Thank you for watching. Let me know what you think of the lesson down below. And if you would like some tips on how to speak with confidence then check out: ruclips.net/video/JxrJW0naF24/видео.html
Thanks a lot!!! Please, speak a bit slower when re-pronouncing sentences, I'm sure that many people who watched your videos like me - are beginners. Thanks again and sometimes at the end of the video blow me a kisss ;)
Great job. It was really helpful and clearly explained. Sometimes it can be really frustrating for a non-native speaker don't understand a sentence after so many years of English practise. You have got a new subscriber. keep on making videos, we'll keep on learning. Thanks
I am glad to see this, as I've found some language exchange people, say they prefer practicing with non-native speakers, as they have trouble understanding native English. Speaking slowly and enunciating words carefully is not enough .. probably because of these changing vowel sounds, which throw beginners off. It makes me chuckle, when Spanish speakers accuse me of speaking rapidly, I listen back and there's clear gaps between words :) In Spanish words run into each other and can be partially (or entirely) left out when vowel sounds follow each other.
I am seriously improving on my pronunciation through your videos. Please, make a video on when/not to use the weak forms in connected speech. Thanks a lot.
Anna this was excellent and one of the most important video you have made!!! This is 'English Like A Native'. I've noticed that we use some of this adaptations when we're speaking fast even with a standard British accent. Thank you for the lesson!!! Lots of love, Arildo.
Arildo, I would say speaking slowly my vowels are strong or weak for emphasis; it's part of speaking clearly! If you say everything strong then there's less information, than if the speaker highlights the important key ideas, whilst weakening unimportant link words like "un (an)" or "d' (do)". I can understand, perhaps why vowel changes throw students off though, for me learning Spanish, I've had to pay far closer attention to vowels as what are in English tiny changes of a to e, u or o, change meanings entirely. To best demonstrate what I mean, 'll wrt wtht ny vwlls, y cn prbbly ndrstnd wll nuff wth jst cnsnnts.
Willy, I appreciate your replay, so no I'm not wondering this is completely her choice to wear what she likes and let me say Anna, exserts all her efforts to teach us regardless your colour or your religion she sacrifices her time to us we acknowledge her tireless works besides that this is channel conducted for educational purpose no more and certainly no less. Regards
So stunning, lt goes without saying that your are the best ,nobody could overcome your great way of pedagogy.👍👍👍For me you deserve more than millions of thumbs up.
This is one of the most interesting and surprising lectures to me. I just put my finger on why I don't sound as a native while speaking English although making a good effort. Thank you Anna!
I was completely unaware of that and if someone asked me how to pronounce one of those words i would give the "stronger" forms of those words (apart from "a") but actually in sentences I would always use the "weaker" ones even though I've never noticed this fact until now. I'm absolutely mind-blown. Not a native speaker, to be clear.
Another nice lesson. Thank you Anna! It would be great to make a video about the following question: When to use the personal pronoun "I" and when the object pronoun "me"? In some situations it´s a little bit tricky.
You are on fire! Amazing job! Thank you for discussing this topic. In that time I'm looking for ways to sound more natural and reduce my accent. This pronunciation tips truly useful.
Thank you, teacher. I wander if u could make a video with questions. I find it difficult to ask questions to my son, about the nursery. About his playing time, friends, food, etc. You used “What have you got for your lunch?” but I can use after school: What did u have for your lunch/snacks? have difficulty in constructing the questions. Minute 5:30 Do you want to practiSe?
hi! Sorry for interruption, I was just wondering why you hadn't put the IT at the end of this sentence in 5:11 It will be so kind of you if you don't mind for getting me out from this irritating doubt that am in. And when would I use the strong from of AND in this expression 'You and me' 😍
Hi Anna...thank you for the video. I’ve got questions about your example sentences. He went round for dinner. -> he went from place to place to look for a place for dinner? He asked for you. -> He asked people about you? Thank you!
Hi, Anna, I love your videos, because they are amazing, I was wondering whether you could do a lesson on word filler like just, so etc. They are quite common in speech and guessing their meanings can be difficult because their senses may change depending on the context, Thanks for everthing you have done for us, non-native speakers, Hope you reach a million subscribers before long. Good Luck.
It's an amazing and beneficial video because it helps me how to pronounce and speak correctly and fluently and many thanks for your efforts and for sharing that. In addition, I love it and you so much......
Very very helpful. It is very curious that you just posted this video when I was looking for more on schwa sounds, contractions, rhythm and intonation!
Queen Anna,Hi I always like your videos lesson because Billions of students loves only you. Anna ma'am you are the most talented English teacher ever in my life please my small request to you is that make a video on British culture likes,dislikes or city system people choices. Anna ma'am,and make sure reply me soon this time don't pass my comment on dustbin,Stay blessed.
very very useful video. thank you so much. I really love your channel and offered it to all my friends and whom ask me about how they can improve their English. I wish you best
"Strong forms and weak forms" is considered to be too difficult to teach to students of English as a foreign language. In Indonesia, our teachers do not teach us this topic for listening-speaking. The teachers themselves do not use weak forms at all. They use all strong forms instead.
About "been", it's quite interesting to notice that in American English there is only the weak form. One day, talking to an American friend of mine, I remember using the strong form and he found that very odd! lol I thought I had made a mistake and have been using the weak form ever since. I'll try to use the strong form more often then. :)
thnks, it's so helpful. next time if you do this series, pls begin saying with slow version first, not quick one. you speak in natural speed first, we learners loose the way. it makes us nervous and can't catch up with even slower one. you understand what mean. thnk you.
Hi Anna. I am your big fan. Your videos have been extremely useful to me. But I still struggle with some blending consonants like /pr/, /tr/ and /dr/ . Hope you see my comment and make amazing videos related to these "nightmare" sounds. You are always gorgeous in my eyes
Hello Anna, I´ve been one of your suscribers for some time. Your lessons are great. I´ve learned a lot watching your lessons and something struck my attention today and it is you say: Have you spoke to your mum yet? Shouldn´t it be have you spoken?. Thanks. Luis from Barquisimeto, Venezuela
Thank you so much for the explanation, Ana. Nevertheless, I am concerned about two questions, I would be grateful if you could explain me, please. 1. When we have to use weak forms in English? 2. Upper RP accent and very formal speeches require a use of weak words? Thanks in advance. Greetings from Perú.
Hola Ricardo, Weak forms are used by every native speaker all the time, when the word is unstressed in the middle of a sentence. As with everything in English, there are always exceptions; for example they're not used if the word is the first or last word of a sentence, or if we're emphasizing the word. Every native speaker uses weak forms, even royals; here's a video showing people with RP accents using them, including the Queen at 4:34 ruclips.net/video/EaXYas58_kc/видео.html "English Like A Native" also has a good video on Connected Speech which you might enjoy too. By the way, she and I are both talking about British English; there will be some differences with American English, as they pronounce their vowels, Rs and other sounds differently. Saludos, David (English teacher, London)
1. When to use weak forms Languages can be divided into: 1. stress-timed languages 2. syllable-timed languages A stress-timed language is a language where the stressed syllables are said at approximately regular intervals, and unstressed syllables are shortened to fit this rhythm. One way of shortening these unstressed syllables is by using weak forms. Stress-timed languages can be compared with syllable-timed ones, where each syllable takes roughly the same amount of time. English, German and Russian belong to stress-timed languages. In the meantime, Spanish, Japanese and Indonesian belong to syllable-timed languages. Before talking about weak forms, we have to talk about stress patterns in English. We have two kinds of stress: word-stress and sentence-stress. *WORD-STRESS* When a word is said by itself without being accompanied by other words in an utterance, only a word made up of two or more syllables has stress. The location of a stress in a word could be anywhere: in the first syllable, the second or even the last one. A good dictionary can show you where to stress. There is no rule for this stress, so you have to learn it from the first time you see an unknown vocabulary entry. A word made up of one syllable has no stress. *book* /bʊk/ *language* /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/ *divide* /dɪˈvaɪd/ There are two kinds of stress if we see it from the power of stress: primary stress (transcribed as ') and secondary stress (transcribed as ˌ). Usually, secondary stress appears in words made up of three or more syllables and is always accompanied by primary stress. *international* /ˌɪntəˈnæʃənl/ *opportunity* /ˌɒpəˈtjuːnətɪ/ *SENTENCE-STRESS* Such words as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are called _content words_ . They carry important information that can be shared with other people. However, such words as personal pronouns, modal verbs, prepositions, etc are not very important as they just connect content words to create meanings. These are called _grammatical words_ . Usually, content words, negative contactions included, are stressed when we speak English. Grammatical words are normally unstressed. When unstressed, these words are pronounced with their weak forms. "Be" is the only verb that is usually pronounced without stress. Take a look at the following illustration: I = personal pronoun am = the only verb that is usually unstressed and has two weak forms, namely /əm/, /m/. happy /ˈhæpɪ/ = adjective Thus: *i am HAPpy* /aɪ m ˈhæpɪ/. Weak forms do not appear at the end of an utterance. Strong forms are always used, instead. Take a look at this example: *she can SWIM FASter than i can.* /ʃiː kən ˈswɪm ˈfɑːstə ðən aɪ kæn/ The word "can" is always unstressed, although it is pronounced with its strong form because it is located at the end of a sentence.
2. If or not Upper RP and formal speeches need weak forms? My answer: Yes, of course, they still need weak forms because English is a stress-timed language. Therefore, weak forms are employed to make up gradation between stressed and unstressed syllables. We cannot use strong forms all the time since this can destroy the meaning of the sentence and, to native speakers, it would make our utterance very difficult to understand if we use strong forms all the time, thus native speakers would feel exhausted since need much energy to listen.
![Felix "Unfair" | [Stray Kids : SKZ-PLAYER]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Oswujxm2Ag0/mqdefault.jpg)
Thank you for watching. Let me know what you think of the lesson down below. And if you would like some tips on how to speak with confidence then check out: ruclips.net/video/JxrJW0naF24/видео.html
Hello. I gave you thumb up.
Thanks a lot!!! Please, speak a bit slower when re-pronouncing sentences, I'm sure that many people who watched your videos like me - are beginners. Thanks again and sometimes at the end of the video blow me a kisss ;)
English Like A Native Single?
English Like A Native
Thank you, it is a very useful lesson.
This video is really different of its kind. This sort of topic is rarely discussed before by content creators.
You are simply a great teacher.
You're definitely a great teacher Ana, you're very committed to what you do and that deserves recognition.. Thanks.
One of the clearest lesson on weak forms I've ever watched. Thank you!
Thank you Anna, all the weak forms in one place and with phonetics and examples, you make the learning curve less steep.
I can't thank you enough, your classes are world class. This video fixed one of my weakness in pronouncing English with sophistication. Thank you!
Great job. It was really helpful and clearly explained. Sometimes it can be really frustrating for a non-native speaker don't understand a sentence after so many years of English practise. You have got a new subscriber. keep on making videos, we'll keep on learning. Thanks
I am glad to see this, as I've found some language exchange people, say they prefer practicing with non-native speakers, as they have trouble understanding native English. Speaking slowly and enunciating words carefully is not enough .. probably because of these changing vowel sounds, which throw beginners off.
It makes me chuckle, when Spanish speakers accuse me of speaking rapidly, I listen back and there's clear gaps between words :) In Spanish words run into each other and can be partially (or entirely) left out when vowel sounds follow each other.
I am seriously improving on my pronunciation through your videos. Please, make a video on when/not to use the weak forms in connected speech. Thanks a lot.
Anna this was excellent and one of the most important video you have made!!! This is 'English Like A Native'.
I've noticed that we use some of this adaptations when we're speaking fast even with a standard British accent.
Thank you for the lesson!!!
Lots of love,
Arildo.
Arildo, I would say speaking slowly my vowels are strong or weak for emphasis; it's part of speaking clearly! If you say everything strong then there's less information, than if the speaker highlights the important key ideas, whilst weakening unimportant link words like "un (an)" or "d' (do)".
I can understand, perhaps why vowel changes throw students off though, for me learning Spanish, I've had to pay far closer attention to vowels as what are in English tiny changes of a to e, u or o, change meanings entirely.
To best demonstrate what I mean, 'll wrt wtht ny vwlls, y cn prbbly ndrstnd wll nuff wth jst cnsnnts.
your British eng and not relying on conventional teaching method set you apart from others. i will stay with you.
Excellent! Thank you. This will really help me help my students-those struggling with the concept of schwa and other reductions. Much appreciated.
That is an extremely useful video, thank you so much!
I'm completely in love with your voice and accent!!
Anna, you always encourage us towards the success.
We love you deeply
Willy, I appreciate your replay, so no I'm not wondering this is completely her choice to wear what she likes and let me say Anna, exserts all her efforts to teach us regardless your colour or your religion she sacrifices her time to us we acknowledge her tireless works besides that this is channel conducted for educational purpose no more and certainly no less.
Regards
Again thank you Anna English, no words will thank you enough we are really satisfied.
i guess i was misunderstood. i did not quetion her teaching method or her knowledge.
i am just asking her for another great lesson on business english with million thanks
So stunning, lt goes without saying that your are the best ,nobody could overcome your great way of pedagogy.👍👍👍For me you deserve more than millions of thumbs up.
This is one of the most interesting and surprising lectures to me. I just put my finger on why I don't sound as a native while speaking English although making a good effort. Thank you Anna!
Thanks for this superb and useful video. Most non-natives don't even realize these things exist :)
I was completely unaware of that and if someone asked me how to pronounce one of those words i would give the "stronger" forms of those words (apart from "a") but actually in sentences I would always use the "weaker" ones even though I've never noticed this fact until now. I'm absolutely mind-blown. Not a native speaker, to be clear.
Love your classes! Best
Another nice lesson. Thank you Anna!
It would be great to make a video about the following
question: When to use the personal pronoun "I" and when
the object pronoun "me"? In some situations it´s a little bit
tricky.
Hi
Dear Teacher,
I am impressed with your lesson on " Weak Forms".
Please, check " the sound of 'can ' as a weak form.
With warm regards.
You are on fire! Amazing job! Thank you for discussing this topic. In that time I'm looking for ways to sound more natural and reduce my accent. This pronunciation tips truly useful.
Thank you, Madam. It's really useful to me.
One of the best lessons in English, I think.
Very thanks,Anna,greetings,like.
Thank you, teacher. I wander if u could make a video with questions. I find it difficult to ask questions to my son, about the nursery. About his playing time, friends, food, etc. You used “What have you got for your lunch?” but I can use after school: What did u have for your lunch/snacks? have difficulty in constructing the questions. Minute 5:30 Do you want to practiSe?
Hello Anna.
Your vision has restored the spirit of my heart.
Love♡♥from Saudi Arabia.
hi! Sorry for interruption, I was just wondering why you hadn't put the IT at the end of this sentence in 5:11 It will be so kind of you if you don't mind for getting me out from this irritating doubt that am in. And when would I use the strong from of AND in this expression 'You and me' 😍
Thanks for the lesson Anna. You are a true pronunciation Queen.
such a useful class as usual, Ana. Weak and strong forms must be learnt properly if one wishes to sound more like a native.👏🏻😘
Hi Anna...thank you for the video. I’ve got questions about your example sentences.
He went round for dinner.
-> he went from place to place to look for a place for dinner?
He asked for you.
-> He asked people about you?
Thank you!
He went round for dinner - he went to a place to eat dinner.
He asked for you - he asked if you were here so he could see you.
I always like this for learning British English :')
Thanks Anna, as always, your videos are very helpful. Have a nice weekend.
I'm so happy to find your channel , you are professional and the video is amazing ,and veryyyyy clear ,everything about you is excillant I'm a fun
Thanks a lot teacher. Clear and perfect explanation❤
You are welcome!
Hi, Anna, I love your videos, because they are amazing, I was wondering whether you could do a lesson on word filler like just, so etc. They are quite common in speech and guessing their meanings can be difficult because their senses may change depending on the context, Thanks for everthing you have done for us, non-native speakers, Hope you reach a million subscribers before long. Good Luck.
Truely ma'am you've great prononciation and I'm down to get this prononciation.
Have a blast ma'am
Good style of teaching. Thank u for great info.
Nice lesson! Thanks a bunch!
Your video helped me a lot! I'm not good with lista like that, but sometimes lists are the better way to learn... Keep going!
Where have you been all that time, Thank you so much for the video.
It is an important lesson. Cheers!.
It's an amazing and beneficial video because it helps me how to pronounce and speak correctly and fluently and many thanks for your efforts and for sharing that. In addition, I love it and you so much......
Very very helpful.
It is very curious that you just posted this video when I was looking for more on schwa sounds, contractions, rhythm and intonation!
Thank you Anna so much for your inspiring teaching of strong and weak form of grammatical words.
Amazing Mam
I have no words how i appteciate u
First time i watched ur video
Really great
You r great teacher
Queen Anna,Hi I always like your videos lesson because Billions of students loves only you. Anna ma'am you are the most talented English teacher ever in my life please my small request to you is that make a video on British culture likes,dislikes or city system people choices. Anna ma'am,and make sure reply me soon this time don't pass my comment on dustbin,Stay blessed.
Great lesson. Could listen to you all day! Thanks ever so much ❤️
very very useful video. thank you so much. I really love your channel and offered it to all my friends and whom ask me about how they can improve their English. I wish you best
Thanks teacher, your videos are very helpful.
Thank you so much professor!
You're very welcome!
Thank you for the excellent video! I will definitely recommend it to my students! :)
Awesome, thank you!
thx i'll study this video for some time.
I feel so sorry for English learners! Just when you think you’ve got it, there are strong forms and weak forms to learn. 🧐
As an English philology student I agree.
Just saw your comment. You're absolutely right. Maybe you will have a look at my response here. Thanks!
"Strong forms and weak forms" is considered to be too difficult to teach to students of English as a foreign language. In Indonesia, our teachers do not teach us this topic for listening-speaking. The teachers themselves do not use weak forms at all. They use all strong forms instead.
All the words don't have weak forms!
Thanks for your help in making it sound
ur always kind of smilling which is ratling great... couldn't take eyes off it! cheers for ur stuff!!!!
ik im quite jealous
About "been", it's quite interesting to notice that in American English there is only the weak form. One day, talking to an American friend of mine, I remember using the strong form and he found that very odd! lol I thought I had made a mistake and have been using the weak form ever since.
I'll try to use the strong form more often then. :)
Been
Great.....
Very helpful thank you so much ma'am.👉❤
Thanks. My class watched your video. Very clear and well presented.
it's really great lesson for non native speakers
thank you very much it is nice and intersting lesson
I love your videos you have a lot to give.
Thanx
Very detailed explanation. Thanks!
yeah very detailed explanation..THANKS a lot Anna you 're the best teacher ever
Terrific teacher... Besides beauty...
thnks, it's so helpful. next time if you do this series, pls begin saying with slow version first, not quick one. you speak in natural speed first, we learners loose the way. it makes us nervous and can't catch up with even slower one. you understand what mean. thnk you.
thnk u Anna.
the lesson is as amazing as u.
i was wondering if u could do a lesson on business english.
Thank you Anna for another nice lesson you're fantastic hhave a nice day
Hi Anna! Thank you very much for this useful lesson :)
Thank you very much!
You're welcome!
Please make a video regarding all WH Question pronunciation including Auxiliary Verbs
Thanks for the lesson,Anna:-)
Anyway,it was nice to see you again:-)
You are welcome. Thank you for watching. :)
Thanks.. 😊
Great explanation! You are a very inspiring teacher.
Hi Anna. I am your big fan. Your videos have been extremely useful to me. But I still struggle with some blending consonants like /pr/, /tr/ and /dr/ . Hope you see my comment and make amazing videos related to these "nightmare" sounds. You are always gorgeous in my eyes
Thank you Anna ma'am,
it's very helpful.
Its really very informative lesson thanks dear
As always your teaching style Remains good
Thanks for the lesson
Thank you so much , really you are the best teacher. Can I ask you for a favour, if you can make video for letters R and L . Thank you so much
Your channel deserves more subscribers ma'am 😊
Useful lesson!
This is very good. Thanks!
I’m glad you enjoyed it
That Was a great word form .
Very helpful thank you so much
Cool, I was waiting for a video about Connected Speech from your perspective.
Thanks again Anna. 👍👍👍
Thank you Anna! You are brilliant
Wow it's really helpful thx
Hello Anna, I´ve been one of your suscribers for some time. Your lessons are great. I´ve learned a lot watching your lessons and something struck my attention today and it is you say: Have you spoke to your mum yet? Shouldn´t it be have you spoken?.
Thanks. Luis from Barquisimeto, Venezuela
I interact in all ways by sharing liking and commenting...😃😃😃😃
Woow so amazing...can I say you are the best Anna..Africa Gambia
Thanks for the amazing video.
Thank you so much for the explanation, Ana. Nevertheless, I am concerned about two questions, I would be grateful if you could explain me, please.
1. When we have to use weak forms in English?
2. Upper RP accent and very formal speeches require a use of weak words?
Thanks in advance. Greetings from Perú.
Hola Ricardo,
Weak forms are used by every native speaker all the time, when the word is unstressed in the middle of a sentence.
As with everything in English, there are always exceptions; for example they're not used if the word is the first or last word of a sentence, or if we're emphasizing the word.
Every native speaker uses weak forms, even royals; here's a video showing people with RP accents using them, including the Queen at 4:34
ruclips.net/video/EaXYas58_kc/видео.html
"English Like A Native" also has a good video on Connected Speech which you might enjoy too.
By the way, she and I are both talking about British English; there will be some differences with American English, as they pronounce their vowels, Rs and other sounds differently.
Saludos, David (English teacher, London)
Hi Ricardo! I am thinking about helping you with RP English. I will try my best if you still need the information on it.
I am trying to answer your questions one by one.
1. When to use weak forms
Languages can be divided into:
1. stress-timed languages
2. syllable-timed languages
A stress-timed language is a language where the stressed syllables are said at approximately regular intervals, and unstressed syllables are shortened to fit this rhythm. One way of shortening these unstressed syllables is by using weak forms.
Stress-timed languages can be compared with syllable-timed ones, where each syllable takes roughly the same amount of time.
English, German and Russian belong to stress-timed languages. In the meantime, Spanish, Japanese and Indonesian belong to syllable-timed languages.
Before talking about weak forms, we have to talk about stress patterns in English. We have two kinds of stress: word-stress and sentence-stress.
*WORD-STRESS*
When a word is said by itself without being accompanied by other words in an utterance, only a word made up of two or more syllables has stress. The location of a stress in a word could be anywhere: in the first syllable, the second or even the last one. A good dictionary can show you where to stress. There is no rule for this stress, so you have to learn it from the first time you see an unknown vocabulary entry. A word made up of one syllable has no stress.
*book* /bʊk/
*language* /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
*divide* /dɪˈvaɪd/
There are two kinds of stress if we see it from the power of stress: primary stress (transcribed as ') and secondary stress (transcribed as ˌ). Usually, secondary stress appears in words made up of three or more syllables and is always accompanied by primary stress.
*international* /ˌɪntəˈnæʃənl/
*opportunity* /ˌɒpəˈtjuːnətɪ/
*SENTENCE-STRESS*
Such words as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are called _content words_ . They carry important information that can be shared with other people. However, such words as personal pronouns, modal verbs, prepositions, etc are not very important as they just connect content words to create meanings. These are called _grammatical words_ .
Usually, content words, negative contactions included, are stressed when we speak English. Grammatical words are normally unstressed. When unstressed, these words are pronounced with their weak forms. "Be" is the only verb that is usually pronounced without stress. Take a look at the following illustration:
I = personal pronoun
am = the only verb that is usually unstressed and has two weak forms, namely /əm/, /m/.
happy /ˈhæpɪ/ = adjective
Thus:
*i am HAPpy* /aɪ m ˈhæpɪ/.
Weak forms do not appear at the end of an utterance. Strong forms are always used, instead. Take a look at this example:
*she can SWIM FASter than i can.*
/ʃiː kən ˈswɪm ˈfɑːstə ðən aɪ kæn/
The word "can" is always unstressed, although it is pronounced with its strong form because it is located at the end of a sentence.
2. If or not Upper RP and formal speeches need weak forms?
My answer: Yes, of course, they still need weak forms because English is a stress-timed language. Therefore, weak forms are employed to make up gradation between stressed and unstressed syllables. We cannot use strong forms all the time since this can destroy the meaning of the sentence and, to native speakers, it would make our utterance very difficult to understand if we use strong forms all the time, thus native speakers would feel exhausted since need much energy to listen.
I needed this badly
I learnt very well
Can you explain the essay ?
Brilliant teacher 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻
Thank You Mam 💟
It is great video, thanks a lot
Thank you😍😍😍
This video is awesome!
keep shinning and brighting miss.😊😊😊😊
thanks a lot! very interesting!