An explanation for the sudden expulsion of molten metal: Iron and titanium has an eutectic point at around the 70% titanium-iron mixture. This means that while both titanium and iron has a high melting point, a specific mixture of them melts at suspiciously close to your higher forging temprerature. Also great vid, thanks Alec!
@@AlecSteele science is crazy in the world of alloys, Galinstan melts at -19c so used to replace mercury in thermometers woods's metal and Field's metal also do the same but at around 60-70c so useful for low temp casting
I just want to sprinkle some material science to help you: For your future work on Titanium Damascus, I suggest forging below 1085C (1050C would work just fine). When looking at the Ti-Fe phase diagram, there is what we call an eutectic reaction (a precise concentration of element that forms a liquid) at 1085C. So, in your video, the liquid metal coming out when forging at 2000F (1093C) is most likely to be this phenomenon. Moreover, forging at lower temperatures should also help you fracture the Ti-Fe intermetallic at the canister-alloy interface, allowing you to remove the canister easily. This also explain why you cannot forged steel to titanium. Also, the Ti-Fe intermetallic form is hard and brittle at the canister-alloy interface. This explains why you can remove the canister from the titanium billet and why cutting the as-forge surface is not great. Cheers!
My dad was a welder for 40 years, and one time when he was working with titanium pipe, he brought home a bunch of titanium shavings so he could show me and my brother how it burned. He also had bits of pipe that he'd artistically oxidized with a welding torch to produce the iridescent rainbow colors. Cool stuff!
neat thing about that, people who put titanium in lathes tend to set the thing on fire so that all the chips burn off instead of collecting where they become a fire hazard
My friend worked at a Pulp and Paper Mill and he also did volunteer firefighting so he was on staff when a bunch of people doing some work on a heat exchange unit we're using a torch to cut apart the fire tubes which were titanium. Predictably, they used water to try to put it out which did not work but luckily it dissipated heat quickly enough that it put itself out
As a visual artist, I have two comments. Comment the first: I absolutely love seeing artists and craftsfolk get giddy about experimenting with new aspects of their art. Thank you so much for sharing. Comment the second: that very short visual montage of you milling the first billet at @7:30 is simply
so if you look up "titanium phase diagram" it seems like for certain alloys it forsm different crystal structures and some of them actually have a lower melting point with higher pressures, so when you got it under the hydraulik press, it melts from the pressure. this is just my first guess idk if im right on the other hand, back when you did the other titanium projects, you didnt experience this
Might be part of it but I doubt it because 1. It still shot out liquid while it was in the forge and 2. Unless it was already very close to the melting point, which it isn’t it’s 900 degrees away, the metal won’t go from a soft solid to complete liquid in a few seconds with a relatively small increase in pressure
I was about to write something along this line, or, it might be getting, maybe not hot enough to *melt* but hot enough to get *very very soft* , soft enough that it can squeeze out, like partially melt.
I know right, its calming. I have done this on jobs with people and its cost so much money, but its been so worth the enjoyment of doing it- and so worth the full practical understanding of not only the theory of how something works, but how you react to it when you are working with it. Feels good seeing other people enjoying it.
@@AlecSteeleI have a question for you since you seem to enjoy experimenting with damascus. I've watched every video you made I quite enjoy what you do. What is possible to acid etch with??? I'm trying the vinegar technique with some mokume atm. But am curious if Pepsi, lemon juice, coffee or other household or common chemicals will also wrk
Your square-space ad segment is so well integrated and believable, first time I ever actually considered using it some day. I like your authentically excited personality and look forward to seeing more of your making these beautiful titanium artifacts!
With some alloys like Zink, aluminum and copper (like ZAMAK melting at a lower temperature than aluminum, even though it contains aluminum and copper). I'm not sure if Damascus can be considered an alloy though, especially not one like that. Some other people are saying that the titanium just isn't dissipating the heat, so it's soaking up the heat on the outside and melting while the inside titanium and steel remain at a lower temperature. I'm not sure how long he had it in the forge though... but it was kind of odd how all of the stuff that melted all came from the same spot on the end and the outside.
The pressure might have to do something with it. I wasn't able to find a graph for Titanium but it may behave simmilar like Water wich would be fluid at 1 bar and 0 C but below 1 bar solid and if you go further a gas. Everything at 0 C.
@@deucedeuce1572 The piece is only titanium, although different grades, take this as a grain of salt, but in my opinion, that should not lower the melting point. (I'm not a blacksmith or chemist)
I worked in an industrial forge for 7 years, and we sometimes forged titanium connecting rods for race car engines (AutoVerdi rods). When we did, we only heated the raw titanium billets to about 850 degree celsius before forging (2500 ton Farina press). The material was cherry red in color due to the "low" temperature (Normal steel we forged at 1080-1220 celsius), and we sure as h*ll wore out the forging dies 100 times faster than usual, haha.
My friend that I shared the other side of a duplex with was an expat from Britain who worked for a British motorbike team. And he was technical support for a lot of these guys at the Isle of Man races. He showed me some of his souvenirs and one of them was The Shard from a front disc brake that was made out of an extremely expensive ceramic after the bike went through a wall at the infamous chicanes. The driver was okay he skidded down the street a few hundred feet. Another nice PC had was a bent connecting rod media of 64 Titanium
@@weedmanwestvancouverbc9266 i know that they had troubles with PC made for speedway bikes. I dont know why, and i dont know if they were titanium. But the ones for V8s were pretty much bulletproof.
It's my second "new" video on this channel (I watched lots of the older ones) and I'm so happy to have discover your work. I know nothing about blacksmithing but it's so pleasing to see you heat, press, grind or bend all thoses metals. You convey your passion so much 😃 Thanks a lot.
It melts far below its melting temperature because it forms an alloy with iron. You can see it in the cross section of the ingot. The iron shell formed an alloy with the titanium inside and left the rest untouched. This can be seen in the form of a light gray layer between the iron shell and the layered titanium (as good as I can see this on the image). It gets more visible when you remove the iron casing. In the binary phase diagram Fe-Ti, you can see that there are alloys formed with a melting temperature far below 1668C/3034F. The composition of Fe32/Ti68 shows a melting temperature of only 1085C/1985F. In combination with various other minor alloy elements in the steel and titanium this forms a melt while you “only” heat it to 1095C/2003F.
Hey Alec, machinist here. I would’ve used the bigger face mill and taken all the inserts out except one. Turn the rpm up and use it as a fly cutter, cheaper because you aren’t burning up as many inserts. We use that method at work on rhodium platinum inserts. Johnson matthey in Royston does a lot of precious metals and exotic metals, I work over the pond for them. Also the reaction from the alloys will lower your melting point on that alloy. If you added a small amount of rhodium or something with a higher melting point to the alloys (in the original cast) it should increase the melting point. (Last part is a theory not saying I know it works but I know metallurgist that can let me know for sure)
Humans are truly creatures of wonder. Taking expensive, extra tough, extra light metal, overpowering all that, for the sole reason of "look at it doing pretty colors".
There is a certain Samurai. He’s Cybernetic. And Holds into a Katana that is almost the same aesthetic as this Titanium Damascus. I know you’ve just started experimenting with this, but I would ADORE to see a recreation of the Cyber Samurai, Gackpoid’s Katana recreated. Using this beautiful technique you’re cultivating.
Two thoughts: Have you looked at the data sheet of the alloy and what it says about melting temperature instead of looking at pure titanium, secondly, uneven heat: Titanium has about half the thermal conductivity of steel so would be more prone to pick up hot spots from the forge.
Yeah, localized overheating and the fact that these are alloys and not pure Ti were my guesses. Also pressure affects phase changes. Or it could be plastic deformation that just seems to appear as "melting."
The problem is pure titanium is not quite the same as commercially pure. The latter one has upper limits to some of the added materials to it which can definitely lower the melting point
Alec got me excited about metalworking. I have now been in a metalworker school for 2 years. There's machinists, welders and fabricators coming out of there. I am studying welding & fabicating. I never expected to find a new life passion at the age of 35, so thank you Alec! I do this even on my freetime now, and will absolutely work in the industry as well. I genuinely enjoy it from the bottom of my heart.. All thanks to Alec Steele videos! I will probably do this for the rest of my life!
I'm no expert, and I don't know if what I'm about to suggest makes any sense, but here's something I've thought about. When attaching the pipe to the billet, make a small purge hole on the pipe. That way when you're pressing the billet, and the passage inside the billet for the argon might be blocked, now the pressure has somewhere else to go. This might reduce any squirting.
If you are considering steel-titanium damascus, maybe consider using vanadium between the layers. I have read that vanadium foil is used in cladding titanium to steel because it is compatible with both iron and titanium (Vanadium on wikipedia - Other uses). From the reference: "It should be noted that direct welding of titanium with steel is not possible, because the welding produces brittle chemical compounds ( Ti - Fe intermetallic compounds) which cannot be avoided at temperatures exceeding 500 C." and "The best intermediate metal for welding steel to titanium lining is vanadium."
Glad to see you’re still so fascinated with Damascus. I remember your original titanium video years ago. I’ve been watching your channel since you made the CSGO knife years ago it must be at least 7 or 8 years now. Every video I watch makes me smile. Keep being you and teach us all while you learn.
Pressure changes the liquefaction point. Like how water boils at different temperatures depending on the air pressure. I think their is a secure patent that that uses a cold roller but the exact method was not disclosed due to US government’s use on pre 2000 stealth systems.
Pressure generally increases melting points... but, remember, butter even cold, is a 'solid' but will flow like liquid at pressure 💁♂️ plastic deformation
Pressure usually increases melting points, significantly. The lack of room to expand will keep it solid to a higher temp. But it will have a lower plastic deformation point 💁♂️ think cold butter in a hydraulic press, how it will flow more like a liquid under pressure. Now I wonder, if forging it under vacuum after multiple argon purges, at a lower temp (1600°f), would yield better results. But the alloying elements are lowering the melting point significantly. Overheating Ti alloys can separate constituent elements.
You could dissolve steel jacket in the concentrated nitric acid. It can't eat Ti, Al due to their oxide layer which only goes stronger in acids having oxidative properties. And a basic chemistry is a quite convenient thing to know dealing with different metals. It can save a lot of work for you. At my first job they had many Al parts with some brass bolts stuck deadly inside. And they were just drilling them out, often ruining the Al body. I just took those parts all at once and threw them in the nitric acid. They were kind of hysterical first :D But bolts gone and the body stood.
From what I saw it seems the piece failed in an almost brittle manner. It turns out mild steel reacts to Titanium at high temperatures and is very reactive at high temperatures forming intermetallic compounds, which are very hard and brittle this would cause failure at these temperatures since the titanium-iron compounds are formed by diffusion between the mild steel and titanium I suggest switching to a different alloy to hold it like a nickel-based alloy with a high melting temperature.
Also, the steel cap on the billet sheared off after the first pressing. Rewatch the video. It definitely did not ooze out. This comment makes me wonder if the pressing forces are pushing the titanium against the brittle titanium/steel alloy at the end of the billet and causing it to shear off like that. Enjoying the content Alec. Nice work.
I love your content and your enthusiasm, Alec! Thanks for all of your hard work! I had a wild idea: would it be possible to make a working, all metal Rubik’s cube, using 6 different forged metals?? I just think that would be absolutely crazy cool to see!!
Alec, you have to slow your bandsaw blade down when cutting titanium. Same reason why you slow your endmills down. I strongly suggest you learn about surface speed for your cutting tools to save some money on inserts and improve your surface finish. Thanks for the video!
What do you expect? He's calling this alloy "damascus" after all. The disrespect for the folks that rediscovered how to make wootz steel is too much for me. He lost a subscriber with this stupid project.
@@mrfirestop415 Would you be so kind as to explain to me why calling that alloy damascus is disrespectful? I'm not trying to disagree with you, just trying to clear up my ignorance. I recognize that traditional damascus is a very different thing, but pattern welded steel has been colloquially called damascus for a while now.
@derekhartley4480 Damascus is made from iron steel only. "Damascus" made from titanium is know as timascus. Same as you can't call copper and aluminum damascus. It's just called pattern welding.
@@derekhartley4480 As a metallurgy nerd, I find that intentionally consolidating any pattern welded alloy that exhibits a "damascus" patterning into the same category as patterned crucible steel is lazy, immature, and yes disrespectful to those that actually study the history and science of true patterned crucible steel.
please make sure to look up all safety precautions for wearing titanium rings. if your hand suffers a trauma, the part of the finger past the ring can swell up and would require an intervention to be removed. you saw how hard it was to cut those pieces in the shop, it will be harder in the ER... these recommendations apply to anyone you give these to
Previous aerospace worker. Research what Ti you are using. 6-2 is softer and corrosive with 6-4. different heat treat process also. So id assume some of this would need to be considered when making Timascus.
@jonquinn11 There are more numbers to it. One, it's been a couple of years since I worked there, so I only remember the first 2. Two, I signed an NDA so vague is better. The core principle is there. Research into Ti more so he can mix and make cool things that don't break.
Yes boys! Love the enthusiasm. So nice to see you guys experimenting, failing and finding others methods, so interesting to watch. Well excited to see the rest of this playlist! Love the energy
I think a thicker jacket will actually help you. it could remove heat from the sides since its thicker, and stronger to stop splooges of hot liquid metal, and as others have said the titanium phase diagram for iron maybe do 100-200 degrees cooler and you might be good. you only want the metal to be molten enough to bind, and with the casing, let alone the different alloys, its becoming fluid. so cooler temps might STILL be the answer
Hey Alec I’m a machinist and tool maker. The harder your material the more flutes in the endmill you want to reduce tool pressure. If you step up to 5-7 flute cutters I think you’ll have better results on tool wear. Edit: also look up In The Loupe TV not the watch channel but the endmill one and watch those videos it will help give you some more information about endmill selection and use
Commenting only 30 seconds in just to say I'm really excited by this series. Titanium is such a cool material, and those colours!!!! can't wait to see what you make and explore... back to the video...
YES!!! The master has shown me love, you the man Sir Alec. I've achieved something finally thank you sir now I'm off to show the world sir but in all seriousness thank you for the years of content and education you've given as it's very appreciated her in my home and will continue for as long as you bless us with more videos and beyond.
Spent many years cutting this stuff. Slow blade speeds and rates will make it all go better. 6AL4V is a wonderful but tricky material. Just takes your time.
It's been a long time since I have watched a alex steel video I forgot how energetic entertaining and knowledgeable you are will have to binge watch all I have missed
Just think, this is just a fraction of what the engineers at LockheedMartin went through to build the SR-71 and they didn't have the benefit of the internet. Ooh, that's an idea! A damascus SR-71! Get on it, Alec!
Look at this way, Alec. You're taking that old patent, and experimenting with it, and documenting it, therefore, SCIENCE!! You're doing something that very few people have had the chance to do, and learning amazing things along the way. Great video as always.
Have you watched any Rose Anvil videos? His business is leatherwork, but his videos focus mostly on boot and shoe [de]construction. It's very enjoyable to watch. Then there's Weaver Leather Co., who has loads of tutorials on all things leatherworking.
I'm more convinced than ever that you need to try making magnesium damascus, and when/if that works, try a titanium/magnesium sandwich damascus. The argon is going to work for the magnesium too, and you'll get it to a higher temperature than your previous temps with the argon. (I'm at 12 minutes into the video, so if you've already did this? yay)
Alec! Not that it's about cash grabs but when you make beautiful one offs like this you should set them at auction! The fact that this ring was gone so fast shows that we all have no problem spending what we can to help support your growth in our community, and while I like 1st come 1st serve a lot bc it gives us with shallow pockets a chance to get a rare piece, the occasional auction would give more people a chance and really help as a fund drive!
1. Localized Overheating Even though the bulk temperature is controlled, there could be localized hotspots in the titanium due to uneven heating during the forging process. These areas could reach a temperature much higher than intended, potentially causing partial melting or liquefaction in specific regions. Double-check the uniformity of the heat distribution inside the box and across the titanium. 2. Titanium's Phase Changes Titanium has a phase transition known as the beta transus temperature (around 882°C for pure titanium). Above this temperature, titanium transitions from its alpha phase to its more ductile beta phase. While this temperature is well below its melting point, it could significantly change the behavior of the material, making it appear to "squirt" or deform more easily, especially under pressure. If you're working near this range, this could explain the liquid-like appearance. 3. High Pressure During Forging The pressure applied during forging might be causing plastic deformation in the titanium that resembles liquefaction. Titanium in its beta phase can become very soft and, under high pressure, may flow or extrude through cracks or gaps in the steel layers, which could look like it’s "squirting" out. 4. Argon Gas Pressure If the gas pressure inside the box is too high, it might create enough force to expel molten material through any small gaps or weaknesses in the layers. The gas could be interacting with molten or softened parts of the titanium, pushing it out. 5. Contamination or Alloying If there are impurities in the titanium or the steel (e.g., trace elements that reduce melting point or create eutectic compounds), these could cause localized melting at a much lower temperature than expected. The reaction between the steel and titanium at forging temperatures could also produce lower-melting-point compounds that might "squirt" out under pressure. Possible Fixes: Reduce Forging Pressure: Try lowering the force applied during forging to see if it reduces the liquid-like behavior. Improve Heat Uniformity: Ensure there’s no localized overheating by monitoring the temperature across the material more carefully. Double-Check Material Composition: Ensure the materials are pure and compatible for this type of forging to rule out unwanted reactions.
For the anodizing, proper etching is critical to getting the really beautiful higher-voltage colors. I like MultiEtch as it’s substantially less murder-y than using straight up hydrofluoric acid. With the multi-etch you’ll want to get it up to around 70-80 C to get a good surface finish. Have fun! The colors are pretty unreal.
For hard metal rings, you really want to cut them oversized and install a liner at the appropriate size for the wearer. You will notice that all the experienced jewelers which offer things like damascus and titanium rings do this. Would not recommend wearing an unlined ring unless you are partial to the risk of losing a finger.
how would a liner reduce the risk of losing a finger? I understand them for aesthetic, comfort and corrosion purposes, but how would that make it safer?
@@ughmas Depending on the material they are made from, they can reduce the chance of a roll under force cutting the finger off. If cutting is required they serve as a barrier between the harder material and flesh, which allows safer use of cutting tools. Some can actually be separated (like the silicone liner in a damascus ring I have) which allows the damascus ring to be removed even if the finger is swollen and the liner can be pulled off (stretchy) or easily cut.
I was initially worried about your titanium melting into a liquid at such a low temperature - they used to make the SR-71 Blackbird out of that and it got HOT! The below comments help though, never heard of 'eutectic' reaction, learned something new today, cheers!
The Ti-Fe phase diagram will explain why you are seeing the Liquid Metal at that lower temperature. You get closer to the eutectic point and the melting point drops Edit: at the eutectic point (~33% Fe) the melting temperature is 1085C
@@deucedeuce1572 a ternary phase diagram of Ti-Fe-C should explain. I’m sure with the addition of carbon and some experimental error you will get to liquid Titanium at ~950C
As a materialscientist I loved to see this video. Bloody awesome to see how you overcome the struggles and man... that mesmerising look of the oxigen-film on the rings at the end! I would almost kill to have a knife out of that xD
I'm soo disappointed that I'm having to suggest this and you didn't do it on your own BUT PLEASE take can of broomed up titanium outside and BURN IT!! Love this stuff
As many people have already pointed out, the liquid metal could be an iron titanium alloy. However, I wanted to add that you could also be seeing significant thermal energy from internal friction during the press. This could also contribute to the central layers squishing out more than the outer layers in your first billet. Just like the immense local heat you get from machining it, during the pressing/hammering, those central layers are both staying warmer for longer and getting more internal friction from forging.
in 2000 I worked for IHM (International Hearth Melting) which at the time was the largest electron beam furnace. The furnace was kept under a vacuum during a campaign. The lab that had to test purity used a lathe and a pretty heavy duty powered shear to cut slivers off and the blade was changed out every 6 cuts. Also to cut the billets they used a large oxy-fuel torch at a high speed. Also is the billet needed finishing it was put on a making that resembled a surface grinder that used carbide bits and it rammed the bits across the surface to take its cuts. I want to say a billet was 10 to 12 feet long. While I'm not sure what happened after the billets left the plant I know that no coolant was allowed, which I'm guessing was to maintain its grade purity.
I think a really interesting pattern would be a double helix of the 2 types of metal. Especially if they fit nicely together like a pair of corkscrews. I would imagine the machining of it to get those shapes would be utter torture though.
i ordered my wedding ring 3 months ago from etsy and its too big, cant return it anymore, but wow i wish i has one of these as my ring! Great work Alec! i hope to see larger experiments using these techniques!
I subscribed many years ago when you were doing the original "can it damascus" series and I'm so happy to see you working with Titanium again. This is great stuff. It's so novel seeing how this material behaves. Shame about every machining implement in your workshop.
I mean this is a very positive way. So entertaining. It's like watching Lauryl and Hardy and the Stooges very smart yet funny grandson in the forge. Reactions are so hilarious. Keep it up. Most entertaining forging channel out there.
There is a guy online that spray paints white paint on the inside of his box so the metal will not stick to the housing...also saw on forged in fire they use white out as well...maybe that will help keep the metal box not bond to the metal inside Very very cool!
Diamond grit lapidary saw? Some of those micro kerf blades are 2mm thick. Water cooled is standard and auto feed is within your means. Some people even dress the blades themselves with adhesives and grit instead of the commercial brazed ones. If it saves 30% of your waste, it is probably worth it for the outcome and extra time.
I think what's happening here is that the 6% alluminium in the alloy reduced the melting temperature. It is stabilizing a hexagonal alpha phase. Vanadium is stabilizing the body centered cubic beta phase. Also you have to take in mind, that there is alot of pressure. maybe this effects the phases too. Maybe the alpha phase is more stable under higher pressures.
I feel like I traveled back in time watching these videos. It’s just like watching you in the beginning discoverinb what you can do with pattern Damascus
I bet you’re an absolute blast to hang out with and work with for a day. Beautiful work on all the videos I’ve watched. Before this one it was the golden knife haha.
In general, Timascus is processed in the same way as other titanium alloys, and the welding process is similar to that of steel damascus. To create a laminate, different layers are welded, followed by forging. Each weld is followed by processing on a surface grinder and only then by the next weld. Grinding is what makes this material so expensive. During the grinding process, titanium is sheared off and turned into chips that cannot be used later, which means that the material consumption in the manufacture of Timascus is very high. It can be up to 80% of the size of the original workpiece. In order to obtain the most saturated colors after each welding, a finer and finer grinding is applied. in a context this is out of a 1980's book
6:14 Some quick ideas regarding the liquid titanium and it's melting point: I believe you may be Bernoulli principal-ing the billot with your argon gas while in the forge. You may be pushing gas out of specific holes in the casing, which is creating a vacuum effect on other holes, thereby drastically increasing the internal temperatures. Or in other words, you haven't managed to maintain positive pressure in the entire casing. This may be because of the internal shape of the billot and/or casing, perhaps there is an air foil created inside which causes a throttle or nozzle like effect. The patent outlined those holes with specific spacing which you decides to alter, there may have been some specific fluid thermodynamic reasons for that arrangement. 🤷♂️ Things get weird with exotics and "high" temperature. I'm unfamiliar with the different types of Thermite but is it possible we're observing something similar here? I know titanium serves as a marvelous catalyst, is it possible it's catalyzing some reaction with the iron or carbon present? Or perhaps the titanium and steel wasn't as clean as you'd hoped? Or conversely I remember how metals can have entirely different properties depending on their counterparts, perhaps the places where the titanium touches the steel has a specific phase diagram with different melting points and whatnot. Also, could the top layer be less than the middle ones, because it's only the boundary layers which are melting at that lower temperature? So there is actually less of the material at the border of the case?
An explanation for the sudden expulsion of molten metal: Iron and titanium has an eutectic point at around the 70% titanium-iron mixture. This means that while both titanium and iron has a high melting point, a specific mixture of them melts at suspiciously close to your higher forging temprerature.
Also great vid, thanks Alec!
yes but from what i have found that still has a melting point of 1400°c
That is bloody fascinating! Thank you!
950°С...
@@Leonid-22 yes it is possible im wrrong...
@@AlecSteele science is crazy in the world of alloys, Galinstan melts at -19c so used to replace mercury in thermometers
woods's metal and Field's metal also do the same but at around 60-70c so useful for low temp casting
The zoomed in view of the machine
slingshotting titanium sparks everywhere
as the guy yells in pain in the background
is hilarious
I
totally
agree
with your
comment
@video_camera
Gave me Burning Man, guy-slinging-glow-stick- in-the-desert, vibes...😅
I just want to sprinkle some material science to help you:
For your future work on Titanium Damascus, I suggest forging below 1085C (1050C would work just fine). When looking at the Ti-Fe phase diagram, there is what we call an eutectic reaction (a precise concentration of element that forms a liquid) at 1085C. So, in your video, the liquid metal coming out when forging at 2000F (1093C) is most likely to be this phenomenon.
Moreover, forging at lower temperatures should also help you fracture the Ti-Fe intermetallic at the canister-alloy interface, allowing you to remove the canister easily. This also explain why you cannot forged steel to titanium.
Also, the Ti-Fe intermetallic form is hard and brittle at the canister-alloy interface. This explains why you can remove the canister from the titanium billet and why cutting the as-forge surface is not great.
Cheers!
Loving this thank you so much for the info!
Wisdom like this brings me the most happiness
Cool
@@SébastienGermainCareau gotta love Timascus perhaps US patent 6,857,558 can illuminate the discussion
@Alec Steele: sounds like you should install a temperature controller on your forge like you did in Montana!
My dad was a welder for 40 years, and one time when he was working with titanium pipe, he brought home a bunch of titanium shavings so he could show me and my brother how it burned. He also had bits of pipe that he'd artistically oxidized with a welding torch to produce the iridescent rainbow colors. Cool stuff!
"lets try to avoid a titanium fire today"
*1 minute later*
*literally lighting titanium chips on fire*
I knew this would be in the top comments.
neat thing about that, people who put titanium in lathes tend to set the thing on fire so that all the chips burn off instead of collecting where they become a fire hazard
that is the difference between controlled and uncontrolled
My friend worked at a Pulp and Paper Mill and he also did volunteer firefighting so he was on staff when a bunch of people doing some work on a heat exchange unit we're using a torch to cut apart the fire tubes which were titanium. Predictably, they used water to try to put it out which did not work but luckily it dissipated heat quickly enough that it put itself out
Lol! Reminded me of when DB Blades made knives out of 25mm thick titanium billets. He succeeded, but swore never again
As a visual artist, I have two comments.
Comment the first: I absolutely love seeing artists and craftsfolk get giddy about experimenting with new aspects of their art. Thank you so much for sharing.
Comment the second: that very short visual montage of you milling the first billet at @7:30 is simply
so if you look up "titanium phase diagram" it seems like for certain alloys it forsm different crystal structures and some of them actually have a lower melting point with higher pressures, so when you got it under the hydraulik press, it melts from the pressure. this is just my first guess idk if im right
on the other hand, back when you did the other titanium projects, you didnt experience this
Might be part of it but I doubt it because 1. It still shot out liquid while it was in the forge and 2. Unless it was already very close to the melting point, which it isn’t it’s 900 degrees away, the metal won’t go from a soft solid to complete liquid in a few seconds with a relatively small increase in pressure
not to mention adding alloys will reduce the temp
@@kadenherzog9727 That's the melting point of pure Ti, these are alloys
Very unlikely since the maximum amount of temperature increase should be about 50 degrees celsius.
I was about to write something along this line, or, it might be getting, maybe not hot enough to *melt* but hot enough to get *very very soft* , soft enough that it can squeeze out, like partially melt.
I love the way you puzzle stuff out in real time for us. It makes absorbing the knowledge so much easier.
Thank you! Glad you are enjoying it!
I know right, its calming. I have done this on jobs with people and its cost so much money, but its been so worth the enjoyment of doing it- and so worth the full practical understanding of not only the theory of how something works, but how you react to it when you are working with it. Feels good seeing other people enjoying it.
@@AlecSteeleI have a question for you since you seem to enjoy experimenting with damascus. I've watched every video you made I quite enjoy what you do.
What is possible to acid etch with???
I'm trying the vinegar technique with some mokume atm. But am curious if Pepsi, lemon juice, coffee or other household or common chemicals will also wrk
Idk why it put my comment here but meh can't wait for your next video
Your square-space ad segment is so well integrated and believable, first time I ever actually considered using it some day.
I like your authentically excited personality and look forward to seeing more of your making these beautiful titanium artifacts!
6:23 In regular chemistry occasionally when you mix two things together you get a reduction in the melting/freezing point. Just a thought.
Makes sense
With some alloys like Zink, aluminum and copper (like ZAMAK melting at a lower temperature than aluminum, even though it contains aluminum and copper). I'm not sure if Damascus can be considered an alloy though, especially not one like that. Some other people are saying that the titanium just isn't dissipating the heat, so it's soaking up the heat on the outside and melting while the inside titanium and steel remain at a lower temperature. I'm not sure how long he had it in the forge though... but it was kind of odd how all of the stuff that melted all came from the same spot on the end and the outside.
The pressure might have to do something with it. I wasn't able to find a graph for Titanium but it may behave simmilar like Water wich would be fluid at 1 bar and 0 C but below 1 bar solid and if you go further a gas. Everything at 0 C.
@@deucedeuce1572 The piece is only titanium, although different grades, take this as a grain of salt, but in my opinion, that should not lower the melting point. (I'm not a blacksmith or chemist)
would the instant heat from friction cause melting possibly?
Worked for the company that held the patent on timascus for a brief period, super cool stuff
I worked in an industrial forge for 7 years, and we sometimes forged titanium connecting rods for race car engines (AutoVerdi rods). When we did, we only heated the raw titanium billets to about 850 degree celsius before forging (2500 ton Farina press). The material was cherry red in color due to the "low" temperature (Normal steel we forged at 1080-1220 celsius), and we sure as h*ll wore out the forging dies 100 times faster than usual, haha.
My friend that I shared the other side of a duplex with was an expat from Britain who worked for a British motorbike team. And he was technical support for a lot of these guys at the Isle of Man races. He showed me some of his souvenirs and one of them was The Shard from a front disc brake that was made out of an extremely expensive ceramic after the bike went through a wall at the infamous chicanes. The driver was okay he skidded down the street a few hundred feet. Another nice PC had was a bent connecting rod media of 64 Titanium
@@weedmanwestvancouverbc9266 i know that they had troubles with PC made for speedway bikes. I dont know why, and i dont know if they were titanium. But the ones for V8s were pretty much bulletproof.
@@finnish_maniac8927 my friend had problems with his engine generating too much horsepower is causing twist
It's my second "new" video on this channel (I watched lots of the older ones) and I'm so happy to have discover your work.
I know nothing about blacksmithing but it's so pleasing to see you heat, press, grind or bend all thoses metals. You convey your passion so much 😃
Thanks a lot.
Thank you! Glad to have you here!
It melts far below its melting temperature because it forms an alloy with iron. You can see it in the cross section of the ingot. The iron shell formed an alloy with the titanium inside and left the rest untouched. This can be seen in the form of a light gray layer between the iron shell and the layered titanium (as good as I can see this on the image). It gets more visible when you remove the iron casing.
In the binary phase diagram Fe-Ti, you can see that there are alloys formed with a melting temperature far below 1668C/3034F. The composition of Fe32/Ti68 shows a melting temperature of only 1085C/1985F. In combination with various other minor alloy elements in the steel and titanium this forms a melt while you “only” heat it to 1095C/2003F.
This is so fascinating! Thank you so much for the detailed comment. Learning a lot!!
Hey Alec, machinist here. I would’ve used the bigger face mill and taken all the inserts out except one. Turn the rpm up and use it as a fly cutter, cheaper because you aren’t burning up as many inserts. We use that method at work on rhodium platinum inserts. Johnson matthey in Royston does a lot of precious metals and exotic metals, I work over the pond for them. Also the reaction from the alloys will lower your melting point on that alloy. If you added a small amount of rhodium or something with a higher melting point to the alloys (in the original cast) it should increase the melting point. (Last part is a theory not saying I know it works but I know metallurgist that can let me know for sure)
Humans are truly creatures of wonder. Taking expensive, extra tough, extra light metal, overpowering all that, for the sole reason of "look at it doing pretty colors".
Thus, jewelry!
crow mindset. "Oooh shiny, i want the shiny"
Diamonds: 👁️👄👁️
There is a certain Samurai. He’s Cybernetic. And Holds into a Katana that is almost the same aesthetic as this Titanium Damascus. I know you’ve just started experimenting with this, but I would ADORE to see a recreation of the Cyber Samurai, Gackpoid’s Katana recreated. Using this beautiful technique you’re cultivating.
Two thoughts: Have you looked at the data sheet of the alloy and what it says about melting temperature instead of looking at pure titanium, secondly, uneven heat: Titanium has about half the thermal conductivity of steel so would be more prone to pick up hot spots from the forge.
Yeah, localized overheating and the fact that these are alloys and not pure Ti were my guesses. Also pressure affects phase changes. Or it could be plastic deformation that just seems to appear as "melting."
@@thetaintpainter5443 Could be why all the stuff that squirted out was from the same spot along the outside.
The thermal conductivity of titanium is WAY worse than steel. Way worse than stainless steel in fact. Almost as bad as plastic.
The problem is pure titanium is not quite the same as commercially pure. The latter one has upper limits to some of the added materials to it which can definitely lower the melting point
An explanation for the sudden expulsion of molten metal: you treat metal in such a heartwarming way it just melts away
Alec got me excited about metalworking. I have now been in a metalworker school for 2 years. There's machinists, welders and fabricators coming out of there. I am studying welding & fabicating. I never expected to find a new life passion at the age of 35, so thank you Alec! I do this even on my freetime now, and will absolutely work in the industry as well. I genuinely enjoy it from the bottom of my heart.. All thanks to Alec Steele videos! I will probably do this for the rest of my life!
I'm no expert, and I don't know if what I'm about to suggest makes any sense, but here's something I've thought about. When attaching the pipe to the billet, make a small purge hole on the pipe. That way when you're pressing the billet, and the passage inside the billet for the argon might be blocked, now the pressure has somewhere else to go. This might reduce any squirting.
If you are considering steel-titanium damascus, maybe consider using vanadium between the layers. I have read that vanadium foil is used in cladding titanium to steel because it is compatible with both iron and titanium (Vanadium on wikipedia - Other uses). From the reference: "It should be noted that direct welding of titanium with steel is not possible, because the welding produces brittle chemical compounds ( Ti - Fe intermetallic compounds) which cannot be avoided at temperatures exceeding 500 C." and "The best intermediate metal for welding steel to titanium lining is vanadium."
Maybe smack a wrench or two inbetween them eh?
@@armageddontoolsYour "vanadium" wrench is made from steel that contains vanadium, but like all varieties of steel it is mainly iron.
Absolutely not the right path.
Glad to see you’re still so fascinated with Damascus. I remember your original titanium video years ago. I’ve been watching your channel since you made the CSGO knife years ago it must be at least 7 or 8 years now. Every video I watch makes me smile. Keep being you and teach us all while you learn.
Pressure changes the liquefaction point. Like how water boils at different temperatures depending on the air pressure. I think their is a secure patent that that uses a cold roller but the exact method was not disclosed due to US government’s use on pre 2000 stealth systems.
Pressure generally increases melting points... but, remember, butter even cold, is a 'solid' but will flow like liquid at pressure 💁♂️ plastic deformation
Pressure usually increases melting points, significantly. The lack of room to expand will keep it solid to a higher temp. But it will have a lower plastic deformation point 💁♂️ think cold butter in a hydraulic press, how it will flow more like a liquid under pressure.
Now I wonder, if forging it under vacuum after multiple argon purges, at a lower temp (1600°f), would yield better results.
But the alloying elements are lowering the melting point significantly. Overheating Ti alloys can separate constituent elements.
@@patrickw9520 US Patent 6,857,558 is a great place to start. Timascus is a strange beast.
Super cool! Can't wait to see where you go with this. 🔥
Thanks Timothy!!
14:55 Absolute comedy gold😂
The placement of the piece as well, gold. 😂 (or should we say, titanium?)
I was wondering if anyone else noticed this!
And fly is open around 11:00?
@@briankreitman oh no, is it? 😂 I watch these in the background while I work so I miss some things lol
I SWEAR ITS BIGGER WHEN YOU'RE NOT AROUND(it is)
You could dissolve steel jacket in the concentrated nitric acid. It can't eat Ti, Al due to their oxide layer which only goes stronger in acids having oxidative properties. And a basic chemistry is a quite convenient thing to know dealing with different metals. It can save a lot of work for you. At my first job they had many Al parts with some brass bolts stuck deadly inside. And they were just drilling them out, often ruining the Al body. I just took those parts all at once and threw them in the nitric acid. They were kind of hysterical first :D But bolts gone and the body stood.
From what I saw it seems the piece failed in an almost brittle manner. It turns out mild steel reacts to Titanium at high temperatures and is very reactive at high temperatures forming intermetallic compounds, which are very hard and brittle this would cause failure at these temperatures since the titanium-iron compounds are formed by diffusion between the mild steel and titanium I suggest switching to a different alloy to hold it like a nickel-based alloy with a high melting temperature.
Also, the steel cap on the billet sheared off after the first pressing. Rewatch the video. It definitely did not ooze out.
This comment makes me wonder if the pressing forces are pushing the titanium against the brittle titanium/steel alloy at the end of the billet and causing it to shear off like that. Enjoying the content Alec. Nice work.
Inconel.
one of your most enjoyable videos to watch so far in my opinion mate, keep having fun, showing your amazing skills, and finding new things
3:56 thanks for activating my Google Assistant and ordering 700kg of titanium
I love your content and your enthusiasm, Alec! Thanks for all of your hard work! I had a wild idea: would it be possible to make a working, all metal Rubik’s cube, using 6 different forged metals?? I just think that would be absolutely crazy cool to see!!
Alec, you have to slow your bandsaw blade down when cutting titanium. Same reason why you slow your endmills down. I strongly suggest you learn about surface speed for your cutting tools to save some money on inserts and improve your surface finish. Thanks for the video!
What do you expect? He's calling this alloy "damascus" after all.
The disrespect for the folks that rediscovered how to make wootz steel is too much for me.
He lost a subscriber with this stupid project.
@@mrfirestop415 Would you be so kind as to explain to me why calling that alloy damascus is disrespectful? I'm not trying to disagree with you, just trying to clear up my ignorance. I recognize that traditional damascus is a very different thing, but pattern welded steel has been colloquially called damascus for a while now.
@derekhartley4480 Damascus is made from iron steel only. "Damascus" made from titanium is know as timascus. Same as you can't call copper and aluminum damascus. It's just called pattern welding.
@@derekhartley4480 As a metallurgy nerd, I find that intentionally consolidating any pattern welded alloy that exhibits a "damascus" patterning into the same category as patterned crucible steel is lazy, immature, and yes disrespectful to those that actually study the history and science of true patterned crucible steel.
@@mrfirestop415 Grievance mongering nonsense. Good riddance to you.
Just wanted to say @ Jamie and Alec your music choices have been absolute BANGERS of late! Love it.
please make sure to look up all safety precautions for wearing titanium rings.
if your hand suffers a trauma, the part of the finger past the ring can swell up and would require an intervention to be removed.
you saw how hard it was to cut those pieces in the shop, it will be harder in the ER...
these recommendations apply to anyone you give these to
Titanium is brittle but strong. So if his finger got stuck it could be broken off a lot easier than it would be to cut through.
Along with the finger bone?@@graeme.davidson
@@graeme.davidson I agree, just break the finger off to remove the ring ;)
@@dennis6442 *[taps forehead]* can't have a damaged finger if there is no finger to damage.
@@dennis6442 Remind me to never buy a titanium cock ring. (Not that I'd buy a cock ring in the first place anyways though).
This is my first view of this site, and I love it! Humour AND interest. I’m hooked.
Previous aerospace worker. Research what Ti you are using. 6-2 is softer and corrosive with 6-4. different heat treat process also. So id assume some of this would need to be considered when making Timascus.
Timascus . . . I see what you did there. :)
@@uncletiggermclaren7592timascus was the trade name.
What is 6-2? That is not a common titanium alloy. There is 6242, 7-4, 662. But never saw 6-2 anywhere.
@jonquinn11 There are more numbers to it. One, it's been a couple of years since I worked there, so I only remember the first 2. Two, I signed an NDA so vague is better. The core principle is there. Research into Ti more so he can mix and make cool things that don't break.
Yes boys! Love the enthusiasm. So nice to see you guys experimenting, failing and finding others methods, so interesting to watch. Well excited to see the rest of this playlist! Love the energy
I think a thicker jacket will actually help you. it could remove heat from the sides since its thicker, and stronger to stop splooges of hot liquid metal, and as others have said the titanium phase diagram for iron maybe do 100-200 degrees cooler and you might be good. you only want the metal to be molten enough to bind, and with the casing, let alone the different alloys, its becoming fluid. so cooler temps might STILL be the answer
Your videos are peak entertainment, excellent editing, attitude and music. Keep kicking ass!
*14:53** "That's what she said"*
Hey Alec I’m a machinist and tool maker. The harder your material the more flutes in the endmill you want to reduce tool pressure. If you step up to 5-7 flute cutters I think you’ll have better results on tool wear. Edit: also look up In The Loupe TV not the watch channel but the endmill one and watch those videos it will help give you some more information about endmill selection and use
6:12 just a hunch: that's the melting point of pure titanium. Whatever your alloy is melts significantly lower than that
Absolutely hooked with this series, please keep doing these
4:46 love me some good ol and very precise description of the thing that I need xD
Commenting only 30 seconds in just to say I'm really excited by this series. Titanium is such a cool material, and those colours!!!! can't wait to see what you make and explore... back to the video...
LMFAO Alec modeling his shrunken drooping titanium choad, EPIC move by a legendary blacksmith
"it shrinks every time I look at it"
It happens to everyone as they get older. Lol
😂😂😂
I caught that too! LoL
YES!!! The master has shown me love, you the man Sir Alec. I've achieved something finally thank you sir now I'm off to show the world sir but in all seriousness thank you for the years of content and education you've given as it's very appreciated her in my home and will continue for as long as you bless us with more videos and beyond.
It's gorgeous, alec. you did it! you FINALLY forged titanium. cant wait to see where this goes.
Spent many years cutting this stuff. Slow blade speeds and rates will make it all go better. 6AL4V is a wonderful but tricky material. Just takes your time.
It's been a long time since I have watched a alex steel video I forgot how energetic entertaining and knowledgeable you are will have to binge watch all I have missed
Just think, this is just a fraction of what the engineers at LockheedMartin went through to build the SR-71 and they didn't have the benefit of the internet.
Ooh, that's an idea! A damascus SR-71! Get on it, Alec!
The smooth jazz soundtrack is a wonderful accompaniment to the forging.
I knew this wasn't over with Titanium and Alec, bring on round 3!
19:12 charge your phone!
A man after my own heart... I let this sucker hit 4% before I'm sprinting towards the house to find an open charger
1:15 titanium white was a revolutionary pigment when it was commercialized. Its known for its brilliant white color.
Look at this way, Alec.
You're taking that old patent, and experimenting with it, and documenting it, therefore, SCIENCE!! You're doing something that very few people have had the chance to do, and learning amazing things along the way.
Great video as always.
1:05 reminds me of my ex
same
As someone who works with machining titanium material daily, this video brought a laugh to my day.
Thanks Alec!
I wish I could find a RUclipsr as enthusiastic about leather work as you are blacksmithing !
Sounds like a potentially open niche! Could always step into it 😉
Have you watched any Rose Anvil videos? His business is leatherwork, but his videos focus mostly on boot and shoe [de]construction. It's very enjoyable to watch.
Then there's Weaver Leather Co., who has loads of tutorials on all things leatherworking.
I don’t have any particular interest in blacksmithing. I watch Alec because of his enthusiasm.
I remember watching a person making fancy elven armor out of leather, they focus on leathers from them
Prince Armory is their channel, they are currently making Guts Armor from berserk
I'm more convinced than ever that you need to try making magnesium damascus, and when/if that works, try a titanium/magnesium sandwich damascus.
The argon is going to work for the magnesium too, and you'll get it to a higher temperature than your previous temps with the argon.
(I'm at 12 minutes into the video, so if you've already did this? yay)
Tune in next time, Alex will begin the ultimate challenge. Forging a Titanium Damascus sword!!!
Alec! Not that it's about cash grabs but when you make beautiful one offs like this you should set them at auction! The fact that this ring was gone so fast shows that we all have no problem spending what we can to help support your growth in our community, and while I like 1st come 1st serve a lot bc it gives us with shallow pockets a chance to get a rare piece, the occasional auction would give more people a chance and really help as a fund drive!
I am amazed (and don't totally believe) that it was listed for just 500 pound. I honestly expected another zero.
try making flip blade with titanium damascus scales its gonna look SICK
I think that ring came out looking amazing.
I love the blue/gold striping!
Hello from Scotland 🏴🏴🏴🏴 love your videos
naw ye arny
1. Localized Overheating
Even though the bulk temperature is controlled, there could be localized hotspots in the titanium due to uneven heating during the forging process. These areas could reach a temperature much higher than intended, potentially causing partial melting or liquefaction in specific regions. Double-check the uniformity of the heat distribution inside the box and across the titanium.
2. Titanium's Phase Changes
Titanium has a phase transition known as the beta transus temperature (around 882°C for pure titanium). Above this temperature, titanium transitions from its alpha phase to its more ductile beta phase. While this temperature is well below its melting point, it could significantly change the behavior of the material, making it appear to "squirt" or deform more easily, especially under pressure. If you're working near this range, this could explain the liquid-like appearance.
3. High Pressure During Forging
The pressure applied during forging might be causing plastic deformation in the titanium that resembles liquefaction. Titanium in its beta phase can become very soft and, under high pressure, may flow or extrude through cracks or gaps in the steel layers, which could look like it’s "squirting" out.
4. Argon Gas Pressure
If the gas pressure inside the box is too high, it might create enough force to expel molten material through any small gaps or weaknesses in the layers. The gas could be interacting with molten or softened parts of the titanium, pushing it out.
5. Contamination or Alloying
If there are impurities in the titanium or the steel (e.g., trace elements that reduce melting point or create eutectic compounds), these could cause localized melting at a much lower temperature than expected. The reaction between the steel and titanium at forging temperatures could also produce lower-melting-point compounds that might "squirt" out under pressure.
Possible Fixes:
Reduce Forging Pressure: Try lowering the force applied during forging to see if it reduces the liquid-like behavior.
Improve Heat Uniformity: Ensure there’s no localized overheating by monitoring the temperature across the material more carefully.
Double-Check Material Composition: Ensure the materials are pure and compatible for this type of forging to rule out unwanted reactions.
3:50 , the center of the mass is a different temp than the edges and the plasticity is different. heat it more often. keep it more even.
Let’s upvote this so he can see it
This happens with steel too, but the effect is greater with the titanium because of its lower thermal conductivity!
You should take a look at wootz steel, there are a few places to find out how to make it, and it would be great to see you try it!
A Damascus titanium exhaust pipe system would be sick!
omg yeees
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
That'd be bat s**t insane expensive
@@AirForceOne-e8y $$$$$
$20,000 later
"In our next episode we will take 18 kilos of Titanium and make a 2mm Damascus ball bearing - STAY TUNED" LOL
Notice !Niobium foil adsorbe carbon from steel and produce fragile niobium carbide. So add slice pure iron betwen niobium and steel
For the anodizing, proper etching is critical to getting the really beautiful higher-voltage colors. I like MultiEtch as it’s substantially less murder-y than using straight up hydrofluoric acid. With the multi-etch you’ll want to get it up to around 70-80 C to get a good surface finish. Have fun! The colors are pretty unreal.
For hard metal rings, you really want to cut them oversized and install a liner at the appropriate size for the wearer. You will notice that all the experienced jewelers which offer things like damascus and titanium rings do this. Would not recommend wearing an unlined ring unless you are partial to the risk of losing a finger.
how would a liner reduce the risk of losing a finger? I understand them for aesthetic, comfort and corrosion purposes, but how would that make it safer?
@@ughmas Depending on the material they are made from, they can reduce the chance of a roll under force cutting the finger off. If cutting is required they serve as a barrier between the harder material and flesh, which allows safer use of cutting tools. Some can actually be separated (like the silicone liner in a damascus ring I have) which allows the damascus ring to be removed even if the finger is swollen and the liner can be pulled off (stretchy) or easily cut.
@@TheInfinityzeN interesting thanks!
Thank you bro I discovered your channel today and this series got me through 30 minutes of stairmaster 🙏🙏
You should try making Damascus with tungsten a really thin piece
I was initially worried about your titanium melting into a liquid at such a low temperature - they used to make the SR-71 Blackbird out of that and it got HOT! The below comments help though, never heard of 'eutectic' reaction, learned something new today, cheers!
WoopWoop! Forging!
Its interesting seeing Alex being super focused on Ti compared some previous projects. It's the vibe that comes across.
The Ti-Fe phase diagram will explain why you are seeing the Liquid Metal at that lower temperature. You get closer to the eutectic point and the melting point drops
Edit: at the eutectic point (~33% Fe) the melting temperature is 1085C
950°С....🙄
this
They have a titanium/iron phase diagram, but I haven't seen any for steel. Even with the iron though, the temperatures required are still much higher.
@@deucedeuce1572 a ternary phase diagram of Ti-Fe-C should explain. I’m sure with the addition of carbon and some experimental error you will get to liquid Titanium at ~950C
As a materialscientist I loved to see this video. Bloody awesome to see how you overcome the struggles and man... that mesmerising look of the oxigen-film on the rings at the end! I would almost kill to have a knife out of that xD
molten metal in a container + high pressure press, stay safe buddy
That’s what I was thinking. That molten titanium flying around is scary stuff
The whole point is it shouldn’t have been molten it was 900° below the melting point.
Backyard Scientist vibes
reamarkebly a large portion of youtube loves blacksmithing 44 on trending!!! Much love from Ethiopia Alec.
I love a company calling titanium a "nasty f***c"
I'm soo disappointed that I'm having to suggest this and you didn't do it on your own BUT PLEASE take can of broomed up titanium outside and BURN IT!! Love this stuff
As many people have already pointed out, the liquid metal could be an iron titanium alloy. However, I wanted to add that you could also be seeing significant thermal energy from internal friction during the press. This could also contribute to the central layers squishing out more than the outer layers in your first billet. Just like the immense local heat you get from machining it, during the pressing/hammering, those central layers are both staying warmer for longer and getting more internal friction from forging.
What's the green looking coolant? This is fascinating, really great stuff!
in 2000 I worked for IHM (International Hearth Melting) which at the time was the largest electron beam furnace. The furnace was kept under a vacuum during a campaign. The lab that had to test purity used a lathe and a pretty heavy duty powered shear to cut slivers off and the blade was changed out every 6 cuts. Also to cut the billets they used a large oxy-fuel torch at a high speed. Also is the billet needed finishing it was put on a making that resembled a surface grinder that used carbide bits and it rammed the bits across the surface to take its cuts. I want to say a billet was 10 to 12 feet long. While I'm not sure what happened after the billets left the plant I know that no coolant was allowed, which I'm guessing was to maintain its grade purity.
I think a really interesting pattern would be a double helix of the 2 types of metal. Especially if they fit nicely together like a pair of corkscrews. I would imagine the machining of it to get those shapes would be utter torture though.
i ordered my wedding ring 3 months ago from etsy and its too big, cant return it anymore, but wow i wish i has one of these as my ring! Great work Alec! i hope to see larger experiments using these techniques!
I subscribed many years ago when you were doing the original "can it damascus" series and I'm so happy to see you working with Titanium again. This is great stuff. It's so novel seeing how this material behaves. Shame about every machining implement in your workshop.
I mean this is a very positive way. So entertaining. It's like watching Lauryl and Hardy and the Stooges very smart yet funny grandson in the forge. Reactions are so hilarious. Keep it up. Most entertaining forging channel out there.
There is a guy online that spray paints white paint on the inside of his box so the metal will not stick to the housing...also saw on forged in fire they use white out as well...maybe that will help keep the metal box not bond to the metal inside
Very very cool!
THIS SERIES IS MY FAVORITE THING IVE SENN IN A WHILE
Diamond grit lapidary saw? Some of those micro kerf blades are 2mm thick. Water cooled is standard and auto feed is within your means. Some people even dress the blades themselves with adhesives and grit instead of the commercial brazed ones. If it saves 30% of your waste, it is probably worth it for the outcome and extra time.
I think what's happening here is that the 6% alluminium in the alloy reduced the melting temperature. It is stabilizing a hexagonal alpha phase. Vanadium is stabilizing the body centered cubic beta phase. Also you have to take in mind, that there is alot of pressure. maybe this effects the phases too. Maybe the alpha phase is more stable under higher pressures.
I feel like I traveled back in time watching these videos. It’s just like watching you in the beginning discoverinb what you can do with pattern Damascus
I bet you’re an absolute blast to hang out with and work with for a day. Beautiful work on all the videos I’ve watched. Before this one it was the golden knife haha.
In general, Timascus is processed in the same way as other titanium alloys, and the welding process is similar to that of steel damascus. To create a laminate, different layers are welded, followed by forging. Each weld is followed by processing on a surface grinder and only then by the next weld. Grinding is what makes this material so expensive. During the grinding process, titanium is sheared off and turned into chips that cannot be used later, which means that the material consumption in the manufacture of Timascus is very high. It can be up to 80% of the size of the original workpiece. In order to obtain the most saturated colors after each welding, a finer and finer grinding is applied. in a context this is out of a 1980's book
Well wicked!!!! Loving the work again Alec!!!
6:14 Some quick ideas regarding the liquid titanium and it's melting point:
I believe you may be Bernoulli principal-ing the billot with your argon gas while in the forge. You may be pushing gas out of specific holes in the casing, which is creating a vacuum effect on other holes, thereby drastically increasing the internal temperatures. Or in other words, you haven't managed to maintain positive pressure in the entire casing. This may be because of the internal shape of the billot and/or casing, perhaps there is an air foil created inside which causes a throttle or nozzle like effect.
The patent outlined those holes with specific spacing which you decides to alter, there may have been some specific fluid thermodynamic reasons for that arrangement. 🤷♂️ Things get weird with exotics and "high" temperature.
I'm unfamiliar with the different types of Thermite but is it possible we're observing something similar here? I know titanium serves as a marvelous catalyst, is it possible it's catalyzing some reaction with the iron or carbon present? Or perhaps the titanium and steel wasn't as clean as you'd hoped? Or conversely I remember how metals can have entirely different properties depending on their counterparts, perhaps the places where the titanium touches the steel has a specific phase diagram with different melting points and whatnot.
Also, could the top layer be less than the middle ones, because it's only the boundary layers which are melting at that lower temperature? So there is actually less of the material at the border of the case?
Thats Awesome would love to see more of titanium the patterns look brilliant