Can Bacteria Experience Addiction?
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- Опубликовано: 7 сен 2024
- Welcome to the terrifying world of addiction… in bacteria. While we tend to think that genes have been evolved to benefit us, the organism, toxin-antitoxin systems in bacteria may suggest otherwise. It’s an interesting phenomenon with some fascinating potential biotechnological implications.
Sources:
Szekeres S, Dauti M, Wilde C, Mazel D, Rowe-Magnus DA (March 2007). "Chromosomal toxin-antitoxin loci can diminish large-scale genome reductions in the absence of selection". Molecular Microbiology. 63 (6): 1588-605
Mochizuki A, Yahara K, Kobayashi I, Iwasa Y (February 2006). "Genetic addiction: selfish gene's strategy for symbiosis in the genome". Genetics. 172 (2): 1309-23.
Christensen SK, Mikkelsen M, Pedersen K, Gerdes K (December 2001). "RelE, a global inhibitor of translation, is activated during nutritional stress". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (25): 14328-33.
Fineran PC, Blower TR, Foulds IJ, Humphreys DP, Lilley KS, Salmond GP (January 2009). "The phage abortive infection system, ToxIN, functions as a protein-RNA toxin-antitoxin pair". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (3): 894-9
Maisonneuve E, Gerdes K (April 2014). "Molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial persisters". Cell. 157 (3): 539-48.
Mine N, Guglielmini J, Wilbaux M, Van Melderen L (April 2009). "The decay of the chromosomally encoded ccdO157 toxin-antitoxin system in the Escherichia coli species". Genetics. 181 (4): 1557-66.
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"These plasmids ain't shi-" (grows 32 flagellum)
Lmao
Lmao
Lmao
Interesting that bacteria can also experience physical dependence
That's actually a great way to avoid using the term addiction!
Life finds a way, i guess?
It would be so nice to be a bacteria. No bills, no failed relationships, zero overthinking... just eat and sleep and never think.
they don't even sleep
@@rhsmn2334they technically dont eat(diffusion) or think(receptors) as well but hey let joe have some imagination
@@chloroplast8611 I mean, barely alive. No need to even chew food would be a blessing.
Then you wouldn’t be able to feel the joy of getting up in the morning, seeing someone you love, working to live, breathing!
@@blurymarsh8235 You'd probably feel something chillin' out making a biofilm with you're genetically identical bros.
Hypothesis 5 was honestly my first instict. Another thought I than had was that it may be a combination of the different factors. Coming to be selfishly but serving an evolutionary advantage which made them not die out
No wonder my guts go crazy when I don't get my league of legends fix!! My gut bacteria are suffering from withdrawal!
This guy is dope. He explains everything in a really simple and understandable manner without skipping any necessary information.
I see what you did there.
This is super interesting and informative. Nice when RUclips recommends a good small channel. Subscribed and good job
thanks for taking a shot on a good small channel!
Same
" Hok and Sok are closely related to each other. "
well, they both end in Ok, so it makes sense.
they are ok
For the usage in biotechnology, as someone who works with plasmids insertion in bacteria, we actually have ways around it! Selective medias, which basically have a toxic compound in them that kills most bacteria of the species, are used when introducing new plasmids. The new plasmids must have a gene that neutralizes the compound in some way, which means our space of the information we can actually have in our plasmid is limited. We can also do something similar to galactose in bacteria, just in the opposite direction, if the plasmid was accepted, the media changes color through a complex pathway involving pH and secretion of compounds outside the cell into the media. As long as we select from a colony that is surrounded by color-changed media, we can guarantee selection of a modified organism, since the plasmid with this gene is far more energetically effective than normal bacteria selection with most medias.
If one is not careful or is purposefully harmful, this selective media with compounds can be used to artificially create 'superbugs' with resistance to certain commonly available antibiotics. Using this method with 'addictive' genes is something we are using in idea but could definitely be more refined. My only concern would be sizing and spread capabilities- we already have to be careful with antibiotic 'trained' bacteria not interacting with one another but creating a persistent form that *needs* the plasmid to live could really mess up the genetic diversity of bacteria. No one knows what specific affect this could have on society or bacteria as a whole, but I honestly don't want to find out, not after what happened to bananas.
How is this person not popular yet, I'm surprised
Let's get him to 5k
Let's get him to 10k now
It was done
Let's go
You're incredibly underrated omg. I have a class in gen bio and it's not really fun for me but videos like this make me feel more interested in paying attention
Amazing. Nothing to add, just want to thank you and boost the recommendation chance.
Man,,,, I've had the thought of hypothesis number 5 rolling around in my head for a while now, but having it said like you did realllllly unsetles me. Like, it makes me feel as if some part of my soul is a parasite.
The league of legends addiction is real
surely the next time i'm on the rift things will be different...
This gonna blow up soon. I can feel it.
oh wow this is incredibly well made for your number of subscribers, you deserve a few orders of magnitude more
So infinitely proud and happy that no one in the comments said "hawk tuahxin"❤❤❤
How fascinating! I can't believe this doesn't have more views :D
I work with gene drives, I did not realise the toxin antitoxin system shows up in this part of nature. We use toxin antitoxin system for its selfish inheritancewhich can also carry some cargo. E.g. some cargo that stops mosquitoes from carrying malaria. Very interesting.
If Bioshock taught me anything it's that plasmids are addictive! So this makes sense. :P
Commenting to boost the recommendations - great vid!
Another kind of selfish gene are transposons, which are basically genes that can replicate within a genome by themselves. They can cause issues by inserting themselves in inconvenient places and causing mutations.
Apparently half of the human genome is dead transposons.
Why am I just discovering you now? This looks fantastic! Keep up the good work!
If memories can be stored in DNA as some research on marine animals show is a definite possibility, then i can see why bacteria may become addicted to infecting certain people. They just want to have all the fun human experiences without being human. They wanna experience your bachelor party too.
Just fyi, behavioural addictions (like shopping, eating, gaming) can be extremely destructive and damaging. All behaviours of classical pharmaceutical addictions are replicated in behavioural addiction - health neglect, family troubles, financial troubles, etc.
Im a couple years clean from the hardest drugs. Im helping a family member try to get clean off a shopping and eating addiction. Nothing has opened my eyes to my own addiction quite like it
What a crazy good video. I hope you keep making them i subb
Dont know if I'd call this addiction but it sure is fascinating
I am a strong believer/in favor of viruses being "selfish" genes, or at least originating as such.
Even if it's not true, it's such a cool and eerie thought.
Bacteria: "You will not say kys kys"
Hok: "Kys! kys! kys!"
Sok: "You were banned for saying kys kys"
Disclaimer: I have no biology qualification whatsoever.
That said, selfish genes seem like the bacteria version of cancer. A part of the collective organism that has decided to propagate itself rather than work together with other parts to keep the organism together. The HOK/SOK genes might be analogous to anti-immune genes in cancer cells that prevent the natural systems inside the organism from correcting broken parts.
Edit: this might also explain why selfish genes are apparently only a problem for single-called organisms. Individual cells in most multicellular organisms are willing to die for the collective anyway, so the threat of murder if a selfish gene is removed is less of a threat to the other genes than a parasite.
Not a bad way to think of it, in my opinion!
Cell persistence is how I deal with anxiety when I’m able to
But can DNA experience addiction?
Well, this was really fkin rad to watch. Thanks for teaching me something really interesting.
Out of curiosity, would you be inclined to do a video about the fungus that the pigeon tailed tremex lays with her eggs, please?
I'll add it to the list of things to look into! My next video is another viewer suggestion, so I definitely pay attention to these things!
Pretty sure if a protein is less than 100 amino acid long it's not a protein
There isn’t a hard cutoff. It’s both context and function dependent
Sorry but, holy poo was that ding loud lol 1:21
Interesting. Thanks.
But is it an addiction when you die without it? In that case. I'm very addicted to oxygen, food, and water.
You've always had a physiological requirement for those. These bacteria are being held hostage by their own DNA and they were fine before their addiction!
can you cover the Calvin cycle and rubisco problems
The latter part seems like a huge rationalization.
"it's not a bug, it's a feature*"
*after evolution took what it had to deal with and forced it to serve a function.
Honestly the selfish gene sounds the most realistic scenario me, that plasmid could have started as a kind of a 'genetic parasite', kind of like the most toxic relationship that continuously threatens the host unless they continue to reproduce them.
Also something can start as selfish, but evolution pushes it into having some use because its there and it's resilient enough that it cannot be undone by evolution, so evolution coopts it.
amazing channel
I’ve actually met Richard Dawkins in real life and had a chat about his book for a bit I learnt a lot about his ideas at that point and it actually got me quite interested
i request an examination of aflatoxin and some other mycotoxins
10:05 nobody let this man hear about transposons and retrotransposons and the absurd percentage they represent in the human genome compared with actual genes lmao
The phage and selfish gene theories could go hand in hand. Selfish genes can well start out as the insipid inanimate replicators but nuking the cell when infected, releasing fewer viral copies and a few extra Plasmids, is an evolutionary benefit. Also sounds pretty easy test (although a definite answer is of course nigh impossible) with gene markers, phages, and fluorospec.. anyone got a microbiology PhD to plan?
Is Sok RNA protein encoding? It seems like it’s a noncoding RNA rather than an mRNA.
That's a good point! The wikipedia page calls it sok mRNA, but you may technically be correct
its an asRNA
wikipedia also calls it non-coding RNA
if you see a place where its called mRNA, please remove the m
Nothing to add here, just wanted to promote this video in the algorithm
Going by the Selfish Gene logic, and treating genes as individuals.... Can the various human genes be thought of as citizens of the Unitied Genetic States of Homosapien?
it seems almost less like addiction and more like parasites as you compared those genes too at one point
great video :0
Is it really an addiction if it is something made wholly in your body?
I would think that the definition of addiction is something you seek out. Yes you might now need it to survive, but you didn’t need to to begin with, and you must get it from somewhere outside of you.
There are alcoholics who gave themselves auto brewery syndrome to feed their addiction.
altho i would say weed vice healthier than a chip vice altho can still cause problems if do it daily for years. altho could very well lead back to the chips.
So plasmids are basically the bacterial version of the brews from oddworld
Memories might be around arbitrary chemicals structures
love this
Could this have been an antibiotic defense at some point?
I’m I the only one who noticed the timestamps look like a weird moss code? 🤔
Can we make it in a Medikation?
Ar Virus ar aefekte too?
Lile EBOLA?
What if C can be compiled into DNA assembly?
Lmao
That would be useless tho
Could this be exploited to treat bacterial infections?
3:10 2 problems with this, as an Undertale fan.
1. Frisk and Chara are unrelated, like compleatly.
2. Chara isnt confirmed to be evil, like at all.
Undertale fans be normal challenge 2024 [IMPOSSIBLE!!!]
@@omegahaxors3306 being normal is BORING.
this is literally bioshock
Everything in Evolution that CAN happen, WILL happen.
Biology + league of legends is just what i want
why in nateral selection would animals and humans develop PAIN to then just BUCKLE in pain when attacked to then be X_X becuase cant move becuase pain? wouldent it be more benificiary if it was an annoying beep noise like 2d zelda games to point you willing to spend 999 rupees on a single heart so it will STFU and can hear the music? i imagine something is controling evolution and works diffrenrlt than speculated becuase wheres all the abominations from all the mutations?
WHAT IS THAT POPPY BUILD
Addiction to plasmids?? Bioshock moments
hok... you need to change the title to take advantage of recent memes. 😁
Jesus my boomer brain just got that
Correction : League of Legends is NOT harmless.
8:13 Stabilization is mis-spelt
great. channel great video , keep up the great work
👍
3:10 undertale.
woaaaahoaaaah oooah story of undertal- (im so sorry)
The video was 50% Undertale references.
Yeah, and the "evil twin" referencing Chara -_-
It's the same "Chara-Cide" and "Paci-Frisk" all over again
yooo he called leagu of legenb a crappy moba game LESGO
Ah yes genetic cancer
I hate that ur name is not phil the neutrophil. Rhymes more lol
You can call me Phil!