I would like to point out several things: 1. Luke Talley is awesome. 2. Every single frame of this video requires more memory storage than this memory module is capable of handling. Think about that. 3. On the second channel we talk about things like how they took into account gyroscopic precession with this bad boy. They also crashed this into the moon and used the signal as a way to figure out what the inside of the moon is like. It's a good video, you should consider watching it. ( ruclips.net/video/6mMK6iSZsAs/видео.html ) 4. This is not the Apollo computer. This is the Saturn V computer. They're different. This steered the rocket. 5. People that support Smarter Every Day on Patreon are really cool and I like them a lot. ( www.patreon.com/smartereveryday )
That module will sell for close to $15k or even more if someone really wants it. I saw one sell once. Cant remember the exact amount but i remember it was well over $10k
Thank you for this video, honestly. As an IT student, this really, REALLY puts things into perspective for generations to come. Your efforts and connections to make this happen are highly appreciated.
Destin, when do you take time to listen to Audible? While driving in short trips? Only while driving long trips? While doing chores around the house like cleaning or cooking? Just curious how I can fit more time into my life for Audible.
Fun fact about the core memory - it's non volatile, which means the RAM on that computer still contains state from when it was turned on 50 years ago, the AGC restoration team were able to recover data from active memory.
Yeah. Magnetic storage is very resilient as long the tempering of a medium is not too high. Similarly magnetic tapes and hardrives are readable decades after. Does the AGC restoration team have any video about the ROM memory that contains program instructions? Afaik it was hand made to spec and is even more intricate.
Scott Manley, AYYYYY!!! Seeing Scott randomly on here! I’m about to go watch your latest video too! Vid suggestion for future - look at water mining on the moon and possible methods for getting the water back into cislunar. They’ve suggested “rail gun,” tethered slingshot w/ lunar orbital pickup, rocket from lunar surface, rocket from in PSR crater, etc. Good info start is the Commercial Lunar Propellant Architecture. Also - Nuclear rockets might make a comeback!! Have a good one, Scott!
@@movax20h The nonvolatility of core memory with power loss was one reason it continued to be used through the Shuttle program. The early Shuttle computers used core memory in both the main computer and the input-output processor. The third "box" of the computer set was the display controller. Later Shuttles flew with a computer set that had two boxes - the main computer and IOP were able to be built into one box since the core memory was replaced by battery backed-up CMOS RAM. The backup battery pack was accessible for replacement on the "front" of the box. The Shuttle standard shipset of computers was five of the GPCs - four operational and the fifth for backup. They ran the same software and the output of the four machines was compared in a "voting" scheme to avoid the problem of any single computer error resulting in a situation that could abort the mission. Mass memory was magnetic tape and held copies of the flight software that could be reloaded into the computers if necessary.
@@Sigrafix what. Either you're stupid or joking. Programmers were lazier in the past because there wasn't anything to program. Now that everyone has a computer we can invent new things in out homes.
@@rinalds1620 Why? It's actually a problem, back in the day programmers were forced to make very efficient programs, now programmers have often gotten lazy and increased power allows them to create bloated inefficient programs that still run fine. Software optimization takes alot of work, and something that you don't have to care about nearly as much as you used to. Programs in general becoming more bloated and inefficient is a thing
@@rinalds1620 Clearly you know nothing on the subject and should quietly bow out of the conversation.. The other dude already explained it so I won't bother.
I worked with Luke Talley at IBM-Charlotte during the mid to late 1980's. As a young engineer, I was enthralled by his stories of the space program. A few years ago, I was visiting my son in Huntsville where he works as an aerospace engineer and we decided to go to the Space and Rocket Center. While touring the Saturn-V, I told my son about Luke and related a story Luke told about firing the F-1 engines. A few minutes later, we arrived at the instrument ring and there stood Luke. I hadn't seen him in 25 years but he hadn't changed much. He was as sharp as ever.
it's actually not a museum, it's classed (zoned) as a theme park. i live in huntsville; well actually madison which is 10 minutes away from hunstville city. it had an imax movie theatre, a few rides that shoot up and down and simulate the gforce of the rocket... and a teaching sector.
@@unvein1863I also live in a place near the same name and was annoyed to find out it's in a completely different state. "My disappointment is immeasurable and my day is ruined." lol
As an engineer in modern times I often wonder what it was like to be an engineer before modern computers (with Excel, Matlab, Ansys, etc. etc.). Luke just gave me a glimpse and it makes me respect those who worked before us quite a bit more. By the way, his trick for screening data, looking for a known datapoint and comparing it to what it should be, we still do that today. Its just that I have about 700 colums of data on a spreadsheet/logger that represent a point in time. I get mad at when excel take longer than 10 seconds to plot it. Man, times change.
Same here. I mean man those thermodynamics tables with multiple graphs overlapping in diffeerent scales we used forthe disel process was tough enough, but THAT? Insane to think how people worked out star movement and predicted it just by hand.
So many of these old terms get reused! Do you have any idea how confusing this can be for us old farts? "My computer has eight cores!" "Back in my day, computers had thousands of cores."
@@TranscendentBen Back in former lifetime the tech college I was attending for computer operations and programming got a memory upgrade for their IBM mainframe. Was a 2 megabyte ferrite core memory panel all wired up. About the size of a 2ft x 3ft furnace filter. Two million bytes! Doubled the memory capacity at the time. Ah, the 11x17 inch fan-fold paper. :-) The printouts Luke was talking about reading were his equal to our 'core dumps' from our applications that failed. 'Core Dumps' because it was a listing of the content of the memory cores - ferrite rings. In our case was hex numbers 0 to F. But read them to find the location in memory where the code instruction failed, determine the instruction, the address of each of the variables of the parts to the instruction, find those locations, check those values, rinse and repeat. Somewhere I think I still have my TI-Programmer calculator. After doing years of octal, decimal, hexadecimal calculations/conversions on scrap paper, this calculator let you punch in the info and did the work for you.
I watched the entire video wondering how far down the comment list before I found this comment thread. I was quite surprised it wasn’t the top voted TBH
It's difficult to say how much sorrow I feel for all those people who call the Apollo missions a fake. How large is their loss, the abandoned opportunity to understand and admire such an astounding work of incredibly talented minds and brave souls. The beauty of those achievements will be the heaviest stone on their graves, a chance lost forever.
Your comment is like reaching an oasis in a desert of infantile comments trying to sound funny. Thank you my friend. I don't pretend to know what these conspiracy loonies are thinking, but I've read a lot about the type of mindset such demographics might have. There is one pattern that emerges probably 9/10 times: If someone is a moon landing denier then he is very likely to also be a science denier/flat earther/fundamentalist. Denying one monumental feat is sad enough, but believing that the entire world is being manipulated under the control of the big man or aliens is a sad sad existence I would never want for myself.
@@afoxwithahat7846 we didn't have the technology to thwart the sun's radiation without the astronauts dying. Nasa "lost" the schematics and video files then "recreated the recordings in the 90s. Then pulled the archives out of thin air just recently. Very sus.
Bruh I've got PTSD from C++... The amount of linking errors, duplicate declarations, forgetting to include the correct headers and libraries... These are the things that give me nightmares
I think we're orbiting the giants now viewing them with a high resolution camera and using that data to create A.I giants agents that can form up into swarms of shoulders. Doesn't really roll off the tongue like your quote ha
Linus is WAYYYY calmer in this situation than I would be, That Saturn V peeking up over the trees would be one of the coolest things I've ever seen in my life
Yes cuz he have seen lot cool things or seen rockets before, so it is normal human behviour. Most coolest thing in this video is not that saturn V model but the technology used in it. That LVDC memory model is really work of a genius. And meeting guy from that time who worked on it.
Luke makes 99% of us feel like orangutans because ,compared to him, we basically are. Our educational system today sucks balls, and it is clearly intended to output straight up retards . Also our intellect is way below his but that's OK. There's a reason why he IS a top scientist and we are not. He also benefited of better education BUT, he also had the discipline and dedication to go through that education, unlike the college kids these days that need fistfuls of Adderall just to read through half of "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening", without falling asleep. Oh, i love how defensive they get when confronted about: "But I've got a prescription for this..." "Is not my fault.. I'm ADD, ADHD ,ABCD, QWERTY or any other acronyms they can remember." :)
Just watching the panic on Luke's face when he realized you actually had a real memory module was priceless. He never really took his eyes off of it. I've spent several hours looking at these modules in sheer amazement of the patience for handcrafting this. I never knew what it took to analyze the data, so this is cool. Thanks for the video.
@@linards45 I was taught that stuff at home, I don't see why people rely on school to teach vital skills when it has been clearly demonstrated that (at least modern) public schools just teach how to answer questions on a test in college. Oh and I'm a man by the way (who was taught by his loving mother to do these things because they're useful skills for *anyone* to know)
@@Fingerblasterstudios Well finger blaster, if you aren't teaching your own kids the same things that your mother taught you (knitting, sewing, weaving, binding), then it is being lost.. rest assured that most people are not teaching their kids those things anymore as i am sure you're well aware of.
no thats the look of ive explained this 1000000 times already does this young kid actually care is he still listening. i think linus picked up on that and thats why he spoke up.
Still to this day, the people that threaded those copper wires blows me away. There’s footage somewhere of a female IBM employee doing that very task and it’s impressive to say the least. I always thought how incredible of a quilt maker she must have been.
You would need an extremely steady hand, even with the computer assistance they had to thread the correct hole and guide the wire in. Probably why they hired seamstresses for the job.
@@Quaker763they started using a manual jig and threading the memory by hand in a sense - the actual configuration had to be checked each time. As time went on they further developed the jig so it was "automatic" in the sense that the position and ring configuration were transposed automatically, this was later in the Apollo program. Everything is easier with the right jig, and I quite literally mean everything.
Former Boeing... These modules were not only hand crafted, but extremely rugged. After all the modules were installed, they used silicone sealant to control vibrations. The electronics were located in a ring attached to the Lunar ship. They had to survive large vibrations when (5) F1 Rocket engines came to life at countdown = zero.
Oh man this brings back some memories. I went to space camp back in the 90's. We were at the space and rocket center every day learning about things. It was a wonderful experience.
so what do you do these days? are you in the navy or the air force? are you a pilot? I would love to be one at some point, I'm just curious if these kind of things actually help people on their career to become a fighter pilot/astronaut, and whether I'd really need that kind of influence if I were to be one
@@its_Yoshikage_kira I've never seen you in my life , I have no evidence of your existence other than your comment , so therefore you're fake . Get out , fake person.
5:55 I just love - love - when museums employ (or bring on as volunteers) people who were directly involved with a museum's subject matter. I recently visited the US again, this time LA and Sand Diego. I visited the La Brea Tar Pits Museum, and had the chance to speak with paleontologists and conservationists firsthand about their work. I visited the LA Science Centre, where the Endeavour space shuttle now resides, and spoke at length with an attendant about the shuttle's operation, spaceLAB, and the privatisation of space programs. Most memorably, I visited the USS Midway and had the privilege and the pleasure to listen to and speak with many, many retired pilots and operators about the various jet fighters on the carriers as well as the procedure of getting fighters up in the air and back down safely. It was incredible. having these people making themselves available, happy to come every day and speak about their experiences, was so enriching.
Yeah 😁. Kind of like imagining Nikola Tesla explaining his inventions to you firsthand. With all his tries and failures and success. Welp, looks like who found one here 😄😄😄👍
Such an extraordinary experience to talk with the inventor and the invention itself and was being watched millions of people world wide. What a thing to imagine!
My mom worked on these for Mercury and Gemini. They were made at an IBM plant in Owego NY. She still has samples of the core and wires and a photo of herself wiring them up.
He enjoys it. I’m pretty sure he’s the guy me and my friend talked to for about a half of an hour when we went to Huntsville. He talked to us about college and engineering and how you could get on a pathway to work on rockets. Cool guy.
@truthseeker That's a great point this is in no way an apples to apples comparison beyond just the size. Depending on the use maybe a modern RAM stick or SSD would be a more fair comparison but nothing is going to compare evenly.
Fascinating to watch the utter shock of a modem computer engineer when he understands what had to be done pre-computer. A good lesson I think of the dedication it took to achieve this goal.
as a 20 year old iranian, one of the few things i find joy in, is this channel, have watched every single video (without adblock) and everytime i see a new video notification my face just lights up i've learned more from destin than from school and i just wanted to express my appreciation
@Siavoush Avesta You're awesome. I wish that the people that lead us all could just find a peace and all work together. Wishing you all the best from the other side of the world.
Iran is full of very smart people, just like the USA, but most of the people making the rules for us, are not so smart and caring. I've worked with many people from Iran, in electronics. Enjoyed every minute with them. Hope religious beliefs don't make us lose love for each other. Good Day 😁👍
Grandson: "Grandma! I got promoted from asst. manager to manager!" Grandma: " Pfft! You call that a promotion?! I went from knitting Christmas sweaters to knitting bits for NASA."
I mean... you can 🤷♂️ It would just take billions of dollars, likely more than 10 years one way - 20 return most likely cutting the astronait lifespan in half by the time they return. Also you can't land or do much / or anything / with it besides take pictures and send probes which is already being done.
Get a person to Pluto and back? No we really couldn't. Computing isn't a problem, it's generating enough speed and carrying enough supplies that you can get the person home before they starve, suffocate, freeze or die of radiation poisoning. You can make engines more efficient, you can reduce drag and the weight of components slightly but rocket fuel only has a limited amount of energy. Manned missions beyond Mars are either going to need new ways of powering spacecrafts or rockets weighing 1000s of times more.
That was the read write memory. Pretty uniform structure. The ROM which contained the program for LVDC and similar one for AGC, were even more complex , with extremally intricate patterns that need to be exactly to spec. Even harder to make, also make by hand by women.
No, it doesn't. This is a few generations after that. The very early computers (1940s, 1950s) had panels with plugs and wires between them. Like the telephone switches of the first half of the 20th century, or the enigma machines. But this kind of memory coined the term "core memory".
As a computer science engineer, I was amazed when I started learning to make rewritable memory with flip flops, imagine doing all of that by hand and the amazing way that they designed by using current with the polarization to make the bit states... Now we're near commercial quantum computing!!! Humanity is awesome.
At 2:00, you are describing "core" memory, which was the type of memory used in most computers up to around 1975-1980, when semiconductor memory first entered the scene. I worked on an IBM 1620, a 1401 and others, including a minicomputer made by a company called Microdata, which all used core memory. (I'm 72.) I still have three 8K memory boards from that Microdata computer. (Failure of this type of memory was common, so I decided to save boards when they were replaced.) I remember they were priced at $3,500 each back then, or around 5 cents/bit. At that rate, 16GB of RAM (128 billion bits), now commonplace in PC's, would cost 6.4 billion dollars (without accounting for inflation)! That's over double the entire Apollo program budget. (Good thing they didn't need 16GB.) Just as shown in this video, I can see the little cores arranged on the grid of wires. I was amazed back then, and I still find it impressive today. Here's an interesting fact about core memory: In order to read a bit, the computer would actually write a zero at that location. A sense wire running through all the bits on that plane would detect a pulse if that location originally contained a 1 because reversing the magnetic direction would induce that electric pulse. A second cycle was then required to restore the bit back to a 1 (or leave it as 0 if no pulse was detected). This was known as "destructive" read, requiring two machine cycles. One cycle on the Microdata was one microsecond (1 MHz). A modern CPU running at 4GHz is 4,000 times faster. But one cool thing: if the computer lost power, core memory was preserved! It wasn't 100% reliable, but often, when the computer was powered back on after a power failure, it could continue running where it left off! Anyway, I am wondering what to do with these memory boards. Right now, they're just gathering dust in my closet. Any ideas?
My first minicomputer in 1972 was a surplus Redcor RC-70 with 16K x 16 bits of core memory. If you turned off its power, it stored its registers in the core memory before shutting down. When the power came back on, it would restore the registers and continue running. I met a woman who was a memory technician for Redcor; under a microscope, she could cut out a defective core and splice the wires through a replacement core. A recent RUclips video shows an Apollo command module DSKY and computer; the people restoring it realized that the core memory contents have preserved the computer’s state for the 40 years it sat on a shelf. One note about core memory: There are 3 wires through each core, two address lines and one sense line. The cores exhibit hysteresis. They won’t switch until the magnetic field reaches a critical strength. To write data to a core, both address lines have to be carrying current. Cores with only one address line carrying current won’t switch. The cores themselves are doing some of the address decoding, saving a whole bunch of peripheral circuitry.
Could power up where it left off...we may duplicate that feat with Ferroelectric or FRAM memory. As a student, I fought to get 16k of core memory like that shown (a bit larger physically for IBM 1440) so that the school could also get a Fortran compiler else we would be the last class to graduate with no engineering computer training. I learned just how the memory worked and acquired some of the IBM produced germanium transistor core drivers for experimentation (IBM made their own semiconductors in Fishkill, NY near where I lived). Those devices were some of the fastest "high power" (a watt or two) available. I used to drive past Ferroxcube that made the cores on the way to school in Albany. Today I am ...was...retired from physics and EE but back at it as EE and embedded SW engineer. The Ferroxcube terminology and some of the ferrites and large 'power cores' (for power supplies) live on if owned by TDK and who knows who now. We generate plasma using the 'Ferroxcube' (power, not data) cores and some of the plasma is used in processes to make memory devices that replaced the original 'core memory.' When I heard the IBM Fellow who did Fortran talk one time, he said he thought if Fortran was that easy and came that quick after assembly code, then surely in a year they could ask a computer in spoken English what stock was the best investment (or something to that effect. AI). We had no idea just how much memory and speed would be required for AI.
I'm an EE student taking digital logic design and it would be awesome to procure one of those boards for the school to display! Let me know if I can PM you!!
I've actually used a computer that had core memory. It had a bootstrap ROM and mag-core memory. It was controlled from an ASR33 Teletype machine. We used that machine 24*7 for 17 years. It went to a computer museum, still working. Yes, I'm an old computer geek.
So weird that I just stumbled upon your channel. Just moved to Huntsville a couple months ago. Seeing the Saturn V every morning on the way to the Arsenal is the highlight of my day
@@m.s.aviation7065 I was thinking about this yesterday, actually, if you take a southern accent and say smart stuff with it, it kinda sounds funny, and then i was wondering what happens if you take a northeastern smart person accent and then make them say stupid things and i figured that's basically Ace Ventura, lol
I find this extremely inspiring! I would love to work for NASA on modern, complex projects. Just incredible that they were able to accomplish so much with so little. But this sort of work is why we have had so much innovation since the 60's.
When you wish a video were 30 hours long. Thanks Destin. My dad wrote programs on a computer that had core memory and I remember him explaining it to me. Seeing it explained deeper on this video was fascinating. You really do have a wonderful channel sir. Thank you.
Wow, just wow, what an awesome video, this is the best thing I've seen on YT in a very long time, and what a joy to hear from a Saturn 5 original in Luke, add Linus to the mix and you've got a must-watch. Many thanks for posting and I'm happy to sub for more.
@@CosmicValkyrie Appearing on here was a huge ad for his channel. He didn't ask many questions for somebody intrested in computers. He didn't seem to make much of this opportunity and I share the impression. He looks eager to seem intrested and his body langauge screams "What is he telling me?":
Because if he did, he have to replace it with a system with Core i9 Processor, GTX 2080 ti, 16gb of RAM in DDR4 module, 2tb of SSD, 140hz 4k monitor, mechanical keyboard with cherry red switches and a wireless gaming mouse with carging pad. Or just a simple 500tb server storage, and still despite the price tag its not enough replace an antique module with 16kb of processing power that brings a man into the space and the moon and back to earth safely.
Not as afraid as I was watching him wave that piece of computer around. Did anyone else think that movement Linus did at 4:38 was going to drop the module? Would have been hilarious if they had him do that with a prop copy of it lol
There was a point in Luke's commentary that I suddenly realised that I had a huge grin on my face because I had been completely blown away by what he was saying. It reminded me that way back at the end of 1981 I had one of the first BBC Micro computers - mine had the serial number 00050. I chose to go big, so I had 16kb memory. What amazes me thinking back on it, is what was possible with so little memory. It ran a decent version of Space Invaders and an OK word processor. My current system has 64gb RAM and is five years old!
To shed a bit of light on the "women assemblers" point....In the late 60's, myself and my future wife, worked for a NASA subcontractor. One of my jobs was to set up and the final testing of telementry oscillators for the Apollo spacecraft. The transistors for the unit were literally the size of pin heads and the three leads were the size of hair strands. The amazing thing is the units were all hand soldered by women. I specify women because the company only allowed women to work on these lines. These women would install these same components on multiple units, hour after hour....day after day. All while carrying on multiple conversations and keeping a running log of each individual component....with virtually no mistakes. Men would go nuts in the first few hours! The only special training that was reqired was to pass the exam and obtain a NASA soldering license. In short....these ladies and their counterparts, did an amazing job and without their skill and talent, most of this would have never happened. They are truly some of the unsung heroes of the space program. Oh....did I mention, my wife of over 50 years was one of those ladies!
@@carso1500 There are still very real uses for doing binary by hand and debugging it. Look up a Popex connector, these are used in commercial and sometimes residential security systems to convert a sensor reading into network data. If you find a picture of one opened up you'll see an 8 bit dip switch. That's the address switches. The most common encoding for the address is simple binary integer with the bits inverted. You have to use a small pointy object and flip the bits on/off to create the address you want at each point. Understanding binary well enough to do the conversion in your head isn't required but it is much easier than pulling out a cheat sheet or a conversion app on your phone.
Don't get me wrong, I knew before this video that all these memory modules were built piece by piece, totally by hand, with physical magnetic bits - but I've never appreciated the fact that they had to comb through the bytes of data (the stencil idea is a perfect Occam's Razor to manual error detection) and then actually process that information to see if it was an issue with the instrumentation or the actual computer. Fascinating as usual, Destin! Have a good one
![Stromae, Pomme - “Ma Meilleure Ennemie” (from Arcane Season 2) [Official Visualizer]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/1F3OGIFnW1k/mqdefault.jpg)
I would like to point out several things:
1. Luke Talley is awesome.
2. Every single frame of this video requires more memory storage than this memory module is capable of handling. Think about that.
3. On the second channel we talk about things like how they took into account gyroscopic precession with this bad boy. They also crashed this into the moon and used the signal as a way to figure out what the inside of the moon is like. It's a good video, you should consider watching it. ( ruclips.net/video/6mMK6iSZsAs/видео.html )
4. This is not the Apollo computer. This is the Saturn V computer. They're different. This steered the rocket.
5. People that support Smarter Every Day on Patreon are really cool and I like them a lot. ( www.patreon.com/smartereveryday )
I think I commented about Point #2 on Linus's video, lol
That module will sell for close to $15k or even more if someone really wants it. I saw one sell once. Cant remember the exact amount but i remember it was well over $10k
Hey @SmarterEveryday two of the links included the parenthesis. They don't send you to the right page. Great video as always!
Thank you for this video, honestly. As an IT student, this really, REALLY puts things into perspective for generations to come. Your efforts and connections to make this happen are highly appreciated.
Destin, when do you take time to listen to Audible? While driving in short trips? Only while driving long trips? While doing chores around the house like cleaning or cooking? Just curious how I can fit more time into my life for Audible.
Fun fact about the core memory - it's non volatile, which means the RAM on that computer still contains state from when it was turned on 50 years ago, the AGC restoration team were able to recover data from active memory.
Yeah. Magnetic storage is very resilient as long the tempering of a medium is not too high. Similarly magnetic tapes and hardrives are readable decades after.
Does the AGC restoration team have any video about the ROM memory that contains program instructions? Afaik it was hand made to spec and is even more intricate.
Scott Manley, AYYYYY!!!
Seeing Scott randomly on here!
I’m about to go watch your latest video too!
Vid suggestion for future - look at water mining on the moon and possible methods for getting the water back into cislunar. They’ve suggested “rail gun,” tethered slingshot w/ lunar orbital pickup, rocket from lunar surface, rocket from in PSR crater, etc.
Good info start is the Commercial Lunar Propellant Architecture.
Also - Nuclear rockets might make a comeback!!
Have a good one, Scott!
Those videos are awesome, the AGC restoration team undertook an incredible challenge! Also, I love your videos.
When that collab is so dank Scott Manley just shows up in the comments.
@@movax20h The nonvolatility of core memory with power loss was one reason it continued to be used through the Shuttle program. The early Shuttle computers used core memory in both the main computer and the input-output processor. The third "box" of the computer set was the display controller. Later Shuttles flew with a computer set that had two boxes - the main computer and IOP were able to be built into one box since the core memory was replaced by battery backed-up CMOS RAM. The backup battery pack was accessible for replacement on the "front" of the box. The Shuttle standard shipset of computers was five of the GPCs - four operational and the fifth for backup. They ran the same software and the output of the four machines was compared in a "voting" scheme to avoid the problem of any single computer error resulting in a situation that could abort the mission. Mass memory was magnetic tape and held copies of the flight software that could be reloaded into the computers if necessary.
My anxiety kicks in Everytime linus hold something in the video
Averyzalia Sylvia 😂
Me too hahaha
Lmao
YES
specially when Luke commented on how valuable it is (3:27)
Bunch of copper cables with rings: "Nah, I just made it to the moon."
My 8 cores cpu: "Chrome stopped working*"
time to get out the fanfold paper printout and look for the error.
@Aung Zeya Programmers have gotten lazier and lazier the better the hardware has become.. Lol.
@@Sigrafix what. Either you're stupid or joking. Programmers were lazier in the past because there wasn't anything to program. Now that everyone has a computer we can invent new things in out homes.
@@rinalds1620
Why? It's actually a problem, back in the day programmers were forced to make very efficient programs, now programmers have often gotten lazy and increased power allows them to create bloated inefficient programs that still run fine. Software optimization takes alot of work, and something that you don't have to care about nearly as much as you used to. Programs in general becoming more bloated and inefficient is a thing
@@rinalds1620 Clearly you know nothing on the subject and should quietly bow out of the conversation.. The other dude already explained it so I won't bother.
I worked with Luke Talley at IBM-Charlotte during the mid to late 1980's. As a young engineer, I was enthralled by his stories of the space program. A few years ago, I was visiting my son in Huntsville where he works as an aerospace engineer and we decided to go to the Space and Rocket Center. While touring the Saturn-V, I told my son about Luke and related a story Luke told about firing the F-1 engines. A few minutes later, we arrived at the instrument ring and there stood Luke. I hadn't seen him in 25 years but he hadn't changed much. He was as sharp as ever.
I heard he's gone may 20 ...
Can you confirm that ?
Greets from Germany.
Did Luke also worked on the maibframes?
@@TomKappeln he's not, a new video was just posted
@@reginaldthebroom2403 WOW ! Good news !
THX and a happy new one !
@TomKappeln No worries bro, you too
He gave Linus a priceless antique of the space race to hold!? Does he know who Linus is????
Second channel.
SmarterEveryDay huh?
@@zachmora4680 Second Channel.
Linus was Charlie Browns buddy. Don't know who the kid in this video is. I remember watching the Apollo 11 moon landing/walk when I was 5.
@@grosseileracingteam Ahhhh NOW you made me have to abandon watching this, and go watch Charlie Brown (I am serious!)
I'm so glad Linus didn't drop that module...
NO SPOILERS PLEASE
Oops I threw my cpu
yeah i was like oh no why did they let him hold it
Ffs I'm still mid video and you spoiled the whole thing for me
And I'm so glad 1,000's of people left that exact same comment.
YOU GAVE THE GUY WHO DROPS EVERYTHING, A PRICELESS PIECE OF HUMAN HISTORY
It's fake !
Facts
I like how they’re just walking into a museum with large suitcases and Linus is talking about very large bombs.
Luckily it wasn't an airport lol
it's actually not a museum, it's classed (zoned) as a theme park. i live in huntsville; well actually madison which is 10 minutes away from hunstville city. it had an imax movie theatre, a few rides that shoot up and down and simulate the gforce of the rocket... and a teaching sector.
@@unvein1863 I have been there it’s so cool!
people saw the camera man, so its safe.
@@unvein1863I also live in a place near the same name and was annoyed to find out it's in a completely different state.
"My disappointment is immeasurable and my day is ruined." lol
Linus holding priceless electronic antique.
Me: S W E A T I N G
linus: sup *juggling real saturn v electronics*
me: hi *dying inside*
I think this is the very first video where he hasn't dropped something.
Like the time on Big Bang when Sheldon dropped his original Apple computer down the stairs?
same XD
"smarter" every day .....
As an engineer in modern times I often wonder what it was like to be an engineer before modern computers (with Excel, Matlab, Ansys, etc. etc.). Luke just gave me a glimpse and it makes me respect those who worked before us quite a bit more.
By the way, his trick for screening data, looking for a known datapoint and comparing it to what it should be, we still do that today. Its just that I have about 700 colums of data on a spreadsheet/logger that represent a point in time. I get mad at when excel take longer than 10 seconds to plot it. Man, times change.
I think the closest thing we could feel to him screening data is finding a missing semicolon in our code that throw a mumbo jumbo of error.
Cut Excell some slack. 😂 It just needs some coffee.
Same here. I mean man those thermodynamics tables with multiple graphs overlapping in diffeerent scales we used forthe disel process was tough enough, but THAT?
Insane to think how people worked out star movement and predicted it just by hand.
Watching this as I'm routing a 6-layer PCB on Altium. I wonder what things will look like in another 50 years.
Imagine an engineer in the future having a similar statement for today’s tech.
when debugging a computer literally meant picking bugs out of a cabinet the size of a car...
early computer development in a nutshell
That‘s exactly what it is called bug.
Oh thats where it comes from
@@liriani Look up the video: 9th September 1947: Moth 'bug' discovered inside a Harvard computer
And Grace Hopper too
"That's right... we steered da rocket."
What an absolute legend
I don't know many things that you could be more proud of.
So, you could say that core memory was... multi-threaded?
Please exit😂
So many of these old terms get reused! Do you have any idea how confusing this can be for us old farts?
"My computer has eight cores!" "Back in my day, computers had thousands of cores."
@@TranscendentBen
Back in former lifetime the tech college I was attending for computer operations and programming got a memory upgrade for their IBM mainframe. Was a 2 megabyte ferrite core memory panel all wired up. About the size of a 2ft x 3ft furnace filter. Two million bytes! Doubled the memory capacity at the time.
Ah, the 11x17 inch fan-fold paper. :-) The printouts Luke was talking about reading were his equal to our 'core dumps' from our applications that failed. 'Core Dumps' because it was a listing of the content of the memory cores - ferrite rings. In our case was hex numbers 0 to F. But read them to find the location in memory where the code instruction failed, determine the instruction, the address of each of the variables of the parts to the instruction, find those locations, check those values, rinse and repeat.
Somewhere I think I still have my TI-Programmer calculator. After doing years of octal, decimal, hexadecimal calculations/conversions on scrap paper, this calculator let you punch in the info and did the work for you.
ayy lmao
Ffs
I'm just glad Linus didn't drop it! What a great video! Thanks to all involved.
This video made me so anxious! Clearly Destin hasn't seen enough LTT to not be more cautious handing Linus valuable equipment.
The entire time I was thinking, "sweet jesus why did he let linus hold that thing".
@@Racamonkey HAHA i was thinking the exact same thing! Don't let Linus hold that you mad lad!
I was looking for this comment...
I watched the entire video wondering how far down the comment list before I found this comment thread. I was quite surprised it wasn’t the top voted TBH
-"How valuable is that module?"
**Linus grabs it**
-"How valuable _was_ that module?"
"Linus drop tips"
Ask antiques road show.
DAMNIT LINUS!
Linus will buy an eBay replacement after he drops the computer for Saturn V
@@beauabbiss8654 Linus Drop Bits
Luke Tally: A man who's FORGOTTEN more about computers than we'll ever know.
"Here Linus, hold this"
RUclips: *gasp*
0:59 "Oh, thats brave." involuntarily came out of my mouth.
Think if he drops it
>NASA needs 14kb to control a spacecraft
>Linus needs more than 1 petabyte to run some RUclips channels
not his fault.
thats because his youtube channels are not sky rocketing
The power of video.
So don't run Java or Python on it
WA Mozart it’s 1024 terabytes
It's difficult to say how much sorrow I feel for all those people who call the Apollo missions a fake. How large is their loss, the abandoned opportunity to understand and admire such an astounding work of incredibly talented minds and brave souls. The beauty of those achievements will be the heaviest stone on their graves, a chance lost forever.
Your comment is like reaching an oasis in a desert of infantile comments trying to sound funny. Thank you my friend.
I don't pretend to know what these conspiracy loonies are thinking, but I've read a lot about the type of mindset such demographics might have. There is one pattern that emerges probably 9/10 times: If someone is a moon landing denier then he is very likely to also be a science denier/flat earther/fundamentalist. Denying one monumental feat is sad enough, but believing that the entire world is being manipulated under the control of the big man or aliens is a sad sad existence I would never want for myself.
@@meusana3681 and Deep Void - well said both of you!
They all have something in common, they don't know nor want to know how the world works. Their lies is everything they have.
@@afoxwithahat7846 we didn't have the technology to thwart the sun's radiation without the astronauts dying. Nasa "lost" the schematics and video files then "recreated the recordings in the 90s. Then pulled the archives out of thin air just recently. Very sus.
The moon landings were fake to some extend which we will never know. Whole point is why no ones gone to moon for 50 years
How the heck did you trust Linus to hold that module?
You know he is kinda famous for dropping things?
i thought the exact same thing
Maybe Destin has some clever way of creating a CGI "Linus" ^_^
nobody would.
everything is fake.
@@AtlasReburdened lol. Pretty sure it was meant that nobody would have trusted Linus there. Must've been fake.
@ninjarawr21 -1
1960: We thread magnetic cores into the memory module
2020: We cry over C++ build errors
Bruh I've got PTSD from C++... The amount of linking errors, duplicate declarations, forgetting to include the correct headers and libraries... These are the things that give me nightmares
@@spacemanspiff3954 lol I feel ya, but nothing in life was as difficult as threading magnetic cores by hand
@@Avaxar Rust is trying to solve some of that problem by being memory safe.
Just use the stl structures man
It's funny to see people referring to C and C++ "low level programming."
We are truly standing on the shoulders of giants
I think we're orbiting the giants now viewing them with a high resolution camera and using that data to create A.I giants agents that can form up into swarms of shoulders. Doesn't really roll off the tongue like your quote ha
yughhh
@@ClayMann best comment
Linus is WAYYYY calmer in this situation than I would be, That Saturn V peeking up over the trees would be one of the coolest things I've ever seen in my life
I know. I would freak out like a little kid seeing that!
Yes cuz he have seen lot cool things or seen rockets before, so it is normal human behviour.
Most coolest thing in this video is not that saturn V model but the technology used in it.
That LVDC memory model is really work of a genius.
And meeting guy from that time who worked on it.
Until you get up next to it, walk around it, the size of the rocket is just amazing.
Luke made me feel like I’m barely qualified to smash rocks together.
Now now, Cave. 🤣
My brain hurts, and I'm the smart one in my family....
Felt absolutely the same
@Agent J thanks rick
Luke makes 99% of us feel like orangutans because ,compared to him, we basically are.
Our educational system today sucks balls, and it is clearly intended to output straight up retards .
Also our intellect is way below his but that's OK.
There's a reason why he IS a top scientist and we are not.
He also benefited of better education BUT, he also had the discipline and dedication to go through that education, unlike the college kids these days that need fistfuls of Adderall just to read through half of "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening", without falling asleep.
Oh, i love how defensive they get when confronted about: "But I've got a prescription for this..."
"Is not my fault.. I'm ADD, ADHD ,ABCD, QWERTY or any other acronyms they can remember." :)
I can't stop shaking when they've let Linus hold the module
Hey Yaaaa! Are you _"Sha-sha-shaking like a Polaroid piccccturrrrre"_ ?
Yo how old this dude, if he was an adult in the 60s he's looking great for his 80s.
For real, he looks and sounds incredibly healthy
Eating children's pineal gland does help with this...
Sam Hausmann what
@@shiftymiata and an active fuckij brain most of us youth are surpassed
@@samhausmann1479 loooollll that makes no sense
Just watching the panic on Luke's face when he realized you actually had a real memory module was priceless. He never really took his eyes off of it. I've spent several hours looking at these modules in sheer amazement of the patience for handcrafting this. I never knew what it took to analyze the data, so this is cool. Thanks for the video.
Luke "You must have shot somebody to get that"Talley, what a Legend.
My mother was one of those women who threaded magnetic cores into the memories. Her qualifications?
Mom.
Sounds about right. Though most people who can wield a needle well have the skill to do it. It's the patience qualification that "Mom" counts toward.
Back then woman had that skill (knitting, sewing, weaving, binding) thought in school. Not anymore.
@@linards45 I was taught that stuff at home, I don't see why people rely on school to teach vital skills when it has been clearly demonstrated that (at least modern) public schools just teach how to answer questions on a test in college. Oh and I'm a man by the way (who was taught by his loving mother to do these things because they're useful skills for *anyone* to know)
@@Fingerblasterstudios Well finger blaster, if you aren't teaching your own kids the same things that your mother taught you (knitting, sewing, weaving, binding), then it is being lost.. rest assured that most people are not teaching their kids those things anymore as i am sure you're well aware of.
Pay my heartiest regards and thanks from Pakistan. Massive respect.
7:57 luke.exe not responding
Me: *opens task manager*
luke.exe running
Me: phew
When the 14kb ram usage just shot up to 100% for just a sec
@@MM-vs2et 😂😂
🤣🤣
no thats the look of ive explained this 1000000 times already does this young kid actually care is he still listening. i think linus picked up on that and thats why he spoke up.
@@MM-vs2et g
Still to this day, the people that threaded those copper wires blows me away. There’s footage somewhere of a female IBM employee doing that very task and it’s impressive to say the least. I always thought how incredible of a quilt maker she must have been.
You would need an extremely steady hand, even with the computer assistance they had to thread the correct hole and guide the wire in.
Probably why they hired seamstresses for the job.
@@Quaker763they started using a manual jig and threading the memory by hand in a sense - the actual configuration had to be checked each time. As time went on they further developed the jig so it was "automatic" in the sense that the position and ring configuration were transposed automatically, this was later in the Apollo program. Everything is easier with the right jig, and I quite literally mean everything.
"how valuable is this?" And then they proceed to handle that invaluable memory module to Linus "drop the tech" Sebastian
Omg, could you imagine. I'm sure out of frame there's a multilayered foam surface on the floor to catch and cradle it anticipating Linus dropping it.
Hahahahhahha
You guys made that old guys day! He was so happy to talk about all of this with you guys.
That "old guy" is smarter than any of us.
That Old Guy's name is Nick Talley
That old guy is like albert einstein
@@RovingTroll wasn't it Luke Talley?
@@aditsood9369 something like that.
The moment you start thinking "I can't believe I'm watching this level quality for free"
Agree
@@josephstanton-bq3tg facts
it doesn't have to be free now and if you pay for it I think you become less of the product
not sure though
@@josephstanton-bq3tg totally fine with Google telling me what it is that I want. They probably know better anyway.
Former Boeing... These modules were not only hand crafted, but extremely rugged. After all the modules were installed, they used silicone sealant to control vibrations. The electronics were located in a ring attached to the Lunar ship. They had to survive large vibrations when (5) F1 Rocket engines came to life at countdown = zero.
Dude you clearly don't watch much LTT if you let Linus hold anything, he has a 99% drop rate of everything he touches.
Made my day. 😂
I was just thinking that.
“You must have shot somebody to get that”
*guy laughs as he pushes his sidearm further into his pocket*
He had already hired someone to hit them over the head as they leave...
Wtf
Letting Linus Sebastian McDroppyfingers hold that thing was a ballsy move.
I was scared the whole time, just thinking "do not drop it, do not drop it..." xD
Oh man this brings back some memories. I went to space camp back in the 90's. We were at the space and rocket center every day learning about things. It was a wonderful experience.
so what do you do these days? are you in the navy or the air force? are you a pilot? I would love to be one at some point, I'm just curious if these kind of things actually help people on their career to become a fighter pilot/astronaut, and whether I'd really need that kind of influence if I were to be one
Who was brave enough to let linus hold that thing 😂
Exactly my touhgt
They did. If he was at his place it would end up on the flor
They let him hold one that was already broken.
They're standing on foam mats, they trust he'll break its fall with his sandals.
they probably took it away when he wasn't on cam XD
Imagine going to this guy and saying "moon landing was a lie"
If the memory module wasn't priceless he'd probably want to slap the person with it.
@@FMHikari I was thinking same
it's fake
@@its_Yoshikage_kira I've never seen you in my life , I have no evidence of your existence other than your comment , so therefore you're fake . Get out , fake person.
Chemsi Lestrat dm me on instagram then i'll send you some evidence 😏
@1q5n
5:55 I just love - love - when museums employ (or bring on as volunteers) people who were directly involved with a museum's subject matter.
I recently visited the US again, this time LA and Sand Diego. I visited the La Brea Tar Pits Museum, and had the chance to speak with paleontologists and conservationists firsthand about their work. I visited the LA Science Centre, where the Endeavour space shuttle now resides, and spoke at length with an attendant about the shuttle's operation, spaceLAB, and the privatisation of space programs. Most memorably, I visited the USS Midway and had the privilege and the pleasure to listen to and speak with many, many retired pilots and operators about the various jet fighters on the carriers as well as the procedure of getting fighters up in the air and back down safely. It was incredible. having these people making themselves available, happy to come every day and speak about their experiences, was so enriching.
Yeah 😁. Kind of like imagining Nikola Tesla explaining his inventions to you firsthand. With all his tries and failures and success.
Welp, looks like who found one here 😄😄😄👍
Such an extraordinary experience to talk with the inventor and the invention itself and was being watched millions of people world wide. What a thing to imagine!
*Linus holding the computer*
everyone: nervously chuckles
I would like to see a conversation with one of the ladies who wove those wires.
Butter
There is an MIT youtube video on how they did it.
Octiva Spencer? Lmao
@@craigwall9536 Any link to that?
My mom worked on these for Mercury and Gemini. They were made at an IBM plant in Owego NY. She still has samples of the core and wires and a photo of herself wiring them up.
Imagine how cool it must be for him to tell people what he did...
What he did was nothing short of incredible.
Imagine how exciting it is for him to actually talk to someone who completely understands what he’s saying
He enjoys it. I’m pretty sure he’s the guy me and my friend talked to for about a half of an hour when we went to Huntsville. He talked to us about college and engineering and how you could get on a pathway to work on rockets. Cool guy.
@@Midwest4x4f150 Linus does not understand how that old tech works. He can plug in some RAM and a hard drive...not much more.
@@Midwest4x4f150 Was going to mention the same thing... Not all who hear have ears to understand...
10 billion worth of those little boxes (14KB) is what linus installed for destin in storage (160TB)
I'm glad they made things smaller. Or that storage system would be the size of a city
@truthseeker That's a great point this is in no way an apples to apples comparison beyond just the size. Depending on the use maybe a modern RAM stick or SSD would be a more fair comparison but nothing is going to compare evenly.
Fascinating to watch the utter shock of a modem computer engineer when he understands what had to be done pre-computer. A good lesson I think of the dedication it took to achieve this goal.
as a 20 year old iranian, one of the few things i find joy in, is this channel, have watched every single video (without adblock) and everytime i see a new video notification my face just lights up
i've learned more from destin than from school and i just wanted to express my appreciation
@Siavoush Avesta You're awesome. I wish that the people that lead us all could just find a peace and all work together. Wishing you all the best from the other side of the world.
Iran is full of very smart people, just like the USA, but most of the people making the rules for us, are not so smart and caring. I've worked with many people from Iran, in electronics. Enjoyed every minute with them. Hope religious beliefs don't make us lose love for each other. Good Day 😁👍
Siavoush Avesta 😄
"Pick up the phone, and call one of your friends"
It's only step one and I've already met an error
Is it the phone or the friend?
F
so now we're at 2 errors. better break out the flow chart for this.
Wasn't an error. Put away charts. Start all over again. 😂
"They actually let me hold it!"
- Linus Sebastian
RIP it
The short moment before he dropped it
"They actually let me drop it"
*Linus Sebastian*
I love how linus is holding something that's not only irreplaceable, but also probably worth tens of thousands
@@MrCrabs231 There is probably somebody who can tread some more rope but I would give Linus the duplicate version.
It's priceless.
@Earth Titan millions?
it cant be broken by drop down ... this hardware is build for a rocket .
@@shadesofmist9214it wouldn’t break. It would dent the floor
Grandson: "Grandma! I got promoted from asst. manager to manager!"
Grandma: " Pfft! You call that a promotion?! I went from knitting Christmas sweaters to knitting bits for NASA."
lol
Im ok with grandma making me NASA spec electronics for Christmas.
More like from knitting Christmas sweaters to making rocket guidance computers for NASA.
If we did a modern equivalent of this amount of work, we could get to Pluto
I mean... you can 🤷♂️
It would just take billions of dollars, likely more than 10 years one way - 20 return most likely cutting the astronait lifespan in half by the time they return. Also you can't land or do much / or anything / with it besides take pictures and send probes which is already being done.
DUDE! SERIOUSLY!!!! Have we ever been as industrious and creative as this generation?!?
Get a person to Pluto and back? No we really couldn't. Computing isn't a problem, it's generating enough speed and carrying enough supplies that you can get the person home before they starve, suffocate, freeze or die of radiation poisoning.
You can make engines more efficient, you can reduce drag and the weight of components slightly but rocket fuel only has a limited amount of energy. Manned missions beyond Mars are either going to need new ways of powering spacecrafts or rockets weighing 1000s of times more.
I'd rather go to Ur... sorry :(
@@tech4976 back then science was driven by the cold war
The term "hard wired" stems from this kind of computer programing.
That was the read write memory. Pretty uniform structure. The ROM which contained the program for LVDC and similar one for AGC, were even more complex , with extremally intricate patterns that need to be exactly to spec. Even harder to make, also make by hand by women.
Agent J Rarely, though one actual bug was caught and put on display to illustrate the legend.
Oh of course, that's fascinating! I say that all the time and didn't make that connection. Very cool comment hawkdsl!
No, it doesn't. This is a few generations after that. The very early computers (1940s, 1950s) had panels with plugs and wires between them. Like the telephone switches of the first half of the 20th century, or the enigma machines.
But this kind of memory coined the term "core memory".
@@movax20h
it's called LOL memory, wherein "LOL" stands for "little old ladies"
Guy: "This must be really valuable"
Engineer: "I don't know, you'd have to go to the Antiques Road Show"
Rick: "Mind if I call in an expert?"
@@ricarleite “it’s real but worth only 10 … dollars”
1:00 handing Linus the module, you're clearly not familiar with his works...
"You musta shot somebody to get that." I love that line. I'm using it from now on.
followed later by "No, I'm gonna talk to one of my buddies here when you go out, see if he can hit you in the head" lmao
Its amazing how far data storage has come. This is the type of stuff that inspired me to pursue Electrical Engineering.
lol nerd
-fellow engineer
Neerrrrdddd!
- it's ok I have a pass I have a degree in prototype design technologies....
As a computer science engineer, I was amazed when I started learning to make rewritable memory with flip flops, imagine doing all of that by hand and the amazing way that they designed by using current with the polarization to make the bit states... Now we're near commercial quantum computing!!! Humanity is awesome.
its ok to be nerd. im a nerd and i love myself
Ha nerds I live ina cardboard box
This is just... beyond amazing! Thank you Destin, Linus and Luke!
At 2:00, you are describing "core" memory, which was the type of memory used in most computers up to around 1975-1980, when semiconductor memory first entered the scene. I worked on an IBM 1620, a 1401 and others, including a minicomputer made by a company called Microdata, which all used core memory. (I'm 72.)
I still have three 8K memory boards from that Microdata computer. (Failure of this type of memory was common, so I decided to save boards when they were replaced.) I remember they were priced at $3,500 each back then, or around 5 cents/bit. At that rate, 16GB of RAM (128 billion bits), now commonplace in PC's, would cost 6.4 billion dollars (without accounting for inflation)! That's over double the entire Apollo program budget. (Good thing they didn't need 16GB.)
Just as shown in this video, I can see the little cores arranged on the grid of wires. I was amazed back then, and I still find it impressive today. Here's an interesting fact about core memory: In order to read a bit, the computer would actually write a zero at that location. A sense wire running through all the bits on that plane would detect a pulse if that location originally contained a 1 because reversing the magnetic direction would induce that electric pulse. A second cycle was then required to restore the bit back to a 1 (or leave it as 0 if no pulse was detected). This was known as "destructive" read, requiring two machine cycles. One cycle on the Microdata was one microsecond (1 MHz). A modern CPU running at 4GHz is 4,000 times faster. But one cool thing: if the computer lost power, core memory was preserved! It wasn't 100% reliable, but often, when the computer was powered back on after a power failure, it could continue running where it left off!
Anyway, I am wondering what to do with these memory boards. Right now, they're just gathering dust in my closet. Any ideas?
My first minicomputer in 1972 was a surplus Redcor RC-70 with 16K x 16 bits of core memory. If you turned off its power, it stored its registers in the core memory before shutting down. When the power came back on, it would restore the registers and continue running. I met a woman who was a memory technician for Redcor; under a microscope, she could cut out a defective core and splice the wires through a replacement core.
A recent RUclips video shows an Apollo command module DSKY and computer; the people restoring it realized that the core memory contents have preserved the computer’s state for the 40 years it sat on a shelf.
One note about core memory: There are 3 wires through each core, two address lines and one sense line. The cores exhibit hysteresis. They won’t switch until the magnetic field reaches a critical strength. To write data to a core, both address lines have to be carrying current. Cores with only one address line carrying current won’t switch. The cores themselves are doing some of the address decoding, saving a whole bunch of peripheral circuitry.
K
@Ken Haley frame them and sell a few!
Could power up where it left off...we may duplicate that feat with Ferroelectric or FRAM memory.
As a student, I fought to get 16k of core memory like that shown (a bit larger physically for IBM 1440) so that the school could also get a Fortran compiler else we would be the last class to graduate with no engineering computer training. I learned just how the memory worked and acquired some of the IBM produced germanium transistor core drivers for experimentation (IBM made their own semiconductors in Fishkill, NY near where I lived). Those devices were some of the fastest "high power" (a watt or two) available. I used to drive past Ferroxcube that made the cores on the way to school in Albany.
Today I am ...was...retired from physics and EE but back at it as EE and embedded SW engineer. The Ferroxcube terminology and some of the ferrites and large 'power cores' (for power supplies) live on if owned by TDK and who knows who now. We generate plasma using the 'Ferroxcube' (power, not data) cores and some of the plasma is used in processes to make memory devices that replaced the original 'core memory.'
When I heard the IBM Fellow who did Fortran talk one time, he said he thought if Fortran was that easy and came that quick after assembly code, then surely in a year they could ask a computer in spoken English what stock was the best investment (or something to that effect. AI). We had no idea just how much memory and speed would be required for AI.
I'm an EE student taking digital logic design and it would be awesome to procure one of those boards for the school to display! Let me know if I can PM you!!
My mom hand wired core memories for GE when i was about 10 years old in about mid 1960s, which became Honeywell
😗
I wonder what it was like when she realized that her handiwork was on a rocket heading to outer space.
Did i just get Rick carrolled
General Electric became Honeywell? When?
I work for ge now. Cool to hear
"You must have shot somebody to get that."
Don't you dare change Luke Talley.
"Don't know what it's worth - gotta ask antiques roadshow" 😂😂
@@maxnovakovics2568 they'd probably price it at $6
Probably just get one of his buddies to hit you and take it.
What a legend! He should of said, that should be in a museum not in your hands !
I've actually used a computer that had core memory. It had a bootstrap ROM and mag-core memory. It was controlled from an ASR33 Teletype machine. We used that machine 24*7 for 17 years. It went to a computer museum, still working. Yes, I'm an old computer geek.
4:15 That's the moment Linus realized he couldn't drop that.
3:52 Oh my god he pulled out the right hand rule lmoa yessss
*LINUS NOOOO!*
Yaers of academy training not wasted
GeneRIGHTor! He did like he used it every day
I know I was happy I actually knew what he was doing. B-fields . My school finally paying off
Linus, Destin, science and rockets?
What is this?
Heaven???
Great video Destin!
So weird that I just stumbled upon your channel. Just moved to Huntsville a couple months ago. Seeing the Saturn V every morning on the way to the Arsenal is the highlight of my day
I love how 90% of these comments are about Linus dropping the module 😂😂😂
Not me. Low hanging fruit in the making a joke world.
Because it is real.
Including yours.
at least he didnt but yeah lol
I don't see those comments anymore. Did they get deleted?
9:24 dude is holding the tech with gloves and Linus is like: gimme! then the editor cuts out and linus is with gloves now XD
Yep
lol I saw that too
The holiday season is upon us all...
Which Christmas movie will you be watching in December? 🎄❄️
@@GeorgiaElectrician Grinch
2:15: "It looks like zip-ties on chicken wire!"
Linus been in bama for like 3 hours he's already talking country. lol
Obama
@@amistrophy wtf lol
I live in Alabama and i think southern acceints are stupid
@@m.s.aviation7065 I was thinking about this yesterday, actually, if you take a southern accent and say smart stuff with it, it kinda sounds funny, and then i was wondering what happens if you take a northeastern smart person accent and then make them say stupid things and i figured that's basically Ace Ventura, lol
Matthew Smiley's Aviation Center yeah same I live in Alabama but don’t have the accent due to watching RUclips, I have a very generic American accent
I find this extremely inspiring! I would love to work for NASA on modern, complex projects. Just incredible that they were able to accomplish so much with so little. But this sort of work is why we have had so much innovation since the 60's.
When you wish a video were 30 hours long. Thanks Destin. My dad wrote programs on a computer that had core memory and I remember him explaining it to me. Seeing it explained deeper on this video was fascinating. You really do have a wonderful channel sir. Thank you.
Linus wants to know your location.
Next LTT video, overclocking and water cooling a processor from the 60's
That would make a really cool video
and giving it that blinky rgb
@@bombapples1 really cool and really overclocked
Excuse me *pushes up glasses and snorts* Its a memory module.
It almost felt an older brother (Destin) taking his younger brother (Linus) to see cool stuff.
@Mach-a-velosity Nah more of an older brother younger brother
Wow, just wow, what an awesome video, this is the best thing I've seen on YT in a very long time, and what a joy to hear from a Saturn 5 original in Luke, add Linus to the mix and you've got a must-watch. Many thanks for posting and I'm happy to sub for more.
I'm getting smarter more frequently than last year. Keep up the uploads Destin. Love 'em.
Linus' mind: Drop it!
Linus' heart: NOOO!!!
Linus: *Holds something valuable*
Everyone watching: *sweats profusely*
Occasionally he was just balancing it in his hand while gesturing with other hand, that made me nervous
"you must have shot somebody to get this"
Destin: "No. But i'll get shot if i don't give it back"
Linus: *drops it*
Everybody: *O.O"
Destin: *runs*
My father worked on the Navigation and Guidance system and I believe he attended every launch. Thanks for this video!
That’s really cool
I dont think I've ever seen Linus act more humble
that was humble rly?
@K D Really? How do you know that? Are you his buddy? Why would he even be there if he's not interested? Not exactly a gold mine is it?
@@CosmicValkyrie Appearing on here was a huge ad for his channel. He didn't ask many questions for somebody intrested in computers. He didn't seem to make much of this opportunity and I share the impression. He looks eager to seem intrested and his body langauge screams "What is he telling me?":
How didn't Linus manage to drop that memory module...
Lots and lots of Stick-Um. Notice he never handed it to anyone else?
Because if he did, he have to replace it with a system with Core i9 Processor, GTX 2080 ti, 16gb of RAM in DDR4 module, 2tb of SSD, 140hz 4k monitor, mechanical keyboard with cherry red switches and a wireless gaming mouse with carging pad. Or just a simple 500tb server storage, and still despite the price tag its not enough replace an antique module with 16kb of processing power that brings a man into the space and the moon and back to earth safely.
The fact that they made it to the moon and back with this technology is probably the most impressive thing in the history of the world.
What all these people did back then was a collosal behemoth monumental job. Amazing.
Thank you for showing this to us.
How many of you thought that Linus was going to drop the computer? 🤣🤣🤣
Lol *reminds self to firmly grasp it*
Minute 3:27 funniest comment ever “you would have to go to the antique road show”😂😂😂😂
You’re seven seconds off from “Oh, that’s the memory module? ...You must’ve shot somebody to get that.”
I mean, he does fit into the age range of their target demographic...
14kb: gets you to the moon
4GB: fails on chrome
when linus speaks im allways affraid that he starts to say a commercial ... im litterally affraid of his voice.
Not as afraid as I was watching him wave that piece of computer around. Did anyone else think that movement Linus did at 4:38 was going to drop the module? Would have been hilarious if they had him do that with a prop copy of it lol
Speaking about ...
Afraid...
Private Internet Access
No longer need to afraid. You internet is now secure!
It's only when he's screaming like he does in his videos
NASA sponsored by D Brand skins.
Linus is wondering whether the Saturn-V could've gotten more FPS had he water cooled the memory module.
in this case, more fps is gained by using a better engine
feet per second.
If you haven't seen Linus' video talking about the ring, you should. It is actually water-cooled, and he geeks out about it.
@@Shmey sublimation-watercooled, crazy stuff
NEXT LTT EPISODE:
GAMING USING ANALOG MEMORY MODULE FROM THE 60S
HAHHAHAHAHA
Pacman lez gooo
There was a point in Luke's commentary that I suddenly realised that I had a huge grin on my face because I had been completely blown away by what he was saying. It reminded me that way back at the end of 1981 I had one of the first BBC Micro computers - mine had the serial number 00050. I chose to go big, so I had 16kb memory. What amazes me thinking back on it, is what was possible with so little memory. It ran a decent version of Space Invaders and an OK word processor. My current system has 64gb RAM and is five years old!
So happy to say my grandfather helped design the lunar lander and rover. Super cool to listen to other nasa engineers talk about Saturn V.
Pulls out the module
"You must of shot someone to get that"
Didnt expect that reaction lol
This guy is extremely sharp and witty, lmao
2:46 Oh hey. It's my grandmothers hand. She's still really into cross stitch and knitting.
To shed a bit of light on the "women assemblers" point....In the late 60's, myself and my future wife, worked for a NASA subcontractor. One of my jobs was to set up and the final testing of telementry oscillators for the Apollo spacecraft. The transistors for the unit were literally the size of pin heads and the three leads were the size of hair strands. The amazing thing is the units were all hand soldered by women. I specify women because the company only allowed women to work on these lines. These women would install these same components on multiple units, hour after hour....day after day. All while carrying on multiple conversations and keeping a running log of each individual component....with virtually no mistakes. Men would go nuts in the first few hours! The only special training that was reqired was to pass the exam and obtain a NASA soldering license. In short....these ladies and their counterparts, did an amazing job and without their skill and talent, most of this would have never happened. They are truly some of the unsung heroes of the space program. Oh....did I mention, my wife of over 50 years was one of those ladies!
"The world's nastiest Sudoku puzzle" is hilariously accurate for binary debugging
Maybe, but it's the best brain stretching exercise ever discovered....That and machine code tracing by hand....!
@@jordan390a oh god i'm glad i live in this time, i don't know what i would do if i had to do everything by hand
@@carso1500 There are still very real uses for doing binary by hand and debugging it. Look up a Popex connector, these are used in commercial and sometimes residential security systems to convert a sensor reading into network data. If you find a picture of one opened up you'll see an 8 bit dip switch. That's the address switches. The most common encoding for the address is simple binary integer with the bits inverted. You have to use a small pointy object and flip the bits on/off to create the address you want at each point. Understanding binary well enough to do the conversion in your head isn't required but it is much easier than pulling out a cheat sheet or a conversion app on your phone.
Don't get me wrong, I knew before this video that all these memory modules were built piece by piece, totally by hand, with physical magnetic bits - but I've never appreciated the fact that they had to comb through the bytes of data (the stencil idea is a perfect Occam's Razor to manual error detection) and then actually process that information to see if it was an issue with the instrumentation or the actual computer. Fascinating as usual, Destin!
Have a good one
Linus next video: " I DROPPED an analog memory module from the 1960's that put a man on the moon!"
9:24 lol, the guy is holding this piece with gloves, and linus just offers his hand
9:27 camera cut and he has gloves on :')