Statistics 101: Single Sample Hypothesis t-test Examples

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  • Опубликовано: 4 ноя 2024

Комментарии • 172

  • @hanssmits5759
    @hanssmits5759 6 лет назад +33

    I salute you, mr. Foltz. In the dark ages of statistics I am finally seeing some light, thanks to your videos. Thank you very much!

  • @atharva2982
    @atharva2982 4 года назад +6

    I really can't believe all this content was free! The amount of hard work and dedication which you've put into this course is unmatched. You really are one of the best teachers here on youtube... Thanks a lot, Mr Foltz

  • @sgreenbe74
    @sgreenbe74 5 лет назад +6

    This is the best, easiest to understand lecture I've seen on the internet. I am going to go back and watch the earlier lessons for my exams. Thank you also for the cheer-leading words of encouragement!

  • @mariachristina55
    @mariachristina55 9 лет назад

    I CANNOT thank you enough for this. My stats prof has a heavy german accent and I can't understand a word she says. Youre a life saver!!!!

  • @nikkohayashi5182
    @nikkohayashi5182 6 лет назад +5

    I never seen anyone would help us to learn and motivate us in the same time. that intro and ending motivate me so much. i'm subscribing!!

  • @BrandonFoltz
    @BrandonFoltz  11 лет назад +1

    Thanks for the comment! I went back and listened again and from 23:20 to 23:25 I do say "cannot reject the null."

  • @katiegrav6983
    @katiegrav6983 7 лет назад +2

    I love how you include the positive, uplifting intros in all of your videos. It really does make me feel more motivated to watch your videos and study! :)

  • @kushagrasingh7025
    @kushagrasingh7025 2 года назад

    Watching this after 9 years of upload date. Still the best I could find on YT

  • @BrandonFoltz
    @BrandonFoltz  11 лет назад +2

    Hiya! Right before that in Step 5, I give you the sample mean of $79,180. It's a "given" in the problem. We did not calculate it or anything. That is what we are comparing to the population mean.

  • @pattychung
    @pattychung 7 лет назад

    Seriously, you're doing a great job with these videos - they're clear, easy to understand, and application focused. Can't thank you enough - your explanations are easier to understand than my professor's lol!!!

  • @rhythmrokshocka
    @rhythmrokshocka 11 лет назад

    Thanks for the prompt response. I was scratching my head on that one. Taking a psych tests/measurement class and its been about 3 yrs since I took stats so trying to review. I will be viewing you videos ALOT. Great instructing!

  • @ginnaguingmyers
    @ginnaguingmyers 10 лет назад

    I very much appreciate your going down to the conceptual level and explaining everything in a logical, coherent, and clear manner. Please keep these videos coming! Thank you!!!!

  • @shaileshmohanty
    @shaileshmohanty 9 лет назад +4

    Thanks for the video. This was a nice refresher without having to read through all the literature!!

  • @robinzhang9302
    @robinzhang9302 10 лет назад

    I can't understand what the teacher said on Coursera about statistical inference. Then I came here and have understood the basic ideas of T-test. Thank you!

  • @BrandonFoltz
    @BrandonFoltz  11 лет назад +1

    Hello! Thank you for your comment. I went back and looked and I think that is what I said..."cannot reject the null hypothesis." Could you make sure for me? It is late and i am editing a video on ANOVA so my brain is a bit fried. Thanks! - B

  • @BrandonFoltz
    @BrandonFoltz  11 лет назад

    Oh you are very welcome! And yes, what I said in the video and and what you said in your comment are very close to the same thing. Basically, we just want to avoid saying we "accept" the alternative hypothesis. When we say they "are not the same" what we are saying statistically is that they likely come from different populations. In this case the populations would be "old salaries" and "new salaries." Let me know if I confused you more! ;) All the best, B.

  • @freetobeadhd1165
    @freetobeadhd1165 11 лет назад

    I think you just helped me save my grade for applied statistics :) *sniff* what would I have done without this video!?!?
    I have been struggling with an online class and a cut/paste professor who doesn't explain things well. I am sharing your videos with my classmates so we can ALL pull out of this together! THANK YOU!

  • @BrandonFoltz
    @BrandonFoltz  11 лет назад +2

    Oh thank you Faraz! You just made my day! Best, B

  • @goldfishyzaza5770
    @goldfishyzaza5770 10 лет назад

    absolutely brilliant! SO clear, great examples and so so glad you even showed 2-tailed stuff, because everyone else shows one-tailed. Very very VERY good video thank you SO much!

  • @ASHISHDHIMAN1610
    @ASHISHDHIMAN1610 2 года назад

    23:41 I think it should say since the area above t-statistic is greater than 0.01, we don't reject null

  • @kicksterama
    @kicksterama 6 месяцев назад

    Brandon, you are the best!! I am so grateful for your work and gifts to us.

  • @NgoctuuyenTa
    @NgoctuuyenTa 4 года назад +3

    Thank you so much for your detailed lecture

    • @paolamontserrat
      @paolamontserrat Год назад

      I have the same confusion. Did you find any answer?

  • @happysongytube
    @happysongytube 10 лет назад +1

    Clear and humorous teaching!

  • @bowielee
    @bowielee 10 лет назад

    Your videos have been so very helpful for me in understanding my statistics homework.

  • @inithid
    @inithid 11 лет назад

    Thank you so much.I do have one question though. With your first example, your explanation was "Since the test statistic is outside the nonrejection region and beyond the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis that the old and current salaries came from the same population". I am confused by this statement.My question is could you also say that "we have sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the old and current salaries are the same" Is this correct?

  • @yem9867
    @yem9867 4 года назад +1

    thank you a lot Professor Brandon, thank you for your help, I`m studying biostatistics subject at college, my major in Biotechnology. Your videos are great. Keep going Professor Brandon.
    All love

  • @morganshort8191
    @morganshort8191 9 лет назад

    watched all videos, absolutely helpful. I now understand the concept of what i am actually doing. Thank you so very much.

  • @slowbro-
    @slowbro- 9 лет назад

    Bravo bravo! Very impressed with your instruction. Your usage of the same example with modifications makes stuff even clearer. Your inspirational words at the start are worth it, dont need to remove them.
    Well done Keep it up!!

  • @kishansingh9594
    @kishansingh9594 7 лет назад

    Excellent Presentation Sir..very Simple Steps to understand the matter

  • @JosHendrikx
    @JosHendrikx 11 лет назад

    Hi Brandon, Thanks for the helpful video's! A small tip to make these multiple part video's even better is to put links to the different parts in the description. This will make it easier to navigate to the beginning or end if you stumble upon one of the middel parts when browsing youtube.
    Thanks again and keep up the good work! I think a lot of people will appriciate it.

  • @prabhudaskamath1353
    @prabhudaskamath1353 4 года назад

    Wonderful examples. Thanks Brandon..

  • @BrandonFoltz
    @BrandonFoltz  11 лет назад

    Hello! Thanks for the message. I made it up :) It is just a "given" part of the problem.

  • @prabhudaskamath1353
    @prabhudaskamath1353 4 года назад

    Super lecture Videos Mr Foltz.. Thank you so much. You are making sense of all the complexities in Statistical world, through simple approach..

  • @maltamirano
    @maltamirano 6 лет назад +1

    Crystal clear examples! Thanks!

  • @HevEnglishDaily
    @HevEnglishDaily 4 года назад

    thank you I got it. from previously commented on for someone's house. now I got it it's given in the problem. thankyou again I like the way you teach us.

  • @azar8538
    @azar8538 7 лет назад

    Your work is superb. I appreciate your work and sharing your presentations. Thanks again.

  • @jacobm7026
    @jacobm7026 5 лет назад +1

    Conceptual question here, Brandon. Given the likert scale is a categorical variable on an ordinal scale, i've always learned that taking the mean is pretty shoddy practice. Does a hypothesis test such as this one provide any meaningful results given this presumption?

    • @BrandonFoltz
      @BrandonFoltz  5 лет назад +2

      Very good question! The answer is it depends. A lot of survey software treats Likert items as quantitative such as Qualtrics for example. Even though technically, as you said it is discrete, in practice those types of scales are treated both ways.

    • @jacobm7026
      @jacobm7026 5 лет назад +2

      @@BrandonFoltz I don't know what is more impressive: the fact that you create such quality videos or that you care so much about our learning process that you respond to our questions (especially 10 mins after i comment!!). I sincerely wish you the best in the world. You've earned a subscriber and a fan for life.

  • @هذاأنا-ذ3ث
    @هذاأنا-ذ3ث 7 лет назад +2

    Excellent lecture series! I thought I was a good teacher, but once I saw yours, I have learned a lot.
    Just curious, are the lecture slides available to download?

  • @cma9744
    @cma9744 7 лет назад

    Thanks for the video. I hope to know why the t table doesn`t consider the standard deviation? Look forward to your answer.

  • @ZubairKhan-fp7pj
    @ZubairKhan-fp7pj 8 лет назад

    I salute you for the good work done. These videos are very easy to understand. It's a great support to all beginners. Thanks a lot and best of luck to continue it further

  • @nawarajpokhrel991
    @nawarajpokhrel991 11 лет назад

    Really a Great Teacher . I Salute you

  • @Tochir0
    @Tochir0 11 лет назад +1

    these are the best stat videos on the internet! Even better than the mighty Kahn's, IMO

    • @BrandonFoltz
      @BrandonFoltz  11 лет назад +1

      That is very kind of you my friend. Sal is a hero of mine and to be mentioned in the same sentence is an honor. Without him what I do would not be possible. Thanks again and never stop learning! - B

    • @julianestrada8364
      @julianestrada8364 5 лет назад

      Brandon GOAT over Sal.

  • @akmaluddinsaid4104
    @akmaluddinsaid4104 11 лет назад

    Excellent presentation. Thank you so much. You are really great teacher

  • @danasmycoach
    @danasmycoach 4 года назад

    Excellent video and explanation!

  • @jessicazaqueu6168
    @jessicazaqueu6168 7 лет назад +1

    Thank you so much for these videos Brandon!
    They have made everything so much clearer for me :)

  • @mohamedelkaramany9382
    @mohamedelkaramany9382 9 лет назад

    very clear and well organized, great great work. Thank you so much

  • @roydixon2990
    @roydixon2990 9 лет назад +1

    Hello Mr, Foltz, I have come to a road block that is puzzling me, I thank you for your videos because you explain it better than the book. Here's my dilemma, If my research hypothesis states that more parents are becoming involved with their kids sporting events with hopes of earning a scholarship to defray the cost of college and my null is saying that this is not true, Do I need a set value for parents(past) involved to compare against the survey data I will gather from parents(present) in order for me to use a single sample T-Test. If I can not find a set value , does this mean I need to change my approach and find a research that has a set value that I can compare against. New to stats and looking for help. Thanks

    • @BrandonFoltz
      @BrandonFoltz  9 лет назад +1

      roy dixon Hello! In the single sample case, yes, you must have some standard or agreed upon value to compare to (set value). Otherwise you may need to implement a two-sample t-test comparing the two groups.

  • @RaunakVerma-w9u
    @RaunakVerma-w9u 8 месяцев назад

    Thanks Brandon for the wonderful videos. please explain how did you calculate the sample mean (x-bar) in example 1 of this video.

    • @BrandonFoltz
      @BrandonFoltz  8 месяцев назад

      Hello! It is a "given" in the problem, but the sample mean is easy to calculate when needed.

  • @annahseibel5783
    @annahseibel5783 4 года назад

    hello! Thank you so much for your videos! They are incredibly helpful and encouraging.
    Slight correction at 18:09, you said the t-value when the df is 24 and alpha is .01 would be 2.492, but it would actually have been 2.797. I think you may have looked into column .02 instead of .01 by mistake.
    I'm new at this of course so I could be wrong, let me know if this is the case! Thanks again for taking the time to make these videos. :)

  • @shahnazmalik6553
    @shahnazmalik6553 6 лет назад

    100/100 5 star explanation

    • @shahnazmalik6553
      @shahnazmalik6553 6 лет назад

      could you please advise me the best books that i must read and understand to take my statistics to the highest level. if any coursera or any course is useful, i am happy to go through it too. please advise

  • @rhythmrokshocka
    @rhythmrokshocka 11 лет назад

    Great stuff Professor Foltz. Rookie question here......the very first example, how did you determine the standard deviation to be 14,985? Thx..

  • @romaengholm
    @romaengholm 3 года назад +1

    $791,80 just popped out of nowhere at 8:17. :)

  • @patrickcleary8532
    @patrickcleary8532 8 лет назад +10

    where did you get the sample mean 79,180 from?

    • @santtuhietamaki5831
      @santtuhietamaki5831 5 лет назад +3

      It was the result of "gathering data" and calculating the mean from that. Of course he didn't really go out and gather data since this is just an example.

  • @monikasirothiya4422
    @monikasirothiya4422 8 лет назад

    thank you so much sir..you really made statistics easy..great work.

  • @gulchen123
    @gulchen123 11 лет назад

    I don´t understand what standard deviation means. For example here you state that s = $14,985 does that mean; the difference between the extreme high income to the lowest extreme income is $14,985?
    Thanks for a great video!!! Really helped me a lot!!!

  • @dr.jayantakumarbora4909
    @dr.jayantakumarbora4909 9 лет назад

    It's a very useful video.I like the way of your presentation!!

  • @arunsomanath2810
    @arunsomanath2810 5 лет назад

    In the Starbucks example, it is noted that the mean rating determined to be 3.50 and the S is 1.4. Would you please explain how can we calculate the mean and standard deviation of likert scale response?

  • @SC-pm7zd
    @SC-pm7zd 10 лет назад

    Great and easy to follow!

  • @Sahshsa
    @Sahshsa 11 лет назад

    Hello! thank you much for your great videos! just a small question: in the third question (Starbucks question), you have choose the a=0.01. According to my table the a=0.01 with fd=24 the values are 2.797 and the values of a=0.02 are the values you have given in your videos. It has somthing to do with the fact the it is ''One tailed test''? Thank you again!

  • @vivirose6170
    @vivirose6170 10 лет назад +1

    You're always so encouraging :-) :-). That's sooo nice! Few people go out of their way to express something that has true meaning like that. I so appreciate it...

  • @alexandermalyshev3303
    @alexandermalyshev3303 6 лет назад +1

    I cant grasp one thing, When we use t-distribution we assume that hypothesized mean is equal to the population mean and we also assume that 95% of sample means fall within certain area from hypothesized mean. But how can we be certain that this sample mean doesnt fall under Type 2 error? The 95% confidence interval just happened to catch this sample mean but we dont really know whether other sample means will be in this interval because they might belong to a different population.

  • @swapnilsane1
    @swapnilsane1 7 лет назад

    Hi Brandon
    How did you got the value of s
    Thanks and Regards
    Swapnil

  • @hlumelombono1536
    @hlumelombono1536 10 лет назад

    I'll ace that exam tomorrow :D. Thanks Brandon

  • @lovisehellner7507
    @lovisehellner7507 2 года назад

    my brain is having a breeze, thank you Brandon

  • @omarelhassadi2297
    @omarelhassadi2297 10 лет назад

    keep going, nice, easy to understand

  • @thiagobartolo
    @thiagobartolo 8 лет назад

    I have seen examples being calculated with the binomial distribution, do you have this method on video also?

  • @PhilemonXIV
    @PhilemonXIV 4 года назад

    What I am missing is that if the new average is $79,180 and the old one was $69,873, it would seem that the current salaries are clearly much higher. I'm not clear on why this procedure would be necessary...or did I miss something?
    But great video as always...

  • @shusenguo9777
    @shusenguo9777 4 года назад

    Really appreciate your help! This really helps me a lot👍🏻

  • @milligangirl
    @milligangirl 11 лет назад

    Excellent Explanation...Thank you!

  • @julianestrada8364
    @julianestrada8364 5 лет назад

    How do you determine sample size when population mean isn’t given ( either conceptually or formulaically). This series is more about test statistics but this is post hoc for me. For example I did a baseline study for my job but I didn’t know how to determine sample size, and how could I if there was no population mean let alone sample mean to go off of if I was the one establishing such a study. I never got a straight answer even from PhD level folk. I’m aware of the 30 is when Gaussian starts to form but it seems not good enough, anti climatic answer. If I’m wrong on any of these points I concede, at this point I just need help. Your input Brandon or. Commenters would be greatly appreciated. Thanks.

  • @Immaculatamay
    @Immaculatamay 9 лет назад

    Thank you so much for the videos! Very helpful for me to understand the crazy stats!

  • @danielleheron534
    @danielleheron534 6 лет назад

    Your videos are a huge help...thanks!!!

  • @railove7137
    @railove7137 10 лет назад

    This is very helpful. Thank you. Wish I seen this sooner.

  • @karankhairnar6596
    @karankhairnar6596 5 лет назад

    Hi Brandon, Thank you sharing video, Good Examples, Just need to updae you. In this Video at Time Interval 23:20, Video Content does not match with your Voiceover on P-Value.
    If P-Value is greater than Alpha Value we "FAIL TO REJECT NULL HYOPTHESIS", However video statement states "Since these value is greater than Alpha Value, We Would Reject Null Hypothesis"
    I was confused, but i am clear after clealy listining your voice.

  • @ukaegbuonwuka7721
    @ukaegbuonwuka7721 9 лет назад

    Awesome! very useful video. Many thanks for sharing.

  • @ItsProbablyTrue
    @ItsProbablyTrue 10 лет назад

    Thank you so much Brandon - these are fantastic!

  • @farazmahmood5666
    @farazmahmood5666 11 лет назад

    awesome ! Enjoyed every second of the video. made my day !

  • @kloopym21
    @kloopym21 10 лет назад +1

    Wow, thanks man, this really helped a lot!!! Thanks man!!

  • @flaviasantana8055
    @flaviasantana8055 10 лет назад +9

    How did you find the $79,180???
    (btw thank you the videos!)

    • @BrandonFoltz
      @BrandonFoltz  10 лет назад +4

      Hello Flavia! It is just a "given" in the problem like you would find in a textbook. It's just built into the problem.

    • @Nasirmah
      @Nasirmah 6 лет назад

      Thank you man, I have Masters in Mathematics and I never understood inferential statistics until now! For those of you who got confused with how he got the 79,180. This was the initial sample mean salary of the Business Analysts provided from previous video. I think the confusion comes in from the fact that this mean was calculated from sample size of 12, and it is logical to say the sample mean of sample size would be different, particular in this case should be higher since choosing sample size of 15 falls on the right of the critical value. Therefore it came from another sampling distribution. The conclusion is the same and actually choosing the same sample mean help me understand your conclusion of that sample size has effect of either rejecting or accepting the Ho. Tell me if I am wrong, as you said earlier, increasing the sample size would increase the chance that the sample mean would be more closer to its true population mean, but I see there is chance that two sample sizes can have the same sample mean. So I see why you choose to have the same mean for two different sample size but in theory the n=15 should be closer to the mean by the Central Limit theorem. Thank you again, you the man.

  • @elenapopova4569
    @elenapopova4569 2 года назад

    Hey, you are one of the best teacher I have ever seen! Thank you very much about these videos! I have a question - for sample mean = 79 180, m = 69 873, n=12 and s = 14 985, I calculated that Test Statistic is 0,1793, but you calculated that it is 2.15 (10:38 ). Could you please tell me what I'm missing? I use this formula : (X_bar - m) / (s/sqrt(n)): 79 180 - 69 873/ 14 986 * sqrt(12). Thank in advance! I wish you all the best! Your videos are the great base for data science and data analytics!!!

    • @rehvajones8601
      @rehvajones8601 2 года назад

      Hi Elena, did you divide 14,985 by 3.464 (sqrt 12) first? Doing this would have given you $4,325.92. If you divide this number by 9,307, the outcome is 2.15

    • @elenapopova4569
      @elenapopova4569 2 года назад

      @@rehvajones8601 Thank you for your answer! My mistake was instead оf: 14 985 / sqrt(12), I was doing: 14 985 * sqrt(12). Yes, I have already received the Test statistic of 2.15. :) I wish you all the best!

    • @rehvajones8601
      @rehvajones8601 2 года назад +1

      Excellent! Best of luck to you as well.

  • @dcsquad430
    @dcsquad430 8 лет назад +1

    Hello Mr. Foltz,
    How idi you get the sample mean to = $79,180?

  • @rsimkul1136
    @rsimkul1136 8 лет назад

    Hi,
    I would like to know how you got the critical value of 2.33 , when calculate Critical value ( at alpha of 1% to the right), I get a value=1-0.01=0.9900, and when I look up these values in z table there are two possible values 3.08 and 3.09.

  • @周玉駿
    @周玉駿 7 лет назад

    very good and useful video

  • @inferno9004
    @inferno9004 7 лет назад

    @23:24 since it is 0.043 i.e. greater than alpha.. you say we cannot reject the null hypothesis, but the slide says we reject the hypothesis..

  • @assassinparkour4
    @assassinparkour4 9 лет назад

    The video really helped me a lot. Thank you!

  • @Bumpers2010
    @Bumpers2010 11 лет назад

    For the P Value of .043 and level of significance you say in words that we can not reject the null but in words on the slide it says we would. this can be confusing to others. but thanks for the videos!

    • @BrandonFoltz
      @BrandonFoltz  11 лет назад +1

      Thanks Kyle! I added an annotation right there to clear things up. Best, B.

  • @ne2514
    @ne2514 7 лет назад

    great video which is highly helpful

  • @VictoriaKShort
    @VictoriaKShort 10 лет назад

    This saved me. Thank you so much!

  • @apoorvasharma1256
    @apoorvasharma1256 3 года назад

    thanks Mr. Foltz!! U made me love statistics, I always hated it.

    • @BrandonFoltz
      @BrandonFoltz  3 года назад

      Thank you Zahira! Loving statistics was always there, you just had to find it. Keep learning. Keep looking. You belong here. You got this. 🤘🙏👍

  • @kwakuadomako7723
    @kwakuadomako7723 11 лет назад

    Good stuff Brandon. Keep it up!

  • @KnK0017
    @KnK0017 3 года назад

    16:34 - should not the null hypothesis be mean = 3.5 (remains the same) and alternate hypothesis be mean satisfcation level is 3.5 (i.e it can be either lesser or greater than 3.5)? making it a two tailed t-test?

  • @gailkinsey8190
    @gailkinsey8190 10 лет назад

    Great video thanks for the explanation.

  • @vishb6517
    @vishb6517 7 лет назад

    Hi Brandon,! this is a great series. @23:02 you talking about probabilities between 0.05 and 0.025. can you explain it, please?
    Thanks for the good work. keep it up!

    • @fender.strat23
      @fender.strat23 7 лет назад

      if you look at the t-distribution table (one tail) you will find that the test statistics of 1.79 is between 0.05 and 0.025 (ie between 1.645 and 1.960)

  • @muffinman1
    @muffinman1 2 года назад

    very informative, thanks!

  • @azimamini3774
    @azimamini3774 10 лет назад

    alhamdulillah...Allah bagi faham..

  • @sarrae100
    @sarrae100 6 лет назад

    Brandon, U are simply awesome !!!

  • @livelife2infinity
    @livelife2infinity 11 лет назад

    Which greater than or less than do I pay attention to ? The H0 is less than or equal to 3 and the H1 is greater than 3. I see from the video to follow the H1 to the right so it s a right tail but what s the point. I am guessing it is because we are testing the H1?

  • @Carterscusco
    @Carterscusco 11 лет назад +3

    I was doing well with this video until I got to the sample mean. How did you come up with the sample mean of $79,180?

    • @BrandonFoltz
      @BrandonFoltz  11 лет назад +1

      Hi Brenda! It is just a given in the problem. Just a hypothetical figure. :) - B

    • @flaviasantana8055
      @flaviasantana8055 10 лет назад

      ***** but that makes it extremely difficult to come up with a reasonable value now. is there any suggested range?

    • @BrandonFoltz
      @BrandonFoltz  10 лет назад +1

      Flavia Santana It shouldn't cause any problems. One mean is the hypothesized mean and the other is the sample mean. Both are provided as part of the problem.

  • @haleyhinson9670
    @haleyhinson9670 11 лет назад +3

    You say that you "infer" the sample standard deviation of $14, 985, but you don't explain how you actually get the number. Can you clear up how this is calculated? Other than this, the video is EXTREMELY helpful, so thank you so much!

    • @BrandonFoltz
      @BrandonFoltz  11 лет назад

      Hi Haley! It is just a "given" in the problem. Unless it is actually calculated as part of the video, it is a given. Thanks and you are very welcome! - B

  • @karthikkumar418
    @karthikkumar418 11 лет назад

    I think ginainberk is correct.
    It should have been "Since these are greater than alpha, we can not reject H0" in the slide.