Ancient Libraries: A Brief History

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  • Опубликовано: 21 ноя 2024

Комментарии • 133

  • @CinziaDuBois
    @CinziaDuBois  2 года назад +31

    DISCLAIMER
    This video was produced by a random student on the internet who loves reading, especially about ancient history and classics. The purpose of my videos is to make classics and ancient history interesting and accessible to everyone. It is important to highlight that I am not a professional or qualified educator, “expert”, historian or classicist. However, I ensure that all the information I use in my video scripts has been collated from numerous credible sources, which I will link in the description box if accessible online. I always work my hardest to deliver thoroughly researched and reliable information in my videos, but please always conduct additional, independent research to formulate a thorough understanding of any topic discussed. Additionally, I am dyslexic, and I will mispronounce words throughout this video, sometimes without realising it. This is not ill-intended or stemming from willful ignorance, and I do make the effort to research how to pronounce words before I start filming, but I often misread my phonetic spelling. In light of this, please do not rely on my video for an authoritative or reliable source of how to pronounce certain words.

    • @NapoleonCalland
      @NapoleonCalland 2 года назад

      I noticed the mispronunciation of certain words, but you may rest assured that it doesn't detract from the quality of your videos. I would like to point out that Amunhotep* IV is better remembered as Akhenaton, and that Qin Shih Huangdi was the "First August Emperor of the Qin" ("First Emperor of China" from the Western perspective), not just a member of the Qin dynasty (which collapsed under his successor, because of ministerial interference in the succession). The First Emperor's unification of warring kingdoms into a more centralised Chinese Empire has a lot to do with the rise (on merit, not birth, or family ties) of his first minister (and the first minister's school of thought, Legalism).
      Just a few thoughts in support of a video I look forward to re-watching and sharing. In particular with Ashurbanipal, who I suspect will enjoy it even more than I did. ;)
      Many thanks for the links to documents on the Burning of the Books, and the Library of Alexandria. Do you have links or references to transcriptions from King Ashurbanipal's library ?
      FOOTNOTE
      *My spelling, but the Amun in his name refers to the deity, not to the Biblical "Amen". All the more important because the worship of Amun was "abandoned" (officially, as opposed to privately held beliefs) when Akhenaton ("He Who Serves Aton") adopted a name that reflected his new monotheistic reforms (including art and architecture that broke with traditions stretching back an almost unimaginably long way), and restored under Tutankhamun ("Living Image of Amun").

    • @die_schlechtere_Milch
      @die_schlechtere_Milch Год назад

      Thank you for sharing your passion with us!

  • @sammykat2hb
    @sammykat2hb 2 года назад +139

    This was FASCINATING -- so, I can cross "prevent the burning of the Library of Alexandria" from my time travel to-do list

    • @AngryHistorian87
      @AngryHistorian87 2 года назад +6

      I’d add the House of Wisdom of Baghdad to that list as well.

    • @jeffbrownstain
      @jeffbrownstain Год назад +4

      Just make sure you add 'prevent the catholic church from stealing all that knowledge' to the list

  • @scottpeterson7500
    @scottpeterson7500 2 года назад +12

    Libraries and book stores are among my most favorite places. When they invented a book store with a coffee shop, I was in heaven 🥰❤️☕️📚RIP Boarders Books and Gifts,forever in my heart ❤️

    • @victoriadiesattheend.8478
      @victoriadiesattheend.8478 2 года назад

      It's so nice to see a man state this. For whatever reason, I know few men who love to read. How awesome that you do. 😊

  • @ashley-vr1cg
    @ashley-vr1cg 2 года назад +37

    Loved the video!! I have a paper on Chinese art history at uni this semester and I'm now intrigued to learn more about the book burning during that period, I'd love to hear you talk about it!♥️

  • @stephenkevindoss1474
    @stephenkevindoss1474 2 года назад +36

    Semi-regular who is constantly asked about their strong southern American accent, tunes in for, strong English accent…I reckon. :)

  • @kayw3906
    @kayw3906 2 года назад +20

    Yes please for the Chinese burning books video!

  • @amybucelewicz4718
    @amybucelewicz4718 2 года назад +14

    I’m loving these historical videos. Super interesting topic and I love your storytelling ability to make the history more fun to listen to. You’d make an awesome university professor!

  • @challalla
    @challalla 2 года назад +3

    The Library of Ashurbanipal would have contained a lot of text on writing boards and possibly papyri but only the records on clay tablets have survived the fire and come down to us.

  • @missdiction4455
    @missdiction4455 2 года назад +7

    Omg that shirt and jacket combo is perfection. Excited for another video!

  • @DieneUmi
    @DieneUmi 2 года назад +31

    Thank you for another informative and engaging video, Cinzia. Your insights, the presentation, authenticity, brilliance and just your own charm are wonderful. They always are.
    As someone who would make the library their first port of call whenever we moved to a new place, this is much appreciated. I adore libraries (would live in one if I could) and though I knew bits and pieces of the history, having you put it together and fill the gaping holes in my knowledge was magnificent. I consider these 17+ minutes very well spent. Thank you. You are a star. ❤

    • @CinziaDuBois
      @CinziaDuBois  2 года назад +3

      Thank you so much for such a lovely comment, I seriously appreciate it!

    • @DieneUmi
      @DieneUmi 2 года назад +1

      @@CinziaDuBois ❤

  • @nickrhodes9031
    @nickrhodes9031 2 года назад +2

    Binned off Dave Eggers 'The Circle' after a couple of pages because it was pants, tried to read Ovids Metamorphosis but too tired to concentrate properly (Angela Reyner knocks on door...unwanted interruption...tries to get back to reading...Cinzia puts out a video...pleasant interruption....happy to watch before trying again to read armed with a cup of tea.

  • @1984isnotamanual
    @1984isnotamanual 2 года назад +11

    One of of my dreams is to walk and explore that ancient city (Alexandria), and its famous library, when it was in its heyday. Damn I need a time machine...

    • @nicky_bee
      @nicky_bee 2 года назад +2

      Or play Assassin's Creed Origins!

    • @1984isnotamanual
      @1984isnotamanual 2 года назад

      @@nicky_bee I’ll settle for documentary and literature because I have no choice hehe

  • @kiranhussain554
    @kiranhussain554 2 года назад +7

    I appreciate the way you present information, you're informative but also really engaging 😊

  • @MikkiProductions204
    @MikkiProductions204 2 года назад +8

    Absoultely loved this! ❤ I love learning about history (any type), and today you covered my greatest loves: books and libraries.

    • @CinziaDuBois
      @CinziaDuBois  2 года назад +1

      Glad you liked it, Mikki ♥️📚

  • @katarzynaszajkowski8394
    @katarzynaszajkowski8394 2 года назад +2

    I'm so happy I found your channel! There's something so inviting about your vibe and channel as a whole!

  • @agyos
    @agyos 2 года назад +2

    Fascinating! Well organized for such a vast subject. I could listen for hours!

  • @winterburden
    @winterburden 2 года назад +7

    Thank you so much for this video! Libraries and history are so cool ☺

  • @johnperrry215
    @johnperrry215 Год назад

    Wow Honey! You are brilliant! It's important thing for people to get their minds around history and understand the background of it.

  • @scatteredperceptions890
    @scatteredperceptions890 Год назад

    Really interesting stuff on the burning of the books in China - would love a video about it!

  • @RURK_
    @RURK_ 2 года назад +1

    This channel needs so much more views. Sharing this with as many folks as I can 🤞

  • @forgingluck
    @forgingluck 2 года назад +1

    Fascinating, I like this video, good topic and good presentation. Autoplay actually did something educational and good for once by playing this next! Cheers!

  • @DracoSolon
    @DracoSolon 2 года назад +4

    I think we need a video of you out in the sun because I'm 50/50 on whether or not you are a vampire. Think about it, odd accent, translucently pale, somewhat old fashioned in your outfits, and knows a ton about history.

  • @janicegagnon2294
    @janicegagnon2294 2 года назад +3

    Another well researched and explained video. Love learning from you

  • @foxgloved8922
    @foxgloved8922 2 года назад +4

    I would love to learn more about library history! This was dope :)

  • @chrisbutler7883
    @chrisbutler7883 2 года назад

    I am greatly enjoying these videos. The content is fascinating, and you are a very engaging and almost ridiculously well spoken host. Your enthusiasm is evident! As someone who has to speak on educational matters in a professional capacity, I find this channel not only educational, but also inspiring. I hope others who are passionate about sharing their knowledge take your example - in their own style, of course. There are so many people bemoaning modern technology these days; we ought to remember the web also allows us opportunities like these to learn, to share, and connect with one another. Very well done - thank you! Oh, and greetings from far-off California!

  • @nightembergrl
    @nightembergrl 2 года назад +1

    Loved the video! I would love a more detailed video about the ancient Chinese book burnings

  • @galatruc5480
    @galatruc5480 2 года назад

    Really nice introduction on the topic, it makes one want to dive a bit deeper into this - great work!

  • @misfitsatanas5756
    @misfitsatanas5756 2 года назад +5

    Im a regular and i love your content!!

  • @tiannasicilia4214
    @tiannasicilia4214 Год назад

    It would be amazing to see you do a video on the Akashic records - I have no idea where this comes from or if it’s based in myth or what, but I’d love to get your take on it!

  • @nathanhearn356
    @nathanhearn356 2 года назад +16

    Great video and very informative. The idea of “book burning” in the modern sense is probably not consistent with what likely happened to the Alexandria library. In modern times, with essentially an indefinite number of books, book burning is a political statement and reflective of state sponsored censorship. In ancient times, long before the printing press, a written document was very valuable and it’s unlikely anyone burned money, at least intentionally. In an age when so many people were illiterate, censorship via burning old scrolls was pointless. It’s an anachronistic assumption that Alexandria was intentionally burned by a mob.

    • @karfomachet7265
      @karfomachet7265 2 года назад +1

      we know that for several hundred years fanatical bands of christians led mainly by monks roamed the Roman Empire destroying every thing they said was pagan and libraries most certainly were classed as pagan . Leaving aside the Alexandria case we know that next to no libraries survived from a culture rich in libraries and there is only one guilty party = the christian religion , just like there monotheist brother's in islam today who all so destroy everything they see as non islamic

    • @nathanhearn356
      @nathanhearn356 2 года назад

      ​@@karfomachet7265 I used to believe this myself but there’s simply no evidence to support it. Putting aside that both the Catholic Church and Islamic caliphate promoted arts, literacy and sciences and saw themselves as inheritors and custodians of the legacy of the Roman empire - there’s simply no evidence that either religion in the post Roman period went on a book burning crusade. Accusations to that effect came long after when it supposedly happened by sources wi5 an ax to grind to say the least. Cicero, Livy, Plutarch etc not only survived this supposed anti- Pagan rampage, they were revived and repopularized by . . . The Catholic Church and Islamic caliphate .

    • @karfomachet7265
      @karfomachet7265 2 года назад

      @@nathanhearn356 of course there is no evidence it all got burned down .What survived did so by going east were it was rediscovered leading to the renaissance . Had those christians been able to destroy all the old knowledge then we most likely would still be in the christian induced dark ages . Likewise had Julian not been killed we would most likely be on mars now , thats how much christianity has harmed human society and culture .

    • @karfomachet7265
      @karfomachet7265 2 года назад

      @@nathanhearn356 no evidence ??? have who not read about the Nag Hamadi library which only survived by being hidden . Here is direct evidence of christians destroying knowledge , imagine how many other library's that were not hidden ???

  • @IurRui-x2j
    @IurRui-x2j 2 года назад

    Love it! More about libraries and archiving methods please.

  • @alanbrookes275
    @alanbrookes275 2 года назад

    Took me a little time to understand who you were taking about. I guess some pronunciations of ancient kings have changed from the way my professors said them back in the 1970s. One point about ancient libraries which I'm sure you will cover is the problem of medium, such as the Ptolemies having a monopoly on papyrus and preventing its export so Pergamon had to invent parchment. Hope you continue this series.

  • @traviswall1982
    @traviswall1982 2 года назад

    You can do a video specifically on the book burning in China, OR make a video on the reason for book burning in general for different periods. That could also be interesting.

  • @lesliemoiseauthor
    @lesliemoiseauthor 2 года назад +1

    I'm better informed today because of you. Thank you.💗💗

  • @danielmalinen6337
    @danielmalinen6337 2 года назад +1

    Yep. As we know the library was burned, renewed, decreased and expanded several times during history. The history of Alexandria was long and so its long journey also contained several series of unlucky coincidences. For example, Julius Caesar's soldiers accidentally set fire to the warehouses of the library because they thought that these buildings were army barracks. Or when, during the reign of Emperor Theodosius II, a group of rebels destroyed Serapeion during the religious riot that broke out between several Christian sects and Jews, and which ended in the horrible death of Hypatia. But eventually, the library of Museion was no longer renovated and refilled because the cultural focus had already moved out from Egypt.

  • @leaxyz8354
    @leaxyz8354 2 года назад +3

    Wow this is such an exciting topic i enjoyed it so much!!

  • @driftertravels928
    @driftertravels928 2 года назад

    Your channel is very cool. Keep making these very interesting videos please.

  • @nightcoregremlin
    @nightcoregremlin 2 года назад

    you really have the perfect voice for this topic lol 😭 love it

  • @charlesrainey1076
    @charlesrainey1076 2 года назад

    mind blowing more on that story please.

  • @revdrjon
    @revdrjon 2 года назад +1

    Please do make a Burning of the Books video.

  • @TheEmzies
    @TheEmzies 2 года назад +1

    Really love this educational content.

  • @hayleehill3627
    @hayleehill3627 2 года назад +2

    If you haven't done so already, I'd love a video on the myth of Atlantis

  • @johneonas6628
    @johneonas6628 2 года назад

    Thank you for your video.

  • @Problembeing
    @Problembeing 2 года назад +1

    Who said the Chinese don’t innovate. Not only did they invent paper and gun powder, they invented book-burning. Thousands of years later and they’re still very good at that.

  • @shakodeycarson9253
    @shakodeycarson9253 2 года назад

    Really enjoying your videos!

  • @andrewlicciardo7480
    @andrewlicciardo7480 2 года назад

    Great video!
    Thank you👍

  • @alisaurus4224
    @alisaurus4224 2 года назад

    I had heard that the Library of Alexandria forcibly searched ships for books to copy, but not that they kept the originals-that would be infuriating!!

  • @Duececoupe
    @Duececoupe 2 года назад +1

    I keep drifting away thinking....imagine if the burning of the library in Alexandria was a myth in such way, they still destroyed it, but they found what was stored in it, all the scrolls etc., etc., the managed to save it all!
    I wonder what the effect would be....with such a find? 😳😲🤨🤔

    • @joudyyasser8627
      @joudyyasser8627 2 года назад

      Either the government would hide the information or an advancement in our knowledge about the ancient world is my guess

  • @luke28
    @luke28 2 года назад +1

    Yeas! I am huge history amd bookmerd so you can imagine how interesting is to me :) i also have a special intereat in China so I wouldn't say no to a specific video on Chinese book burnings ;)

  • @tinycomedian
    @tinycomedian 2 года назад +3

    First I love your video someone intelligent not getting famous for acting dumb

  • @purplejanew
    @purplejanew 2 года назад

    Fascinating!

  • @sarahpersonalexcellenceguide
    @sarahpersonalexcellenceguide 2 года назад

    If I remember correctly, Ashurbanipal sent envoys to confiscate what he wanted from other libraries and left THEM copies. Though, I may be mistaken… Maybe he just had the books yoinked!

  • @FishbedFive
    @FishbedFive 2 года назад

    A new subscriber here, absolutely splendid video.

  • @larrytuft9782
    @larrytuft9782 Год назад

    Thanks!

  • @Sagitju
    @Sagitju 2 года назад

    Great video! Thanks!

  • @nowyatsilentdust2072
    @nowyatsilentdust2072 Год назад

    Got too excited and my post got rejected. But I love the 10,000. My post about how I love books was great. *sad* *group hug with you and some books*

  • @winternight8813
    @winternight8813 2 года назад

  • @rafapopawski2559
    @rafapopawski2559 2 года назад

    I find this video very fascinating. Love the energy. However as a non-english native I had to watch more than once to understand all of it. Sometimes the speed is a bit too fast for me 😉

    • @lorainemacdonald517
      @lorainemacdonald517 2 года назад +4

      If you go to the settings ,looks like a knob or a wheel,you can change the speed,! Yes you can

    • @rafapopawski2559
      @rafapopawski2559 2 года назад +1

      @@lorainemacdonald517 So simple, yet brilliant. Thanks Loraine:)

  • @johnnyjet3.1412
    @johnnyjet3.1412 2 года назад

    Do you have a ‘451’ kit that you can grab when you have to evacuate?

  • @gnova7
    @gnova7 2 года назад

    Such a great vid! Love it

  • @michaelarighi5268
    @michaelarighi5268 2 года назад +3

    Always find your vids interesting. Did notice a peculiarity or two, however. "Qin" (as in the dynasty): The "Q" in Pinyin stands for a sound more like "ch" than "k." So, "Chin," rather than "Kin." Wikipedia's Pinyin entry describes it more technically: (IPA) [tɕʰ] (like the "ch y" combination in) "pun[ch y]ourself" The Qin Dynasty--the privilege of being one of the first--gave its name to the country, "China."

    • @yumeironeko
      @yumeironeko 2 года назад +1

      I came to the comments to look for this. Thanks for the concise explanation.

    • @skyefirenails
      @skyefirenails 2 года назад

      I thought so! I thought I'd been taught wrong all these years, but thank you for confirming that I was correct in my pronunciation of Qin.

  • @heyELLI
    @heyELLI 2 года назад

    Very interesting! You deserve more views and likes :)

  • @fidellerosa
    @fidellerosa 2 года назад +1

    my Asian self laughed so hard hearing about China being the one of the first to censor books. Because of course that's totally our culture.

  • @haldanesghost
    @haldanesghost 2 года назад

    Here’s my vote for the “Chinese burning of the books” video.

  • @skyefirenails
    @skyefirenails 2 года назад

    I thought Qin was pronounced more like "Chin"... Has everyone been lying to me?
    Btw, I love your videos Cinzia. You do a wonderful job!

  • @joellaz9836
    @joellaz9836 2 года назад

    If you search up ‘history for atheists and library of Alexandria’ on youtube, Tim o'neill does a good job explaining what happened to the library of Alexandria. The library no longer existed by the time of Theodosius as you say. You have to remember that Alexandria suffered a Tsunami which would have potentially destroyed the library by the 4th century if it even still existed then. The historian Ammianus Marcellinus, who had been to Egypt in the mid 4th century, speaks of the library in the past tense.

    • @CinziaDuBois
      @CinziaDuBois  2 года назад +1

      Actually no, the daughter library of Alexandria was still in existence by the time of of Theodosius. The library was protected Serapeum up to the 4th century, but eye witness accounts record how it was destroyed by Theophilus, bishop of Alexandria under the imperial decree of Theodosius to wipe out all vestiges of paganism. Aphthonius visited the Serapeum before 391 and wrote of its destruction “On the inner side of the colonnade were built rooms, some which served as bookstores and were open to those who devoted their life to the cause of learning. It was these study rooms that exalted the city to be the first in philosophy. Some other rooms were set up for the worship of the old gods.” (Progymnasmata).

    • @CinziaDuBois
      @CinziaDuBois  2 года назад +1

      And recent scholarship suggest that there was no major damage caused by an earthquake and possible tsunami during this time:
      pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-abstract/91/5/2662/587728/Was-Alexandria-Egypt-Destroyed-in-A-D-365-A-Famous?redirectedFrom=fulltext

    • @joellaz9836
      @joellaz9836 2 года назад

      @@CinziaDuBois
      You’re wrong about that. None of the five accounts of the destruction of the serapeum mention the destruction of any kind of library. This includes the account of the pagan writer Eunapius who also says nothing about any kind of library being destroyed, which is a very strange thing to omit since Eunapius was vehemently anti-Christian so you would thing he would make a big deal about it. Like I said, you should search up history for atheists - Library of Alexandria. Tim O’Neill goes into great detail. You’re also mistaken about why the serapeum was destroyed in the first place. It was destroyed because of bunch of terrorist pagans used it as a base to kidnap and torture Christians. The people in Alexandria appealed to Theodosius who ordered that pagan killers be spared, but that temple be destroyed so as not to be the cause of violent resistance again.
      Also your evidence proves me right. Aphthonius visited the Serapeum in 315AD yet even then he speaks of the books there in the PAST TENSE, so they were no longer there even by his time.

  • @TerryOCarroll
    @TerryOCarroll 2 года назад +1

    Burning of the books: Chinese Fahrenheit 451

  • @ashleymcgee3536
    @ashleymcgee3536 10 месяцев назад

    Omg we have the same edition of Jonathan Strange and Mr. Norrell. Have you seen the mini series? If so, what did you think of it?

  • @linobuari2112
    @linobuari2112 Год назад

    I was wondering, How many books do you read in 1 year?

  • @SMunro
    @SMunro 2 года назад

    It burned around the same time the cult of Zeus appeared and rewrote history to include zeus in historic events. I doubt the cult would allow contradictory documents to exist.

  • @TheGrinbery
    @TheGrinbery 2 года назад

    Small tiny correction probably others pointed it out
    Ugarit is located in Lebanon, not Syria. Sure still northern Levant but still :D

  • @jankom.7783
    @jankom.7783 23 дня назад

    Ancient Mesopotamia:
    -"Let's burn all the books"
    -"Why? To destroy them for the purpose of censorship?"
    -"No. To make them harder"

  • @patriciapalmer1377
    @patriciapalmer1377 2 года назад

    No telling what would have happened to these artifacts if left to the devices of modern Iraqi regimes. Call it antiquity theft if you're inclined, I thank God and the formidable people in unforgiving environments around the world, who salvaged and retrieved them.

  • @JohnMiller-zr8pl
    @JohnMiller-zr8pl 2 года назад

    👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻

  • @darrishawks6033
    @darrishawks6033 2 года назад +1

    Qin is pronounced more like "Cheen"

  • @JohnMiller-zr8pl
    @JohnMiller-zr8pl 2 года назад

    So the movie Agora isn't true?

  • @cingetorixhelvetii5172
    @cingetorixhelvetii5172 2 года назад

    Your skin tone is whiter than mine, my friends call me Casper the friendly ghost

  • @erictaylor5462
    @erictaylor5462 2 года назад

    Isn't "library" simply defined as a collection of books?

    • @CinziaDuBois
      @CinziaDuBois  2 года назад +4

      No because bookshops aren’t libraries despite being a collection of books. The intention of the collection of a form of material (not always books) is what constitutes its library status

  • @nowyatsilentdust2072
    @nowyatsilentdust2072 Год назад

    I kinda love you.

  • @taiwoolaniyi6623
    @taiwoolaniyi6623 7 месяцев назад

    And calm it as European civilization. Cama will judge us all

  • @mmartinisgreat
    @mmartinisgreat 2 года назад +1

    That voice

  • @unknowntexan4570
    @unknowntexan4570 2 года назад +2

    Is just me or did your voice get deeper? Cool, but curious.

    • @CinziaDuBois
      @CinziaDuBois  2 года назад +8

      Yes. It's because we're humans - our voices fluctuate day in and day out. When you're more excited and talking quickly, your voice will go higher in tone, when you're more serious or sad and speak slower, your voice will be lower. Your voice changes when you're unwell, your voice tonality changes when you're tired.
      Or, because you'd rather hear something less nuanced and not based on facts: yes, it's lower because [insert your own wild theory here, whatever makes you feel better about yourself]

    • @unknowntexan4570
      @unknowntexan4570 2 года назад +3

      @@CinziaDuBois Didn't mean of offend. I like it.

    • @CinziaDuBois
      @CinziaDuBois  2 года назад +10

      My apologies, I just get this comment a lot and it's very difficult to tell the difference between people doing it to wind me up or not.

  • @RM-we7px
    @RM-we7px 2 года назад

    Wait Carl Sagan said the library of Alexandria was burned by Christian fanatics?

  • @MrFlaviojosefus
    @MrFlaviojosefus 2 года назад

    Lady of the Library, why are You so beautiful?

  • @InariBlanche
    @InariBlanche 2 года назад

    Brief

  • @alritedave
    @alritedave 2 года назад

    Your pronunciation of quite a lot of historical names is highly confusing lol. You place emphasis on certain syllables in a way I have never heard anyone use before!

    • @CinziaDuBois
      @CinziaDuBois  2 года назад +4

      Yeah, it's dyslexia

    • @alritedave
      @alritedave 2 года назад

      @@CinziaDuBois Ah, no offence intended. I could still figure out who you meant thankfully but it just took me a second or two!

  • @JoseRamirez-vb1sk
    @JoseRamirez-vb1sk Год назад

    Where does the events of the movie Agora, fit in with the historical record? Alleging that the library of Alexandria being burnt in the 400's ce by Christians?

  • @orsettomorbido
    @orsettomorbido 2 года назад

    Fascinating!