Types of Conlang

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  • Опубликовано: 12 ноя 2017
  • For those who need an end game before they start conlanging.
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    STUFF IN THE VIDEO I DIDN'T MAKE:
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    Thank you all so much for watching...Rao!
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Комментарии • 1,1 тыс.

  • @yoironfistbro8128
    @yoironfistbro8128 6 лет назад +2019

    Does Artifexian pin comments

  • @desu38
    @desu38 6 лет назад +1707

    Not gonna lie, I'm a little disappointed the burger didn't hinge open with a gaping maw full of sharp teeth while Bob reels in horror when it became "burgers ate Bob."

  • @Reluxthelegend
    @Reluxthelegend 6 лет назад +1203

    3:30 not drawing bob being eaten by burgers 2/10

  • @alexandermoltu4306
    @alexandermoltu4306 5 лет назад +1057

    Speaking mandarin, I can with confidence say that you slaughtered that example sentence

    • @PhantomKING113
      @PhantomKING113 4 года назад +203

      He also completly broke my ears when pronouncing the Spanish word _comí_.
      The stress goes on "-mí", not on "co-" (like the difference between _a process_ and _to process_). He said ['kho.mi] instead of [ko.'mi] (if you don't understand this, search for IPA).
      So yeah, you are not the only one dissapointed here xd.

    • @stulebackery1363
      @stulebackery1363 4 года назад +118

      I'm learning Mandarin, and I barely know any, but that [ku] hurt.

    • @bledanevada4799
      @bledanevada4799 4 года назад +117

      alexander moltu i’m a Spaniard who takes Mandarin classes, i was shot at by multiple sides...

    • @relaxwhc
      @relaxwhc 3 года назад +19

      The sound QU is confusing for non speakers, the U is more like german U umlaut

    • @Aeturnalis
      @Aeturnalis 3 года назад +45

      I tried to learn Mandarin when I was in highschool, I can attest that it's quite challenging for an English speaker to master the pronunciation... in particular, Mandarin has sounds that don't exist in English, like ɤ, ɥ, and ɻ/ʐ , and the tones can be difficult to produce in any way that sounds natural. I used to criticize bad German on RUclips, but really, it isn't fair to expect someone who isn't actively learning the language to get the pronunciation perfect for a single sample sentence.

  • @cerberaodollam
    @cerberaodollam 6 лет назад +447

    Whenever someone mentions agglutinative languages I'm like "pick me! pick me!" XD (native Hungarian)

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +82

      Hehe

    • @Firnling
      @Firnling 6 лет назад +11

      Suomalainen Varis interestingly those are closely connected.

    • @danielholowaty2648
      @danielholowaty2648 6 лет назад +10

      I was so angry when he didnt mention Hungarian. xD Majdnem földre vágtam a telefonomat.

    • @fienevandijk7224
      @fienevandijk7224 5 лет назад +1

      Akkars gestenjeket dobli ră?

    • @133774c05
      @133774c05 5 лет назад +5

      that was my first thought too, spanish speaker btw

  • @GrothBrooks
    @GrothBrooks 6 лет назад +42

    One conlang that I am making (Though it's currently on hiatus) is polysynthetic-agglutinative (I think). It has rough, flowing sounds and a ridiculously small amount of base words. These are both for literary reasons. Namely, I want the language to sound rough and frightening, and for the structure to seem simple. The low base word count is pretty interesting because it makes me get creative with new words. For instance, there are no words for different colors. The word for 'color' is the same as 'see'/'look' and the word for any given color is a descriptive word followed by the word for 'color'. So 'red' is 'blood-color' -> 'blood-see'.
    An interesting example where my lack of base words really shows through is 'blue', which is 'not-down-see'. 'Sky' is the same word as 'up' but I don't have a word for 'up', so 'up' is actually 'not-down'. So, 'blue' -> 'sky-color' -> 'sky-see' -> 'up-see' -> 'not-down-see'.

    • @40watt53
      @40watt53 8 месяцев назад +2

      God 5 years late but this is exactly what I'm thinking for mine. Start with few words from onomatopoeia and bastardize the shit out of it.

  • @Fetch26291
    @Fetch26291 6 лет назад +291

    From your channel, we know how to design a solar system, how to design a calendar, and how to design a language. But there is still a few bits missing. How do we design land masses on planet? How to we design the dominant species that lives on the planet? How do we design their cities, vehicles, and other things?

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +114

      Coming soon. Particularly the land mass part.

    • @OthEdden
      @OthEdden 6 лет назад +31

      Sounds like you want to put the artifacts in Artifexian.

    • @Frankdude72
      @Frankdude72 6 лет назад +7

      Wow man, didn't think you could get cooler. But then you did. Thank you for all the hard work you put in.

    • @sofia.eris.bauhaus
      @sofia.eris.bauhaus 6 лет назад +3

      i'd really like to see a piece of fiction set in a civilisation of a decidedly non-human (but naturally evolved) species. perhaps inspired by arthropods or cephalopods. (reptiles would be too close, mushrooms too remotely related, i guess..)

    • @Frankdude72
      @Frankdude72 6 лет назад +2

      That's essentially what I'm doing with my own sci-fi series. (Though my aliens may be too mammalian for your taste.) A good hard sci-fi galatic empire type series with some well done arthropod like aliens (the "Naxids") is Walter John Williams' Dread Empire Falls trilogy.

  • @kaiserinjacky
    @kaiserinjacky 4 года назад +20

    “Very Few Morphemes, say, 100 or so.”
    *visible shaking with my conlang of literally 20 single-syllable morphemes*

    • @mateusmundstock8225
      @mateusmundstock8225 4 года назад +5

      Post your reference grammar on Google docs, please. It seems really interesting.

    • @kaiserinjacky
      @kaiserinjacky 4 года назад +4

      Mateus Mundstock it’s already in a doc, though I am still working on some of the changes to the language.
      docs.google.com/document/d/1ikXuEIUO44DobnoervqKF3_374wQtqSdknh4yoY9kuY

    • @emilyrose3652
      @emilyrose3652 3 года назад +1

      That's cool!

  • @stelladavis1798
    @stelladavis1798 5 лет назад +64

    As a musician, I was frustrated with the limitations of language to be euphonic. When writing lyrics, I would always try to leave out certain words because they contained too many hard (plosive) sounds. Sometimes it's hard to find words that mean the same thing but don't have hard sounds (unless you use words from different languages in the same sentence, which is extremely confusing). So, I decided to create my own language that would meet what I needed. This sparked a huge interest in linguistics within me. Within two days I was obsessing over Chonsky and generative grammar, verb tenses, writing systems, &c., and that's actually what introduced me to this channel. Anyways, my language (don't have a name for it) contains only sonorous consonants and light fricatives, and I took some liberties to stray away from the English grammar and instead go with what made most sense to me. (Of course, a lot of bits are the same as English, probably because I've been speaking it my whole life, and my thoughts have adapted to that.) but, for example, when thinking of word order, I went through different sentences and thought about what I would think of first. For me, SOV made the most since (I thought of who did it first, then who they did the thing to, then what they did. I also place adjectives after the nouns, like in Spanish, because that makes more sense to me. The defining characteristic of a brown dog is that it is a dog, not that it is brown. So I put the more important words first. The writing system is alphasyllabic, with vowels being marked as diacritics, although the diacritics look a bit like the letters, just oriented differently. They're about the same size. I don't have vowel killers or consonant killers, each consonant is just a consonant, and a lone vowel is attached to one of two "filler" symbols, depending on whether the vowel is part of the previous syllable (or if there isn't a previous syllable).

    • @Shadoefeenicks
      @Shadoefeenicks Год назад +14

      Sorry to necro a really old comment, but did you ever make more progress in this? I'm fascinated by the idea of a language designed for lyrics.

    • @omargerardolopez3294
      @omargerardolopez3294 Год назад +2

      Can you name it the in-language version of "musical" or "song-related"?

    • @zhaleyleitnib5150
      @zhaleyleitnib5150 8 месяцев назад

      Neat project would like to know more about it

    • @Octavia_Goetia_666
      @Octavia_Goetia_666 7 месяцев назад

      Thank you for providing this extremely wrong paragraph four years ago that I will not read.

    • @Octavia_Goetia_666
      @Octavia_Goetia_666 7 месяцев назад

      Long*

  • @sophiejones7727
    @sophiejones7727 4 года назад +14

    I know why most languages are agglutinative (and nearly all languages have some kind of agglutination somewhere: even highly fusional languages like Greek and Valyrian). Agglutination is both intuitive and fun. Even baby humans understand the concept of sticking two separate things together to create a new thing. They also find doing so endlessly entertaining (and, if we're honest, we never really grow out of that). Why does everyone like Quenya so much? because it sounds epic, yet satisfies your inner two year old.

  • @JayFolipurba
    @JayFolipurba 6 лет назад +205

    q is pronounced t͜ɕ and after j, x, q, [ʐ t͜ɕ ɕ] u is pronounced [y]. And now I resume my Chinese homework for tomorrow

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +61

      Good to know. Cheers, pal. :)

    • @iuriepripa3171
      @iuriepripa3171 6 лет назад +26

      Artifexian Also, the difference between "b" and "p" is not not between voicing(?), but between aspiration. So, spin would be transcribed as "sbin", while the word Bharat, from Sanskrit, would be "parat". (according to my Mandarin proffesor, blame her if I'm not right :P)

    • @faheemsyed1674
      @faheemsyed1674 6 лет назад +17

      Iurie Pripa
      So, b is p and p is ph in Chinese?

    • @najimacmillan
      @najimacmillan 6 лет назад +9

      हस्तगिरेः नमः सर्वेभ्यः Yes, In Devanagari Chinese pa would be फ and ba would be प (Ignoring tone).

    • @najimacmillan
      @najimacmillan 6 лет назад +16

      JayFolipurba Isn't q pronounced t͡ɕʰ,j t͡ɕ,x ɕ?

  • @santumChannelYes
    @santumChannelYes 3 года назад +5

    the way he pronounced "comí"... my god
    the accent is right there

  • @azhadial7396
    @azhadial7396 6 лет назад +165

    French is not really fusional, it actually is in the process of shifting to isolating.
    We have recently lost the "passé simple" (replaced by the composed past made of an auxiliary), the subjunctive mood, and some people have even stopped using conditional mood. Besides verbs, there are no other word class which inflects greatly (most nouns do not distinguish singular from plural, and many adjectives do not distinguish plural and masculine-feminine agreement aside from writing French). That transition from highly fusional (Latin) to analytic (modern French) is almost completely done.

    • @M_Julian_TSP
      @M_Julian_TSP 6 лет назад +32

      A'zhadial The subjunctive mood? Wtf?
      Have you ever heard a French native speaker saying "Il faut que je fais"???

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +41

      Huh! I didn't know that. Thanks for pointing this out.

    • @M_Julian_TSP
      @M_Julian_TSP 6 лет назад +25

      Artifexian Yeah but he's exaggerating^^ French isn't as analytic as he says (even though he's right)

    • @azhadial7396
      @azhadial7396 6 лет назад +14

      +Julien TSP C'est vrai que derrière "il faut que" ou "j'aimerais que", on l'utilise toujours mais c'est néanmoins un usage archaïque car à l'origine en Latin (comme en Allemand aujourd'hui) le subjonctif n'était pas exclusif à des propositions subordonnés mais indiqué une nuance de sens plutôt que simplement confirmer la subjectivité induite par le verbe en proposition principale ("j'aimerais que tu sois", le "sois" sert plus à rien car on sait déjà que le "j'aimerais" implique une réalité fictive).
      Dans beaucoup de cas où l'usage de subjonctif ne paraît "pas français", on utilise des propositions infinitives ("je t'interdis d'être" plutôt que"j'interdis que").
      De plus derrière des locutions verbales comme "jusqu'à ce que", on ne l'utilise plus dans la plupart des régions de France.
      Son usage est donc plus archaïque qu'autre chose.
      EN: It's true that after "il faut que" (~it must be that~SBJ must...) or "j'aimerais que" (I would like), we still use it but it is an archaic usage. In Latin (as with German nowadays), subjonctive was not exclusive to subordinate clauses but used to indicate a nuance in meaning rather than simply confirming that a verb inducts a fictuous reality by the verb in the main clause ("j'aimerais que tu sois", the "sois" is useless as we know that "j'aimerais" inducts a fictuous reality).
      In most cases where not using the subjonctive mood seems "not French", we use infinitive clauses ("I forbid you to" rather than "I forbid that you").
      Also, after verbal locutions like "jusqu'à ce que" (until ...), we do not use it in most regions of France.
      The use of subjonctive is more archaic than anything.

    • @azhadial7396
      @azhadial7396 6 лет назад +28

      +Julien TSP The only non-analytic part of French is its verbs and it is currently in the process of losing inflection. Besides what I mentionned, 1st and 3rd singular person are almost never differenciated by the verb inflection, often the 2nd singular and 3rd plural also take the same form as the 1st and 3rd singular. The 1st plural and the 2nd plural are always clearly differenciated, but the 1st plural is often replaced by "on" which takes the same form as the 3rd singular person. The inflection of tenses is also ambiguous ("je mangerai", "je mangerais": pronounced the same but two different tenses).
      That's why French is (one of) the only Romance languages to have mandatory pronouns because verb inflection isn't enough.

  • @abowainmapping4803
    @abowainmapping4803 6 лет назад +38

    I’ve actually been using these to create a crude Etruscan script. It’s been very useful, and a DnD character I made, Hercna Amria, speaks solely in this ‘pseudo-conlang’ I made...

  • @CalifornianMapping
    @CalifornianMapping 6 лет назад +51

    MOAR CONLANG

  • @idehnkovash1017
    @idehnkovash1017 6 лет назад +26

    Man, after searching far and wide for help to create a conlang, I think yours has been one of the most helpful. Keep it up.

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +2

      Will do. Grab a copy of "The Language Construction Kit" by Mark Rosenfelder. It's great.

  • @celtofcanaanesurix2245
    @celtofcanaanesurix2245 6 лет назад +157

    I mostly make synthetic languages, usually with case systems similar to Old Celtic or Germanic languages

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +39

      Very nice.

    • @otesunki
      @otesunki 6 лет назад +8

      My first conlang (Nevon) is agglutinative.

    • @supechube_k
      @supechube_k 4 года назад +6

      my conlang family (màngrì) is synthetic

    • @The_name105
      @The_name105 3 года назад +2

      Cases and case endings are stupid. That is why latin died and the romance languages don't have cases. I still don't know how greek survived though, but cases are still stupid say what you mean don't say the root of a word with some gibberish tagged on to the end to say something else unless you are adding prefixes and/or suffixes. plus no one wants to learn languages like that anyways and if they do i'm sure they hate themselves for not researching the language before hand to see how stupid it is. These languages are good for making it really hard for people to discipher what you are saying though, or you could just make an alphabet that is really unique that no one understands.

    • @im3635
      @im3635 3 года назад +12

      @@The_name105 do you knpw how cases evolve? Because it's really useful,instead of having 2 or three words to make peoples understand what you mean you have one ending,it's more compacted. Plus ad Hominem attack is not an argument ;)

  • @inkyscrolls5193
    @inkyscrolls5193 6 лет назад +213

    3:01 As an Englishman, I cannot tell you how nice it is to see the English language actually represented with the English flag for a change! Ta, pet.

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +46

      Thank my podcasting cohost, Bill, for that. I used to just use the union Jack...but this much much better.

    • @inkyscrolls5193
      @inkyscrolls5193 6 лет назад +26

      It's good to give the ol' St. George's Cross flying now and again! I'm not fussed about bods using the Union Flag instead, though the English flag is better - it's when norberts from the States use the US flag for English that really riles me. It'd be like using the flag of Patagonia for Welsh, or something. =Þ

    • @colltonrighem
      @colltonrighem 5 лет назад +5

      Inky Scrolls I understand your complaint but tbf we do have more English speakers than you do in the UK due to our population size.

    • @LunizIsGlacey
      @LunizIsGlacey 4 года назад +11

      @Collton Righem ye but you know what, mate? Straya here has the better English

    • @sully9767
      @sully9767 4 года назад +7

      @@LunizIsGlacey I dinna think enya ken the shir moun' o' dialecs we ha' o'er ere in Bligh'y. Tha poor fo'eign pe's winna stan unner eny o' us. We win by righ o' diversity.

  • @kemoiii
    @kemoiii 6 лет назад +254

    Artifexian released a new video!
    And people say I am celebrating Christmas early.

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +16

      Looks like youtube isn't notifying subscribers as much as I like to be but tl;dr I'm back making videos again full time. Expect more videos.

    • @hdk5973
      @hdk5973 6 лет назад +1

      Nah! Here in the Philippines, we're already celebrating Christmas here since Late September. =)

    • @hdk5973
      @hdk5973 3 года назад

      @@preacherofmusic We start on the beginning of -ber months (Sept. 1) and begin Christmas countdown on Sept. 16 (100 days before Christmas). The season lasts until Three Kings Day (Jan. 6) of next year when we remove all our Christmas decor.

  • @nazamroth8427
    @nazamroth8427 6 лет назад +97

    Megszentségteleníthetetlenségeskedéseitekért... Analize that... yes, that is a legit word, even if it never, ever gets used even in really overdone text.

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +34

      What language?

    • @autokratao
      @autokratao 6 лет назад +29

      It appears to be Hungarian.
      According to a quick Google search I just did, it means “for your [plural] continued behaviour as if you could not be desecrated”

    • @iuriepripa3171
      @iuriepripa3171 6 лет назад +8

      I actually had a Hungarian speaking friend show it to me! :)

    • @nazamroth8427
      @nazamroth8427 6 лет назад +11

      Artifexian
      Hungarian. It means something like "For your(plural) repeated acts of un-desecrationalisms" or something like that

    • @nazamroth8427
      @nazamroth8427 6 лет назад +7

      Iurie Pripa
      Also, "Elkelkáposztásítottalanítottátok", which basically means something like "You(plural) de-kale-d it" in a really roundabout way(Kale as in the vegetable)

  • @michaeldavis9190
    @michaeldavis9190 6 лет назад +26

    I *LOVE* agglutination and particles. They are my favorite and least favorite thing about Japanese.

  • @FreyasArts
    @FreyasArts 6 лет назад +35

    Artifexian: * mentions morophemes *
    Me: hey we just had that in uni :D thanks for helping me revise that subject. It was super helpful and very competently explained 😄

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +2

      Great! Glad you enjoyed.

    • @Amozmusicmaker
      @Amozmusicmaker 6 лет назад +3

      Sadly this video came one year late for me. I was like "hey, this is exactly the stuff I had to study during my first semester!"

  • @ClockworkAvatar
    @ClockworkAvatar 6 лет назад +32

    Any day with new artifexian is a good day, even a rainy, cold, *monday*.

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +1

      It is very cold here at the moment.

  • @lynxddragon
    @lynxddragon 4 года назад +18

    No one:
    Absolutely no one:
    Me, an intellectual:
    Morphemes are the atoms of Drug addictions °

  • @user-lc8lj9yh3c
    @user-lc8lj9yh3c Год назад +4

    Hi! Amelie here. I'm actually working on 2 conlangs called Yindaunese ((or Yin for short)) and Euptian.
    A bit of overview:
    Yin is an isolating language which the ratio of words to morphemes is low, and does not use inflection to indicate grammatical features. Rather it uses particles, adverbs, word order or is deduced to context.
    Euptian is a fusional language which a word is inflected with an inflectional morpheme, displaying a myriad of grammatical features.

  • @ConlangKrishna
    @ConlangKrishna 6 лет назад +7

    Thanks so much for adding oligosynthetic languages! I have been working on them for some years, but they turn out to become complex (polysynthetic-ish) too in the end.

  • @t.k.abrams4720
    @t.k.abrams4720 4 года назад +2

    This is great. Your videos have been making me a better conlanger since you first started making them on this channel. Thanks for being awesome. Hopefully my conlangs can live up to whatever you make.

  • @RosheenQuynh
    @RosheenQuynh 6 лет назад +3

    Ahhhhhhh Inuktitut! I'm attempting to build a conlang based on the language since my character's background is heavily based on Inuit culture but, as expected, it's not going well... So I've just taken random words (according to what I need said in dialogue), put dashes in between them, and call it a day. I don't think I have capability of learning such an extensive language, but I'd love to.

  • @Argimak
    @Argimak 6 лет назад +4

    Wow, the quality of your visuals and overall presentation has improved so much! Nice work!

  • @Stravant
    @Stravant 6 лет назад +6

    It would be interesting if you did a video on how modern codification / recorded media affects how languages change over time. For instance, it seems like it would be very hard for there to be any significant changes in the grammar of a language now that there's so much recorded video media and such strict spelling / grammar guidelines.

  • @AmberScottProd
    @AmberScottProd 6 лет назад +12

    A pleasure to learn from your videos as always, Edgar.

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +2

      Cheers, pal. Much appreciated.

  • @FreeThoughtsandIdeas
    @FreeThoughtsandIdeas 6 лет назад +3

    Great video man! I have always been interested in linguistics and your channel is one of the best for it! I am trying to create my own language and your videos have helped me do so.

  • @Telsion
    @Telsion 6 лет назад +9

    This video reminded me of my Dutch lesson tomorrow, and in extension that I hadnt packed my bag yet. Thanks Artifexian! :)

  • @randomfantasy9523
    @randomfantasy9523 6 лет назад +3

    Your new style of videos are awesomeee!!!!!

  • @OmegaTaishu
    @OmegaTaishu 6 лет назад

    Thanks for this awesome vid, man.
    Glad to have you back.

  • @leavealoner
    @leavealoner 6 лет назад +19

    My Conlang is mostly agglutinitive nouns and fusional verbs, somewhere between synth and polysynth. I recently actually started using the language in a project of mine, so I wanted to thank you for all the useful info you've been providing

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +4

      No probs at all. Glad to be of service.

  • @KainusGulch
    @KainusGulch 6 лет назад +162

    I'm trying to figure out what kind of language people would speak after a thousand years of a devastating apocalypse. What are your thoughts?

    • @covenawhite4855
      @covenawhite4855 6 лет назад +61

      KainusGulch
      A mixture of multiple languages but a less intelligectual version than if all the languages mix after a great human futuristic global civilization. Plus, consider the postapocolyptic cultural meaning of words and current cultural meanings.

    • @KainusGulch
      @KainusGulch 6 лет назад +26

      Thanks. I was thinking a tribal atmosphere so I've been thinking about how neighboring languages have similarities but also differences, but also keep a semblance of English for the part that is in America so it connects with the reader perhaps? I'm still thinking about it all. And note taking. Thanks.

    • @Amozmusicmaker
      @Amozmusicmaker 6 лет назад +43

      Could you provide some more context? If your civilization has lots of people from different origins forced together for whatever reason you might want to read a bit about Creole languages. If your society is very tribal and people have lost the ability to easily communicate and travel over long distances due to an apocalyptic event, like you described, you might also want to avoid using one standard langue. It seems likely to me each tribe would have their own dialect and a sort of dialectal continuum would emerge between different tribes.

    • @KainusGulch
      @KainusGulch 6 лет назад +11

      I wanted to cut off the continents from each other, so the other languages mixing with english would come manly from mexico and canada and from immigrants that came over before the infrastructure fell apart. There's a group that keeps themselves educated by stealing all the artifacts of what we would call modern day, and they i figured would have the closest recognizable speech. But for the people that are a bit ghoulish and mutated beings I'm not sure how to modify the language, but I think some thing that involves tones or clicks might make abnormal throats and mouths easier to communicate with. Does that make sense?

    • @valiantstag
      @valiantstag 6 лет назад +16

      For one thing, if this language is based on English for example, keep in mind the amount that English has changed over the last thousand years- quite a lot, but it was still somewhat recognizable, so this language a thousand years from now might be similarly comprehensible. Same goes for any other language, check out the rate they've been changing at.

  • @pixel-coyote5557
    @pixel-coyote5557 6 лет назад

    Glad you are back! Your videos are very interesting to listen to.

  • @Giranii
    @Giranii 6 лет назад

    Im hyper excited to see a new video from you in my feed. Its like christmas

  • @anderji
    @anderji 6 лет назад +101

    Creating languages is one of the funniest things to do when bored. I do have my own called Segehii. Have an example :D
    "aer don shai kaekaldos" (may his/her holy light (refering to god) stay within you, a formal farewell)
    aer - may
    don - possessive 3rd p singular
    shai - holy light or the light of truth
    kaekal - verb in root-form
    -dos - possessive 1st p singular
    The structure of this phrase doesn't differ a lot from English but that's not always the case. Hope you liked it :D

    • @grimtheghastly8878
      @grimtheghastly8878 5 лет назад +4

      Is it complete? I'd like to learn it.

    • @kzeriar25
      @kzeriar25 5 лет назад +2

      mine main conlang is valendhirdven, it got pretty complex over time, with some complex grammar and thousands of words. It's mainly agglutinative out of the video's types. I'm curringly making songs on it

    • @kzeriar25
      @kzeriar25 5 лет назад +2

      in my conlang that sentence you translated would be: thëldunus aëra ahr o Tudussáth
      :)

    • @pepperdayjackpac4521
      @pepperdayjackpac4521 5 лет назад +4

      Ka’ mohlah ga’t xahrix ae yahaiR
      (May) His holy light stay within you
      Ka’ - original form (Kai) get rid of i so it sounds better; His, he, him
      Mohlah - holy, spiritual-related
      ga’t - original form (gait): light
      xahrix - to stay
      Ae - in, within, inside, internal
      yahaiR - you, your,
      My conlang is called Yarinox.
      It’s no where near finished, but there are alphabets and the writing system, I think, is very cool.

    • @martindouge4504
      @martindouge4504 5 лет назад +1

      Suwamal 'agasaf ni'ab
      Su : prefix indicating a wish or a conditional
      Wamal : to be, to exist
      'ag : he/she
      -a- : genitive particle (like the 's in English)
      Saf : light
      ni : prefix indicating a place
      'ab : you.
      "May his light be within you"
      Barajan is still at an early state of development. The apostrophe serves the same role as in Hawaiian, being a glottal stop that is treated as a consonant. It's a mostly agglutinative language inspired from Arabic for the sentence structure and sounds. I'll definitely work on it more in the future :)

  • @edwarddavis7858
    @edwarddavis7858 6 лет назад +5

    As I may have mentioned before, I have been working on a set of conlangs for my fantasy world, but lost the notes, sadly, but I remember much of it by heart.
    My Elven language was written similar to LOTR elven, being an abjad, but had a leaf and vine style of writing that didn't look like Quenya. It contained, so far, a large set of words and grammatical rules that allowed for words to be altered to say the same sentence, with new meaning. Such as "Welcome to my home" Could be made to sound like you are greeting a friend "Kotuu Rewasya ri'lorwyr" or as if you are reluctantly allowing someone of distaste in "Kotau Rewasok ri'lorwyr".
    My Dwarven was basically a new version of Norse runes with the grammer of Gaelic, allowing for a lot of interesting writting and speech. They spoke there directly, as the previous sentence would directly be "Greeting - Subject - Home - Possessive - Personal"
    Lastly, I worked on an orcish that was based off Hangul, written vertically. Nothing more beyond that.
    I had planned next a few other minor races languages, as well as the language of the divines. That's all I had done... but it is lost for now...

  • @rijahun6721
    @rijahun6721 6 лет назад +2

    Glad you're still making videos

  • @MyTubeofYouChannel
    @MyTubeofYouChannel 3 года назад +1

    Fabulous ❤️ I actually understood this video. I'm needing to make a posteriori conlang from Sumerian and then evolve the language to create several other conlang from it and I've been completely lost, but I actually understood this so thank you!

  • @ndegeanaruka
    @ndegeanaruka 4 года назад +4

    I'm working on a language that is highly analytic, evolving into this from it's early 'writing' system of naval flags. As you can't inflect a flag, the writing system moved it away from morphology and inflection. It is non-tonal, but has three vowel lengths (and the matter, as Ri is fingernail and Riii is breast). They now have a logo-syllabary based off of these flags, and still hold to no morphology, but have a huge aresnal of modals, auxiliaries, and particles to convey meaning. Phonology is Irish with weird phonotactics, and syntax is completely head initial. A vrry straightforward people put what is important first.

  • @Raakhushili
    @Raakhushili 6 лет назад +3

    Spanish worldbuilder here, awesome video (as always) and I hope for more. I just want to make a quick remark: the pronunciation of "comí" is /ko-mee/, with special emphasis on the "mee", and not /koh-mee/, with an aspirated sound in the middle. But I understand our language is dificult sometimes so I have no problem at all with the mispronunciation, just wanted to collaborate as much as possible ^^

  • @MikhaelEternal
    @MikhaelEternal 6 лет назад +2

    I usually make agglutinative conlangs, because I like the intricate implied meanings of using some affixes but not others. The one I'm working now has attempted labiodental plosive and is intended to encourage thorough thought about what one says before one says it.

  • @TSBoncompte
    @TSBoncompte 6 лет назад

    jesus, bro, your production values are through the roof. besides containing some solid basic conlanging foundation, this is visually and structurally tight. kudos

  • @itfunes
    @itfunes 6 лет назад +4

    I've got a question Artifexian. Are you go in depth and talk about grammar and the different ways that countries organize their sentences or how do verbs work in again, differnt languages.

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +1

      Yes definitely.

    • @itfunes
      @itfunes 6 лет назад

      Thanks, and also sorry for my bad english, I'm from southern Europe, soy de España 😂😅

  • @buttersquids
    @buttersquids 5 лет назад +2

    A while ago me and a couple of friends made a theoretical one called 'Bro'. IIt's not very fleshed out, but just to say 'sister' would be 'bro nobro' because we kept our morpheme count as small as possible.It's quite a fun little practice

  • @Socksshoesandhats
    @Socksshoesandhats 6 лет назад +2

    Yes! I was hoping you would do a video like this!

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад

      Hope it lives up to your expectations.

  • @veloboy
    @veloboy 4 года назад

    Bob not being eaten by burger as a visual was a deal breaker for me.

  • @yeetusselfdefeetus4566
    @yeetusselfdefeetus4566 5 лет назад +16

    It's not CO-mí, it's co-MÍ
    -every triggered Spanish speakers

    • @masicbemester
      @masicbemester 3 года назад +3

      Why else would there be a diacritic specifically present for stress marking?

  • @agnetalykins7564
    @agnetalykins7564 6 лет назад +2

    It's always fun to work on languages, the most recent one I've been working on is a pseudo-north germanic language.
    "ᚦᛊ 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌻 𐍃ᛏ𐌿𐌲𐌰𐍂 ᚺ𐌵𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍂" or "Þé karl stígar hundír" or "the man walked the dog
    with Þé being the definite article
    Karl of course meaning man
    Stígar, meaning walk (stíg) with the past tense suffix "-ar"
    And hundír (with the -ír suffix indicating a single dog)

  • @TheTronguy1
    @TheTronguy1 6 лет назад +1

    Thanks, this really helped me understand the concepts you expressed. I do think it would be good to talk about other "categories" of conlangs, such as a piori or posteriori and auxialiary vs artistic. Although now that I said that, I remember that being talked about in your and Xidnaf's collaboration videos.

  • @fgvcosmic6752
    @fgvcosmic6752 6 лет назад +2

    Been waiting for something like this

  • @XXX3RX0
    @XXX3RX0 6 лет назад +3

    Thanks to your channel, I've made my own language which I use in a book I'm writing. It is called Thomian and it is an analytical language if I understood it correctly. It is a vowel heavy language even though there are fewer vowels in the alphabet than English. For example, the word for world or earth is Eia. The phonotactics are (C)(C)(V)V(V)(C)(C).
    I based this on where the people lived on the globe along with the age of their civilization. Since they live on and near the north pole, it is almost always cold, and you know how difficult it is to pronounce some consonants when it's cold.
    The sound K doesn't exist and the sound P is only used in words with a negative meaning and swear words, like Paora meaning enemy and Plam meaning fall, fall over or trip.
    The system of questions and questioning is rather simple. The sentence set up isn't important, you just need to end it with an É sound. However, asking the base questions like, what,who,where,when,why and how is done by just saying "É". Those questions are more often than not used as response questions to gain more information about a previous statement.
    I saw a rabbit. translates to: Eji tesh fiamo imona.
    Litterally translated to: I one rabbit saw.
    If you were to add an É at the end. (Eji tesh fiamo imona É) This is now a question: Did I see a rabbit?
    If someone were to ask "where" they would just say É.
    Understanding what has been asked is established by the previous statement. Since we know he saw it we know how and who. Since we know "a rabbit" we know both what and how many. And asking "why" to that statement is just silly. This leaves us with just two questions: When and where. By just asking É, we try to gain more information and he just needs to answer with when and where he saw it.
    I also sprinkled in some easter eggs in the language for fun, like Chathulu that translates to unusual and Chrashen that translates to unexpected.
    There is much more to it, but this is just a youtube comment.

  • @EmberArcher
    @EmberArcher 6 лет назад +5

    Agglutnative for life!

  • @IamWakon
    @IamWakon 6 лет назад +1

    I never planned to become a self-educated linguist, but at this rate it looks like an inevitability.

  • @IanCroak2
    @IanCroak2 6 лет назад

    I'm so happy everytime I see a new Artifexian video!!!

  • @schwa0839
    @schwa0839 4 года назад +2

    A lot of my conlangs have been more on the polysynthetic side, but I want to try that oligosynthetic type. It sounds really cool, and I hope some real world languages could exist like so.

  • @adityagupta5713
    @adityagupta5713 6 лет назад +11

    YESSSSS! HE'S BACK!!!!!!

  • @antonionio7977
    @antonionio7977 2 года назад +2

    -"[oligosynthetic languages] would have very few morphemes, say a hundred or so"
    -Oh it's like in toki pona...
    -"Think newspeak and you're kind of in the right ballpark"
    -Fuck

  • @andrewnewman5945
    @andrewnewman5945 6 лет назад +1

    4:45
    Correction! Preterite tense. Spanish has 2 past tenses. One is used for a completed action in a specific time in the past. That is preterite. The other is imperfect, which talks of an action being repeated over and over again or uncompleted.

  • @thetherrannative
    @thetherrannative 4 года назад +3

    This is super cool! The language I've been putting most of my effort into is synthetic agglutinative. I didn't actually realize most of the world's languages are agglutinative. I just did it because I liked how the system felt. It's awesome to learn that there are legitimate terms and real-world examples of things I've been throwing in because I thought they were fun.

  • @bensonkwok951
    @bensonkwok951 6 лет назад +194

    rip chinese pronunciation

  • @flatmars7072
    @flatmars7072 5 лет назад

    Due to your videos(which are awesome) ive managed to make a solar system and on the fourth planet, the acriv’s speak acrivi(a conlang that i made from YOUR videos) keep it up man, love it

  • @eboysix
    @eboysix 6 лет назад +1

    This video is amazing! Thank you for your explanation.
    I'm making an oligosynthetic language, but still making it suitable as an art form by having several different dialects to convey different tones.

  • @angeldude101
    @angeldude101 6 лет назад +11

    Now I want to see a proof of concept oligosynthetic language.
    Granted, I should probably finish my programming language before starting work on a human-ish language.

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +1

      Check out this: ruclips.net/video/dvOfnHJpQes/видео.html

    • @FromRussiaWithLuv007
      @FromRussiaWithLuv007 6 лет назад +1

      Toki Pona

    • @hdwe1756
      @hdwe1756 6 лет назад

      What programming language are you working on?

    • @angeldude101
      @angeldude101 6 лет назад

      A custom one that resembles Haskell, but is low level like C. Currently its equivalent to C, but I have plans to implement either linear or unique types to provide memory safety.

  • @isaacthedestroyerofstuped7676
    @isaacthedestroyerofstuped7676 6 лет назад +4

    I usually ɡive my conlanɡs a lot of affliction and conjuɡations as I am a huɡe latin fan thouɡh recently I've started playinɡ around with heavily derivated lanɡs! This has led to some monsterous words like: witunaimarɛnɛi (i.e. the only animal is currently preforminɡ the body action associated with «nam» as an indirect object) and ɪtɪnʊnaimɛno (the small animal associated with «nam» as a sinɡular, subject noun, in the context of memory)! Lovinɡ your content btw!

  • @lubenicmackavic2780
    @lubenicmackavic2780 3 года назад

    I would like to say this video is really helpful

  • @zerbgames1478
    @zerbgames1478 6 лет назад

    Welcome back!!!

  • @WolfWalrus
    @WolfWalrus 6 лет назад +11

    My first and current conlanging project is polysynthetic. It's called "Pwódga" (or "horse runes") and is inspired heavily by the Dené-Yeniseian languages.

  • @chevtothemax
    @chevtothemax 6 лет назад +16

    Drop everything and watch.

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +6

      I'm not responsible for any broken objects. Just so we're clear. :P

    • @chevtothemax
      @chevtothemax 6 лет назад +2

      Artifexian I promise not to blame any broken objects now or in the future on Artifexian

  • @TenebraePatruus
    @TenebraePatruus 6 лет назад

    Hey Edgar, How is the new teaching job going? I know I'd love an update of the more personal front. So glad to see you're making vids again!

  • @melonlord4889
    @melonlord4889 4 года назад +1

    My favorite conlang is Old Gelfling from Dark Crystal/Age of Resistance. We’ve only ever heard it in song, but when we do, it feels amazing.

  • @petersmythe6462
    @petersmythe6462 6 лет назад +3

    I remember trying to make an Oligosynthetic language that was actually useful. I had around ~60 morphemes and could actually express a lot of basic ideas (including some in one nice compact word that took multiple sentences in English), but symbols got quite complex, especially because each word was a 2-dimensional arrangement of symbols for morpheme monosyllables. I remember for fun creating a word that was more or less a giant jigsaw puzzle and had around 40 morphemes in it, some of which were repeated.

  • @nullmaton5667
    @nullmaton5667 6 лет назад +47

    qu is pronounced 'chu' in Mandarin btw, nice video!

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +11

      Ye, Chinese isn't my bag unfortunately. :/

    • @gayvideos3808
      @gayvideos3808 6 лет назад +3

      Not "chu." The Q is like ch, except your tongue is flat.

    • @5up3rp3rs0n
      @5up3rp3rs0n 6 лет назад +3

      Like Tsüsch in German, without the sch

    • @kori228
      @kori228 5 лет назад +4

      [tɕʰy]

    • @Alice-gr1kb
      @Alice-gr1kb 5 лет назад +1

      And qù means it has falling tone

  • @jackshark
    @jackshark 5 лет назад

    This is my new favourite RUclipsr.

  • @viorp6982
    @viorp6982 6 лет назад

    Yay we've been blessed with another video.

  • @theironcross7557
    @theironcross7557 6 лет назад +3

    HE LIVES!

  • @zobososhizion6478
    @zobososhizion6478 6 лет назад +3

    So computers and AI would create an Olgiosynthetic language because such entities would only have 2 morphemes i.e. 1 and 0.

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад

      Kinda I guess.

    • @ryuko4478
      @ryuko4478 6 лет назад

      1 and 0 are not the only possible morphemes
      0 = open circuit
      1 = closed circuit
      If you make anything that holds more meaning than that then you are making a new morpheme

  • @victorosorio5252
    @victorosorio5252 6 лет назад

    yeeee two conlang videos in a row

  • @amjthe_paleosquare9399
    @amjthe_paleosquare9399 2 года назад +2

    Thanks for the vid! It helps me on my process to create words for different languages I'm creating (not sure if I'll ever make grammar rules since I'd have to do them for all languages...).
    Also, how funny that whenever you start pronunciating stuff from not your first language, there's always the risk to butcher it. I don't know a single word in Mandarin, but I could tell there was no chinese accent there.
    The point of Spanish "comí" is that the "I" has an accent, a signal that it's pronounced (ko-MEE), not (KO-mee). If it had followed the former sound, it would've been written "comi", or "cómi", although the last one's not even Spanish.
    Despite this nitpick, the rest of the vid was informative, interesting and very enjoyable :)

  • @codekillerz5392
    @codekillerz5392 6 лет назад +56

    I CAME AS SOON AS I HEARD

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +11

      Glad you did.

    • @fairycat23
      @fairycat23 6 лет назад +4

      I don't think I have to tell you in whose voice I read that.

    • @grimtheghastly8878
      @grimtheghastly8878 5 лет назад

      Same

    • @parthiancapitalist2733
      @parthiancapitalist2733 5 лет назад +5

      What a compass!

    • @maximus4375
      @maximus4375 5 лет назад +4

      Angelicaaaaa
      ( all the way from London? Damn)
      Somone who understands what im here to do
      Im not here for you
      I know my sister like i know my own mind you will never find anyone as trusting or as kind
      Put what we had aside, im standing at her side, god i hope youre satisfied

  • @MrRyanroberson1
    @MrRyanroberson1 6 лет назад +5

    So I came up with a 2 dimensional gender suffix structure... And another 2d prefix setup. This video is good for calling attention to methods and habits.... I'll definitely get there soon! Already got like 6 roots and 20 combinations (is there a way to get a summary of English roots and basic pairings so I can pan through them?)

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +2

      I don't have anything like that to hand. If it exists, I'd like to know about it too.

    • @moth.monster
      @moth.monster 6 лет назад

      Two dimensional gender? What SJW bullshit is this?
      (Jk let your fiction have a fuckin gender square gender cube whatever fuck it i don't care it's fiction have fun)

    • @MrRyanroberson1
      @MrRyanroberson1 6 лет назад +2

      lol. i actually act with a kind of "avoiding but polite" method in english, but my language has a more advanced tactic:
      there are four base genders (this is inspired from an ausie language
      Edible, Female, "Male", and Objects. then the second half of the "gender" is whether it is a verb (acting with the object, like 'to ice'), an object (like ice itself, or a pizza), and a premonition/future tense (like planning on doing something, or wanting a pizza)
      Male being simply a human which is not female, as the culture is (naturally) fertility centric, you either can or you cannot eventually make a baby.
      hence the 2d gender structure. what are trans peoples? what are nonbinaries? they are either objects, or men. this is assuming that they even use different pronouns, since "female" and "male" are not defined as man and woman, but as having a functional womb, or not.

    • @MrRyanroberson1
      @MrRyanroberson1 6 лет назад

      so i found something that has /most/ of what i was looking for, turns out when i asked you actually i'd forgotten something i found months ago. just remembered!
      wold.clld.org/vocabulary/11

    • @Tulanir1
      @Tulanir1 6 лет назад

      Don't you mean /moʊst/? ;)

  • @op4000exe
    @op4000exe 6 лет назад

    I don't really world build, or language build, but I use it for analysing worls other people have made, and these videos on your channel have definatily helped me be better at spotting these flaws, or in a rare few cases hints at a more detailed world building behind the scenes.

  • @danielsac6316
    @danielsac6316 5 лет назад +2

    In the word "comí" in Spanish, the -í (which is in fact accentuated), besides marking the first person, the past tense and the indicative mood, it also marks the perfective aspect (-ía would mark imperfective aspect); Spanish has a preterite, which marks perfective aspect in past, though in Spanish (and other Romance Languages) it is only in indicative (I'm a native Spanish speaker). Just to comment that. I like a lot these viedos!

  • @ayushsharma9270
    @ayushsharma9270 6 лет назад +6

    "tumi ke lingu be pera"
    Translate that if you can...
    BTW, I am off to creating a Conlang generator program...

    • @PhantomKING113
      @PhantomKING113 4 года назад +1

      I am not atempting it, but that looks like Toki Pona to me.
      Actualy, on second thought, maybe Toki Pone wouldn't have a word such as "lingu".

    • @tibethatguy
      @tibethatguy 4 года назад +1

      @@PhantomKING113 The sounds b, g and r aren't present in Toki Pona.

    • @muhtesemsiyanur
      @muhtesemsiyanur 3 года назад

      if it was toki pona, it would be something like "tumi ke linu pe pela"

    • @the_sky_is_blue_and_so_am_I
      @the_sky_is_blue_and_so_am_I 3 года назад

      How is the program going

  • @jakvos342
    @jakvos342 6 лет назад +3

    Wasn't ancient Sumerian oligosynthetic?

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +2

      Could be. I've no idea.

    • @fluffysaffron5719
      @fluffysaffron5719 2 года назад

      Sumerian was agglutinative. The one really unusual thing about it is that it's a language isolate with no known relatives, past or present.

  • @kazkk2321
    @kazkk2321 3 года назад

    I have nearly given up on the realization of the complexity of language creation.

  • @Wookiee925
    @Wookiee925 2 года назад

    When filming the Star Trek movies there were times where actors didn't remember their Klingon lines correctly and said them wrong, and other times where lines were rewritten but there wasn't budget to reshoot. So Orcrand had to keep going back and changing the grammar and vocabulary of Klingon so the recorded lines became correct, thus forcing a sort of simulated evolution of the language

  • @OrchidAlloy
    @OrchidAlloy 6 лет назад +4

    Not comi, comí. The tilde in Spanish marks the stress syllable

    • @Jerimbo
      @Jerimbo 5 лет назад +4

      Not a tilde

    • @pablomunoz3119
      @pablomunoz3119 3 года назад

      @@Jerimbo Si lo es. En Español la palabra tilde se usa para referirse a diacriticos en general. Los primeros incisos en el Diccionario de la Lengua Española dictan:
      1. f. acento (‖ signo ortográfico español). _Raúl se escribe con tilde en la u._
      2. f. Signo en forma de rayita, a veces ondulada, que forma parte de algunas letras, como la ñ, y que antiguamente se usaba en algunas abreviaturas.
      Lo que probablemente tienes en mente es la virgulilla de la ñ.

    • @Jerimbo
      @Jerimbo 3 года назад

      @@pablomunoz3119 no sabía eso, gracias, siempre me enseñaron que el tilde es solamente el acento en ñ

  • @eufalesio1146
    @eufalesio1146 6 лет назад +4

    my language is fusional-agglutinative

    • @Artifexian
      @Artifexian  6 лет назад +1

      Lot's of people seem to be doing the agglutinative thing. I wonder why that is?

    • @eufalesio1146
      @eufalesio1146 6 лет назад +2

      to make longer words i suppose

    • @Alphathon
      @Alphathon 6 лет назад +2

      I'd guess most people here are English speakers and many will have some knowledge of another major European language (French, Spanish, German… ) so agglutinativity seems more interesting and different.

    • @eufalesio1146
      @eufalesio1146 6 лет назад

      Alphathon agreed

    • @CanaryMapping
      @CanaryMapping 6 лет назад

      My native language is Spanish and I find agglutination curious.

  • @whatevermatewhatevermate6638
    @whatevermatewhatevermate6638 5 лет назад

    I am in the process of writing a book (which is hard enough by itself😂), and I recently decided to throw in a conlang for my people because why not😂😂
    Your videos have been very helpful to me because I had no idea how much planning went into making languages. Please keep making these kinds of videos, they really help!

  • @trikitrikitriki
    @trikitrikitriki 6 лет назад

    Every time I see a Supercuts commercial I daydream of blowing up the whole Internet 😭😭😭😭😭

  • @msmsmsms8515
    @msmsmsms8515 6 лет назад +6

    2:45
    'qu' is pronounced [t͡ɕʰy˥˩] not [kʰu]

    • @PhantomKING113
      @PhantomKING113 4 года назад +2

      That is a very complicated sound transcribed as two letters and one diacritic. That's what I call efficiency.

    • @yangkong7935
      @yangkong7935 4 года назад +1

      To simplify, say "ch" and "ui" st the same time. Still a bad simplification, but it's as close as I can write it in english without more mandarin words

    • @that_orange_hat
      @that_orange_hat 3 года назад

      Yang Kong i think Artifexian probably knows the IPA, but yeah. pinyin is so confusing lol

  • @coolvideos5550
    @coolvideos5550 2 года назад +2

    I created Qinda-Maary, or l'awzsian. It is a language that based on the Semitic Family (and a little bit of English and Spanish). With that, I created a world for those speakers, and a mythology about the history of them, plus a story about how the language created (clue: by Qinda and mary).
    Also I am working on a new language that will be easy to learn and I call it "PIDGIN HESAJON" for now.
    Actually, I am in a binge of this channel and I have to go on so bye...
    Oh , do you pin comments?

  • @Kryso_0
    @Kryso_0 2 года назад

    this is exactly what ive been looking for since I found conlang!

  • @pidgeoncrossing963
    @pidgeoncrossing963 2 года назад

    Ive been wanting to make a conlang for years, and I think this year I will put my mind to it!

  • @rapids7841
    @rapids7841 6 лет назад +3

    Hour club