheol! After the over baking and over compacting of the soil, due to equipment, following hay harvest, we now need an enormous amount of water before regrowth can recover; better hope I get a 2" rain or have unlimited irrigation at hand (and if I do, there's another expense). The even if you feed that hay back on that harvested land, you still won't get back the damage that was caused from nutrient removal and soil exposure. The other thing that is most anoyeing with making hay, is when you don't get a harvest window untill 70 days after the crop was ready, that means the crop stoped growing and no collection of energy for 70 days while you were waiting to cut the crop. If I had planned to graze it I could have harvested it when it was at optimal age and grow a new crop of forage while leaving ample residual likey 3 times over! Now consider the lost opportunity of selling that hay I made, and yes, I can sell it for far more locally than I can buy it for from afar so feeding it myself doesn't really make sense. And one more thing to add...the $30-$40 discount on each big bale of hay you buy from another farm just for the nutrients it carries. Now, I know you said: "if no one makes hay" due to excessive drought I presume, but that is why I buy in hay enough for 2 years or so when it's cheap and plentiful. Pick up some decent tarps and place your stacks on a dry hill or logs like GJ.
All in all I don't know your situation and perhaps it is better for you to make your own hay, but I have held out from buying hay for most of my life, and it is very liberating to realize that I don't need to make it my myself as long as I can manage the cycles of market and nature. Happy grazing my friend!
Hope mama’s find their babies.
Beautiful.
Red poll and shorthorn were used quite a bit in texas in early 70s along w herford not so much angus then some bo t. Uncle john snelgrove said take half leave half
Ya I want to be in the livestock business. All these videos you make with your enthusiasm for the animals and the grass. Golleey ;)
My problem is being in NJ. Land is so expensive. The cheap land is a junk yard and I would have to get rid of the broken down metal and oil that has seeped in to the ground, killing the microbes.
We haven't seen much rain up here, and its been 90 or above almost every day in the last two weeks. Heat stroke is no joke, I got it real bad last summer and have had it multiple times over the years. Now it is hard to breathe and have no energy when the temp gets up to 80. Drink lots of liquids! And take breaks. Have a wonderful day 😀
I never get tired of watching your videos. Being born on a farm, I only wish I'd have got out when the cement overtook us. There ought to be a law.
Q: How does Greg get his cows so shiny?
A: He runs them through the Cow Wash!
This is what you get Whan you graze correctly.
Absolutely beautiful grass and herd. 🐄🤠❤️🇺🇸
Beautiful cows
I accidentally had the CC on, and the cows lowing was put in as [Music] :) It's music to my ears. And occasionally, the auto-generated captions call the cattle calls as [Applause] :)
"It takes your heart"
She is due to calve this fall
"Happy lines", I was curious about those, been seeing them on my cattle since May. I knew they were linked to good performance but I didn't know what to call them, lol. Everything is looking good. We finally dried out here, actually too much to be comfortable, we could use a nice rain. We're getting into a concerning pattern of missing rains already too and I'm not happy about it.
Yes we are dry here, hard to believe 2 weeks ago we were swamped with rain. 90 degree windy days takes the moisture out pretty quick.
@@gregjudyregenerativerancher Yes it does! I'm happy to have some drier weather as long as the spigot doesn't get shut off completely. I have about a dozen ponds to build this summer for stock water and about 2 miles of stock water line to put in. I'd like to get a nice rain on my newly planted beans though.
The beauty of feeding hay, all the free seed. I've got Timothy as well. I love to buy old high quality horse hay tons of seed head's.
It is great to see you this morning I remember that I have a bicycle story to share with you but I so want to tell you something else but I shall try to remember to do that story tomorrow....... No promises I might be inspired to go in another direction. Mum was a do it yourself person who when Clarence Burnett took the wheel off her bike outside the train station she took the wheel off one of her friends bike in an attempt to find out how to put hers back on. They ended up taking both of the bikes on the train to Fredericton to find someone to fix them. When they arrived the bikes were magically fixed. Mum thought it was one of the trainmen who repaired the bikes because when ever she walked by the locomotive they would tease her and shoot out some steam. She didn't know it was Clarence until his grandson spilled the beans in 2016 apparently it was a story that he often told. Mum did learn how to fix bikes( and sewing machines for her neighbours) she would rescue bikes from the dump fix them up and give them away she felt every child should have a bike. I can remember seeing her in 2012 wearing her helmet and riding her bike to pick up her mail shortly after that she moved in with me as her health was failing we bought the bike along but our house is on a steep hill so she didn't want to go riding. We played cards instead no quarter given we each played to win. I didn't win very often.👍🖖👍🖖👍🖖🤷🏼♀️😊🙋🏼♀️❤️🚴
Cattle have, since the dawn of time been grass genetic, more to the point, some exaggerated breeds have become concentrate dependant to get some finish
We about went broke trying to use commodity long legged cattle with no gut. Today there are grass genetic cattle and grain genetic cattle. Make a living with grass, lose money with grain. Just our experience.
Same with tractors we have been waiting for a Kubota 4701 for 6 weeks and still no word when it is coming in.
I don’t know if we have even got 3 inches of rain spring until now. It’s pretty dry in eastern SD this year.
Timothy, Orchardgrass, white and red clover are all species we have in Europe, too. I wonder if they were introduced by to the US by the european settlers.
I am sure they were, in NZ the settlers even introduced gorse which has gone mad there.
If you Google your zip code and "average rainfall" you'll find a chart that shows your rain totals by the month. Where I live (Branson) we get 45 inches per year.
question for greg!?!? i tried grazing goats with cows and the cows keep running the goats out of the paddock straight charging them like war. but if i give them a bigger paddock i cant graze effectively. is this why u keep your sheep separate from cows?
Our cows use the sheep as soccer balls. It takes several days of constant presence with each other before the cows finally leave them alone. Our bull mob last year ignored the sheep. Mature cows with calves are much more protective.
@@gregjudyregenerativerancher thanks greg. they seemed to get long all winter but in grazing this spring they just dont stop charging till they run them out.
Hi Greg, just wondering what is your stocking rate? Curious to know should you not be running more stock with all the grass you have?
We are stocked appropriately with 90 degree hot summer days hitting us now. It's hard to get a step-in post in the ground!!
Absolutely for 3 months, then what, once you hit the summer slump grass slows down. Too much grass is a good thing.
@@davidhickenbottom6574 Farming is being good to nature and making a living. If you can manage your grazing platform well you can increase stocking rate. It just seems that this farm is under stocked but I don’t know what Greg’s stocking rate is. In Ireland ours is 1 cow per acre or 2.5 per hectare. Stocking rate at 0.8 cow per acre and you can farm very sustainability.
Hello Sir, am from South Africa, I realise you do regenerative grazing so do you add or give your cattle any mineral supplements? and if you do, how do you provide them? you use troughs, and what type of minerals, do you have to analyse your soil mineral composition before you buy the minerals? and how many cows do you keep per paddock, for how long and what is the size of your paddocks? Lastly, how do you separate your bulls from your cows under regenerative grazing? Thank you.
Hi Greg just a question for you: why would you leave any horns on your cows ??? I don't understand why you would want horns !!!
How do you catch your animals in order to put a ring in the nose to make them quit sucking?
We have a corral with a head catch to hold the animal safely.
Greg has Grandma had another calf? Number 20?
All to often seems we are dealing with weather extremes
Are the ticks and chiggers bad this year?
Good healthy population of ticks, chiggers don't like me much.
@@gregjudyregenerativerancher I don't get chiggers either, but the ticks seem to be aware of this and try to make up for it. Clothing treatments was the most effecting thing when I was surveying.
I'd purely love to see you make a video showing how you set up your polybraid, posts and pigtails. A to Z including your ATV setup and using it to unroll the wire. It would be most helpful to see the details and order you guys employ. Thanks and blessings! Doc
There’s already a few here, just check his videos.
Mrs. Garcia is correct, there are several fencing videos here. I had missed a couple of them. ATV setup and Pigtails are covered, as well as most of the rest of the aspects of his fences of both types. Today, in one of his 2019 videos, I found his measurements for strand heights on a 4-strand high-tensile wire fence: 7, 13, 19, and 30 inches. Also, pigtails 32" not 36" because the 36'ers are too bendy (and don't need the height).
My lambs were lost in the grass this morning.
U mentioned fine bones in the heifers. What about bulls?
Same with bulls, fine bones is what you want.
The Tree Swallow's are on strike ?
I may have missed it but what's the story on the white cow?
you joked that it looks like you waxed the cows, but could you? Could you put something oily and organic on them to help with bugs but not put any chemicals on them?
Genetic selection is why they are shiny. The hair coat of those cattle deter flies. It's not an accident, it's a major factor in Greg's success. Flies can be a huge economic factor and by selecting for the right hair coat he has eliminated the fly factor.
@@BJSmith-ll3uw I understand that. I'm asking about wax or oil as something natural you could put on the cattle instead of all the chemicals commercial farmers use to deter flies.
Should check RUclips Our Wyoming Life and can maybe give advice to them on grazing cattle during the drought they are in. Just pretty tough with hardly any rain.
If you are already in a drought, you should have implemented your drought plan. Sell off some livestock, combine herds, slow down your rotations. Not sure what his pasture management is.
Can we guess what the winning bid will be for the highest priced starter herd? 😃
Assuming you’ll be inviting closed tenders...
Do you brand your cattle?
no
Where is Isaac?
On vacation
Morning Greg, has your email changed? My boy has emailed you twice about picking up the heifers and bull we bought and hasnt heard back from you. Just wanted to check if you were getting his emails? Thanks
We are sending out emails this week to all livestock buyers. The dates, time, and addresses to pick them up.,
As a farmer's son who used to make hay this time of year I find it difficult to watch you let the cows trample that long grass. It would make perfect hay or silage and my father would be upset if we walked in the grass let alone the cows 😊
Trampling and grazing grass is much more economical than mowing it for hay.
Trampling also helps the litter bank for carbon...you got to feed those earthworms.
Seldom do I see grazing fields like this, in Midwest America 🇺🇸
It’s a shame, it really is !
😁✌👌👍🖖😎
ticks anyone ? :o)
Dont buy expensive animals if you are just starting out being a rancher.
Good advice. Grade up with good bulls, they are half the herd. Also start small with health accredited stock, don’t buy in problems even if they do look like a cheap bargain.
"Expensive" is all in perspective. Buying cheap "salebarn" stock will cost tons in other expenses. I would not recommend starting out with heifers to raise calves either. Buy stockers n grow them out a couple seasons before trying to raise your own calves. Heifers typically bring more problems than experienced older cows but I'm sure Greg's will be much less likely to have mothering issues.