How is the kidney physiology of birds compared to that of humans and other mammals?

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This renal physiology video compares the anatomical structure and physiological function of the urinary system of birds with humans and other mammals. The differential characteristics of the urinary system of birds compared to that of people and other mammals are explained. Bird kidneys are 2 to 3 times larger than those of mammals of similar weight. The kidneys of birds do not have lobes as in mammals. The kidneys of birds do not have a clear difference between the cortex and renal medulla as in mammals and are divided into three divisions: cranial, middle and caudal. Furthermore, the kidneys of birds have several renal cones from which the 3rd ureters originate, therefore, they lack a renal pelvis. Birds have two portal systems: an arterial one like that of mammals and a venous one, characteristic of birds and reptiles. Another big difference between birds and mammals is that they lack a bladder, so they cannot store the urine produced. Finally, urine in birds undergoes post-renal changes in the large intestine, while in humans and other mammals it does not change once it passes through the ureters. Among domestic animals, birds can concentrate urine up to twice the concentration of blood, while mammals can concentrate it from four times like the dog, horse and cow to eleven times like the cat. Finally, birds are uricotelic since they eliminate their nitrogenous wastes mainly as uric acid (urates of Na, K and NH4), while mammals are ureatelic because they excrete them as urea.