The Purple Bacteria That Are Afraid of Oxygen
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- Опубликовано: 27 июл 2024
- Thanks to Blinkist for sponsoring this episode. The first 100 people to go to blinkist.com/microcosmos are going to get unlimited access for 1 week to try it out. You’ll also get 25% off if you want the full membership.
“But wait!” you might be saying to yourself. “How can an organism be photosynthetic and so afraid of oxygen? Doesn’t photosynthesis create oxygen?” And yes, you would be correct-most of the time...
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SOURCES:
ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gl...
academic.oup.com/femsle/artic...
www.pnas.org/content/109/22/8570
www.livescience.com/51720-pho...
www.researchgate.net/publicat...
link.springer.com/chapter/10....
www.nature.com/articles/natur...
www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005... 
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I *love* this. Sulfur is so much more neccesary to life than people think it is, to the point where one hypothesis of abiogenesis is the Iron-sulfur world hypothesis. Since Iron-Sulfur complexes are ubiquitous throughout all domains of life, and necessary for the electron transport chain (it's what allows redox reactions to occur due to sulfur's variable oxidation states), it's hypothesised that life may have began on or around iron sulfide minerals.
Plus its yellow sometimes! Neat!
We are the real extremophiles, using oxygen...
Also a good point for astrobiology ideas for other-world lifeforms
That's why slipknot made a song about Sulfur
And protein’s tertiary structure can be formed by sulfur and disulfide bonds between AAs
Studying biology and have an experiment tomorrow, where we will be opening up our Winogradsky columns (for those that don't know it, basically a big tube with a gradient of oxygen->no oxygen and a whole bunch of nutrients) and we're hoping to find some of these guys! Thanks for hyping things up even more for us, love your work, and please keep making more!
-an enthusiastic Dutch biologist student :)
What do you use for nutrients?
@@ArawnOfAnnwn gouda
How did it go?
Follow up!
Petri dishes are cool
I was wondering about the people around the world
Go make a beautiful day, DEWIT
Wow, I am working on a video about using Winogradsky column to find those bacteria, it is super easy and can be done at home. The result is pretty and can be use as decoration, also beneficial to gardening and aquarium.
I love biology, and especially micro biology. But I am visually impaired so I can’t partake in these micro adventures myself. Thank you for posting these intriguing and frankly mind blowing videos with us.
❤️❤️❤️ so glad you get to watch these videos! ✅
What a nifty change in our world, from purple and sulphur to green and oxygen. This was a really interesting video!
I love it when you can show how the micro organisms relate to each other within their tiny (or not so tiny) ecosystems. Thanks for continuing to create this wonderful content!
The best part is the fact that purple sulfur bacteria are called... purple sulfur bacteria...
"What should we name this purple sulfur bacteria?"
"Yes."
Technically their order name is Chromatiales, but purple sulfur bacteria rolls off the tongue easier oddly enough.
@@Denny_Boi rolls off the tongue easier??? Lol and here it's working as a tongue twister for me
These always help me get through a Monday, along with playing with the new microscope you guys just shipped me!
Where did you buy that? I'm interested
Who is you guys?
@@MasterMoose04 Fair lol. By you guys I meant the Microcosmos team! They did a kickstarter early this year and I just received mine a few days ago :D
@@y33t23 They are considering selling more actually! They did a kickstarter awhile back "Journey to the Microcosmos Microscope"
oo right?? the microscope becomes such a soothing daily thing! I didnt' realize how much Ihave come to enjoy microscope-time at the end of my day, until I accidentally wiped out my culture and had nothing to put on slides yesterday :D 'But wait...I have nothing to chase around a slide while exclaiming OH WOW! OH WOW LOOK AT THAT!' :D Such a delight, I love this thing! What are your favorite critters so far? I've been following rotifers around quite a bit ....we need a forum for the Microcosmos Microscope enthusiasts! or is there one already and i haven't seen mention of it? So happy to see people here in comments enjoying theirs, tho!
I know this channel is too big for me to get the response I'd like... but I hope you guys know I fall asleep to this. It's SciShow meets Carl Sagan and makes me feel better about the world. I watch these videos to prepare to drift off to dreamland, not because of boredom, but because of the peace I receive from learning more about this crazy universe we live in. Thank you for the content
The narration and gorgeous visuals together with Andrew's music are like a scientific lullaby, aren't they? Lol
I've taken a nap or two listening to Hank also!
This also implies that such organisms could survive a sulfur rich hostile planet and yet thrive if such organisms we're discovered or studied
Oxygen and sulfur are in the same group, so it makes a degree of sense that a reaction that produces sugar, would use a chemical related to oxygen to make that sugar.
The same argument applied to silicon based lifeform. But the bonds length is quite different so this might not work.
@@minhducnguyen9276 That was used in a kinda crappy sci fi movie, Evolution I think. They killed the wierd creatures with selenium I recall as it was similarly displaced on the periodic table.
@@Daktangle Sulfur energy pathway is only different in energy level so while sulfur organisms might never develop to the same level as oxygen lifeforms in our world because they are of the less energetic reactions and swimming, running and thinking is quite energy taxing, they still can exist. The problem with replacing silicon intro organic chemistry is that many complex molecules can't be made with silicone because the bond lengths are too short and most of them are too stable to take parts in many reactions. After all, big proteins molecules need to be folded to specific shape to function and having shorter bonds, which makes the molecules stiffer, in the chain does not help.
@@minhducnguyen9276 thats awesome, thanks for this, can you tell me more, i just discovered this subject and now i am ENTHRALLED.
What subject? Pretty far into biochem so I can give you some info if you want to know. If you want to know why some elements in the same group can behave so differently, look into the concepts of atom size and electronegativity.
The colours! Oh wow this is one beautiful video, and the colour palette 7:07 onwards hit my brain's creative inspiration zone - will definitely be drawing today 💜💙💚
Can you guys do a video on anaerobic microorganisms? I'm no expert but I've heard of bacteria that do not need oxygen to breathe, as they can use molecules as hydrogen sulphide as the last electron reciever in the proces of atp synthesis
"who needs a neighbour when you can have a meal"
-microcosmos
So sad you guys have to take a break. I love this channel, and cannot wait for your guys return, thanks for all you guys do!!
Since oxygen and sulphur are both part of the chalcogens (group 16 of the periodic table) it would make sense these purple sulphur bacteria would use sulphur for photosynthesis instead of oxygen.
It awesome that the purple sulphur bacteria have finally gotten their own video, after having appeared in many previous videos
7:54 Yes Hank, I know what a Lexicographer is. I also know its a combination of archaelogy, stamp collection, adventure, surveying, logic and many more.
I remember seeing a tiktok once about the “purple people,” aka those people who’s favourite color is purple and take that to the extreme. Everything in their life is purple, from their clothes to their water bottle to their sheets to their soap. As a purple person, I’m glad to hear that once our (metaphoric) ancestors once dominated the earth.
Emily >Black< descibing herself as purple person. Irony of life xD
@@mobuildsstuff but surely it's a slightly purple shade of Black 💜🖤 😉
Ah so you are the food of the mythical flying purple people eater :)
They're not rocks.. They're minerals, Marie!
@@mobuildsstuff the real irony is that I’m pale enough to signal passing airplanes in bright sun.
Love the gastrotrich image, shows just how much more you can see with the next level up microscope.
Yes, pre-oxygen oceans looking like grape soda, or for the KSP players maybe more like Eve's oceans. Are we on Eve and Venus was Kerbin, somehow changing places over billions of years?
These videos, coupled with that Kitaro-style electronic music, have a very nice 70s flavour :)
Stop eating bacteria from the 70s
@@imnotaspy9972 (Alarmedly holding an empty Petri dish) What do you mean you ate 3 of these jellies!?
@@imnotaspy9972 XD
@@MEGAMIGA WHY YOU EAT ZHE FOOKIN PETRI DISH JELLY
@@imnotaspy9972 Because it tasted good!
Love how chill these videos are.
Another awesome video, and just earlier in class, we were discussing autotrophic nutrition!
I was thinking why you guys hadn't uploaded any videos yet and now I'm surprised with your video when I'm going to sleep.
is there any way to listen to this music ? i really like it, was hoping there would be a playlist somewhere :)
Never liked and subscribed faster. The microscopy was beautiful, and the voiceover perfectly paced for the content. The sound balance was also very good. Excellent work.
“ there was a time long ago where purple sulfur bacteria were less of a contrarian than they are now… in 2005”
I have heard of the purple bacteria before on PBS Eons. Very interesting, although I must confess I love the tiny swimming things that occupy the the microscopic world the most. I could watch them for hours. My favorite so far are the tardigrades, they are just fascinating.
This video taught me that being right most of the times does not mean to be ALWAYS right
Your video images are stunning and fascinating! Thank you so much
7:10 "Who needs a neighbor? when you can have a meal instead" I am starting to suspect he is secretly a cannibal
I have had a serious skin infection that won't get better. Something wounds glow purple and yellow in dark. Some of them glow bright white and blue inside. This video helped explain a little
Imagine, there might have been a time where the colour of the sky wasn't blue. No blue colour without oxygen and Raleigh scattering
The sky would likely have been coloured a foul Nicotine-Stain Yellow, from all the (proportionately high) amounts of Methane & Sulfur in the atmosphere. Whatever Oxygen released by volcanic activity, would have (being extremely reactive) immediately bonded with other elements to form minerals & Metallic Oxides. The remaining free O₂ would make up only 1 or 2%.
Oceans would have red/grey with dissolved Iron/Sulfur/Aluminium compounds. It wasn't the Great Oxygenation Event when enormous quantities of waste Oxygen from Blue-Green Algae, bonded with the Iron in the oceans, precipitating out Ferric/Ferrous Oxides in vast amounts, settling in (cyclically) alternating layers & creating massive banded Iron formations (found in locations like Western Australia.).
The only Life was these huge patches of Purple Slime along the edges of oceans, slowly (& inefficiently) photosynthesizing...
I'm pretty sure it's *nitrogen* that makes the atmosphere blue.
The equipment required and ability of rendering it 4k, is a nice treat! Thanks :)
I have been fascinated by Purple NON Sulfur Bacteria. I watched this uploaded video hoping that facts about PNSB might be covered. As an aquarium geek I found out about the value of Rhodopseudomonas palustris being able to assimilate ammonia and nitrite but I had no idea these very ancient α-Proteobacteria possess " the ability to switch between each of these modes of metabolism as environmental changes dictate. They additionally tolerate extremes of temperature. They survive in soils as well as freshwater and marine habitats. Even more, they are capable of fixing nitrogen." Specifically, Photoautotrophy: Obtaining energy from light and carbon from carbon dioxide (like algae)
Chemoheterotrophy: Obtaining both carbon and energy from organic compounds (like fish)
Chemoautotrophy: Obtaining energy from inorganic compounds and carbon from carbon dioxide (like nitrifying bacteria)
Photoheterotrophy : Obtaining energy from light and carbon from organic compounds (like purple and green sulfur bacteria)
Please do a video on these AMAZING creatures, I would love to learn as much as I can about them. Always a pleasure watching your content!
Seconded. Well explained
I always enjoy the science education and I always love the aesthetic!
I love all your videos, they're so interesting.
living in violet world instead of green sounds very interesting really
I imagine it quite like some terrain appearance from Kenshi I guess
Really interesting, I'm an aquarist hobbyst, love your explanation!!
As always great video! I'd love if you could do an episode on cellular communication someday.
So like 4G/5G? :D
Scientists speculate that the Earth was once a very purple place. The Oceans themselves were purple! I can't remember how long ago it was (100s of millions of years ago), but I suspect those sulfur bacteria were a major cause for the ancient color scheme!
*Billions of years ago
6:18 the little guy ZOOMIN
It would be amazing if people could animate the processes we see through the microscopes. Like when a rotafer eats something
Amazing video quality.
So. When the bath water burn's so badly because of it's reaction to the chemical's secreted from the skin, one should take refuge in salt or radiation? (an array of pill's consumed to alleviate) I often wonder how much our treatments mutate the flesh....let alone bacterium.
Fascinating!
love this work
Soooo interesting....thanks
Ahem. Despite the fact that our digestion produces poop, we're poop-averse.
This. Oxygen has always been toxic to ALL life on Earth, even to this day; we've just evolved ways to tolerate it or not be affected by it. Even our consumption (as eukaryotic cells) of oxygen is, in itself, a defense mechanism against its toxic effects. We still experience oxygen's toxicity through aging and physical stress.
PSB can also be cultured at home and used as an input for your garden 🙂
Really quite amazing that ancient purple bacteria but I wonder how it's predator the Gastrotrich evolved into digesting it?
Choosing microbes for Mars probably very difficult.
Thank you for sharing helpful and informative videos!
Super interesting!
This is like taking a peek at an alien planet where oxygen doesn't dominate, but sulphur.
There's something I was thinking throughout this video and it could be a video idea. Is there a microscopic poisonous organism?
I mean, there's things out there that, if we eat, we could die. Is there something like this on the microscopic world?
Wow so...Earth was not blue back then but...purple?
That's not what he is saying.
Yes, before water splitting photosynthesis evolved, the shallows of Earth were likely purple.
The deep water might have been green from Fe ions.
Learned something new today 👍
I first heard about oxygen when it became trending on TikTok. Now I literally cannot live without it.
I didn't know TikTok happened some 2 billion years ago.
THANK YOU YOU ALWAYS COVER THING I SM SO CURIOUS ABOUT
Purple! My favorite/favourite color/colour. 😊
I always wounderd how the sea cleans gases of dead things...I love the channel
How do they get this gorgeous blue background all the time??? Is that a filter below the sample?
I wonder, would we just accept the extinction of a species in any form? Throughout history animals have been evolving, exploiting niches, and out competing other, now extinct, animals. Are our efforts to de-extinct and save endangered species just another side effect of us humans seeing ourselves as something outside the rest of the natural world? As a protector of plants and animals rather than one animal among many? I don’t know why this video triggered this thought but I’d like to hear other peoples thoughts on it
Ah, Anoxic bacteria. where some different types of weird things happen, delicious metals!
So peaceful
These bacteria can also inhabit aquariums, especially those with deep substrate and kept in a more natural condition (e.g. not vaccuming the substrate). You sometimes see/smell sulfur-scented gas bubbles coming out from these types of aquariums.
Beautiful 😍
Cool
I too prefer to have a meal than a neighbor.
*hits doorbell*
Very good video, i would like to know how to capture PSB, how are the capture techniques, the best moment to capture and where i can capture
I hope to have as cool a channel as you guys one day!
Are there any , ANY , organisms that photosynthesize SO4 into S and O2, or HS and O2? Everything I have heard of requires HS and can't deal with the O2
(If there is a fundamental thing preventing it , that might explain Venus, if O2 photosynthesis never evolved there)
I've read it's theorized that this type of photosynthesizer used a much broader range of the sun's EM spectrum, and was typically on the top of the bodies of water before the great oxygenation. This led to there only being a smaller slice of the light's wavelength that got through to the developing organisms below, which not having access to the portion with the most energy (the green bit), ended up reflecting it. This is theorized to be why plants today look green, reflecting rather than absorbing the green light.
Oh Hank I love your voice so much
really good vid and bacteria
Man these videos make me want a game like Spore, but just the beginning part and like actually good lol.
There's this game called Thrive, but IMO it's still a little too rough from a molecular biology standpoint.
"Who needs a neighbour when you can have a meal instead?"
Alex Jones has entered the chat.
Anybody notice that the video quality changed to 480p a minute into the video and that's the highest it goes,
I need that purple gastrotrich in poster form
The changing environment makes me think if we were able to clone ancient animals, they wouldn’t be able to survive the atmosphere today.
This should alone be sufficient enough to prove that there’s is life in other planets too.
I remember hearing that up until the great Oxygen Catastrophe it's theorized the Earth may have been as purple then as it is green now.
*Hypothesized, not theorized.
@@regulate.artificer_g23.mdctlsk My mistake. I thought they had some evidence.
What microscope are you using for this video?
My cats love your videos too
I never thought about devouring my neighbors. If successful organisms do it, it may be the key to solving my problems.
The magnification and scale bars don't seem to jibe. I just watched the QA video where they mentioned the magnification is the optical magnification only since screen size differs but that would make the camera's sensor something like 10cm across.
Im pretty sure the scale bar is obtained by photographing a ruler at the relevant magnifications to obtain the scale.
@@lordfelidae4505 I'm not so concerned with the scale bar (it makes sense), but the meaning of the magnification level (eg "1000x"). It can't possibly be the optical or actual magnification level. It seems more appropriate to just say which objective was used.
Would it be possible to explore a sample of brain tissue under the microscope?
So basically "Mmmm Sulphur, I love Sulphur, yum yum Sulphur..."
And some people think there's no way life exists on other planets...
Yay purple!
On an alien world, where the life is all sulfur based, do you think their eggs go rotten and smell of oxygen? Do you think they've evolved to smell oxygen as a stinky chemical to be avoided? Lol
It would be much more toxic to them than the sulfur gasses are to us, as Oxygen is much more reactive than Sulfur.
It would be as if when our eggs rotted, they gave off Fluorine gas!
Hank, come on now. This channel needs a pin of the month club too, don't ya think? I mean I know I'd rock a cyanobacteria pin.
i envy purple sulfur bacteria
7:04 what is that? It looks like a microbial otter
*Microbial Otter*
What a niche! Deep enough that oxygen is scarce, but close enough that light is available.
6:20 there's crescent moon there 😃
So I guess that ciliate was a Purple Prokaryote Eater?
Yes, but sadly it was to damaged to tell if it was both Cyclopian, and Monoceron.
what's the dragon cat thing at 7:17??
So when I covered my caribou hide with egg yolk solution it was these guys that turned it bright fluorescent pink 3 days later. It was unreal florescent pink, and ruined the buckskin.
Is this the same mechanism that makes some plants like certain species of plants have purple, red or whiteish stems snd leaves? Several strains of cannabis have even been genetically manipulated to make them more “purple” ya know? Is this why this happens? How does it differ between plant cells doing this, and a bacteria?
Carotenoids and other pigment molecules are present in most - if not all - photosynthetic organisms, so yeah it's pretty much the same mechanism. Carotenoids are what makes carrots and dead leaves orange BTW. There are different ways to make a cell/organism purple colored.
Love Is the answer