Actually, Batman already has solved the problem with deceleration. I'm going by memory, but when Batgirl was first starting out, she was using a normal grappling hook. When Batman finally caught up to her, he took away her normal grappling hook and gave her one of his grappling hooks, explaining that a normal rope isn't elastic enough to dampen the fall and would tear her arm out.
I was about to ask if there was anyway the grappling gun could have a "slowfall" effect where it lessens the freefall and breaks the overall fall, like falling off a 50ft tree but hitting a few branches on the way down would lessen the overall impact to the ground.
Wait did you just say that the most popular Batman gadget is his cape? Really? The answer is obvious! I mean come on, anyone knows this. It's the Bat-Shark-Repellent! Duh!
You're right in your slow down assumption actually. I recall a comic revolving around the origins of batgirl. In the comic, batman actually cuts the rope batgirl is trying to swing on for the very first time because of the fact that it is simply a rope and would have snapped her arm off when the slack ran out suddenly. He explains the reason he is able to do it is because his ropes have a sort of bungee quality to them allowing them to stretch enough to dissipate the force. Movies may cut corners, but batman thinks of everything.
Actually, the grappling gun slow falls this is discussed in the red hood comics (I think) but essentially there is a wheel system in the gun as well as elastic rope that allows the user to have a slow repelling bungee cord affect
+Nerdist Nightcrawler doesn't just teleport but also moves through an alternate dimension that is similar to hell. When he teleports he leaves an amount of 'hell's' atmosphere in his place, so no sonic boom would take place. This is where the bit of smoke comes froms when he teleports in or out. In the comics it's said that Nightcrawler's teleport power smells like brimstone.
+Nerdist Well since we established how Nightcrawler teleports. The movie Jumper has people teleporting throughout the whole movie. Since you stated that when you teleport you create a loud sound when you leave, what would happen when you appear at the end of your teleport?
8 лет назад+13
+Conner Irvin That's the question. What happens with the matter at the destination? One fear of teleporting is materializing in a solid object. Usually it causes the unfortunate victim to merge with the matter of the object and die. But wouldn't that also mean that they merge with the air in a "free" spot? I like to think that fictional teleporting would make them swap places with the matter in the destination. Which would mean no loud noises and teleporting into solid objects wouldn't be immediately deadly.
+Martin Drkoš Using the movie "Jumper" specifically, his initial teleport (if I remember correctly) was to a place he'd felt safe; a spefic row of the library, if I recall correctly. When he fell through the ice and teleported for the first time, he took a lot of water with him. Probably ruined a lot of books doing that.
Nylon with break away stitching to absorb some of the energy of the fall, and some kind of net to grab the whole person. I've worked with fall protection, I don't know what the Newton's translates to in pounds, but OSHA requires a worker to free fall for no longer than 6ft, and a total fall distance of 13ft. A 150-200lbs (low side) has the weight equivalent of 5000lbs in that 6ft of free fall. They also outlawed "bungee" like material because the bounce could be just as dangerous, unless you have a lot of room to let that "bungee" like cord to extent slowly to reduce the that snap back up, and to avoid bouncing into obstacles. The net because even wrapping around the waist is deadly, that's why they forbidden the belts, and use a harness around the chest connected at the back. Also just stopping the fall isn't the end. You'd have to look up the regulation, but I think it's 30 minutes at the most, that companies are required to get that person down, the chest was never meant to support that person's weight in such a fashion. So I think a net to wrap around the person with a nylon with the breakaway stitching, or similar, would be the best option.
A climbing rope of top quality is designed to stretch when taking a sudden load. I have fallen a short distance and there was an amazing amount of “bounce” at the end from the stretching . After a fall I would guess it would be better to invest in another rope though..
Batman: *descends to the ground to scare criminals* Also Batman: *flies right back up from the bungee* 😂😂😂😂😂ngl tho I think it would work too I just had to say that joke
+Nerdist You don't sound like a teacher cuz teachers are boring and you are most definitely not boring. Your funny and inspiring and I love your videos. Science was one of my worst subjects when I was in school and I hated it but you make science interesting and fun. Keep up the amazing work because a lot of people love the work you do myself included.
Hmmm, I disagree slightly on the part about snagging the Joker. When you watch that clip, Joker clearly slows down over a visibly longer period than the other two. Yeah, the sudden stop with Vicky Vale is absurd (and fake looking), and with Nicole Kidman, same deal, but with the Joker, you can see what I'd say is about a half-second of slowdown before his velocity reaches zero. Based on the mathematics, that reduces the Force from 44 kN to around 8.8 kN, which comes in just below the xkcd calculation that a limb can withstand 10 kN. So that means that Joker's leg would be a-hurtin' bad, and he'd probably need some physical therapy, but it wouldn't be a *LEG RIP*.
Is it possible to make a episode about how strong Robin is, because for a 12 year old boy to punch holes in brick walls and incapacitating a full grown man 200 lbs plus with just his hands. I think it would make an amazing episode
I think that's just a case of suspended disbelief that we have in comics. One could say it's training or that his gloves have brass knuckles in them or something, but to me it's always been just suspended disbelief
Before he mentioned the whole Gwen/Spiderman thing I was thinking about that part. She died from the force of the fall on her body which is what this episode is about. It kinda sucks that they had to play bu the rules of reality (more or less) in that movie.
I always assumed his grappling gun would have a deceleration mode that would kick in if certain higher forces were put open the line, or at least as a switchable firing mode, like climb vs fall.
+Michael Totin stopping someone from falling with a grapple gun would take them from whatever speed they were falling to 0... which requires quite a bit of force. Possibly enough to tear off a limb...
+Kaelan Ward The amount of force required depends on the time that it's intended to be applied. It's only quite a bit of force if they want to stop the fall in a very short time (ie, how it's normally depicted on screen). But if you decide to stop them over let's say, 4 seconds instead of the 0.1 s mentioned in the video, it would be considerably less. For example, the video says at one point it would take 38000 N to stop one of those falls (about 8500 pounds), but if stopping that same person occurred over 4 seconds instead of 0.1, it would only take 950 N (about 200 pounds) to stop them. It would still hurt, but unlikely to kill without special circumstances.
+Godlessfuture Yes but in the batman movies they stop immediately. I doubt it would be able to catch them effectively but still be moving at the same time to slow their fall.
In Batgirl: Year One, the first time Barbara Gordon jumps off of a roof using a normal rope, Batman is watching her and he cuts the rope with a with a Batarang. He then catches the falling and screaming Batgirl and tells her that she was at "terminal velocity" and that she would've ripped her arms off because she wasn't using a rope with the proper tension. Because.... Comic Junk Science!
If I remember correctly your equation is not taking into account the whip effect that happens when the wire tenses. That's because the wire acts like an elastic, decelerating in an elastic form and actually making them bungee up and down for a while (which doesn't happen in the movies). The best explanation for this is that the grappling gun itself has some kind of decelerator-spring thing to smooth out the acceleration since there's no whip effect in the movies. This means the grappling hook actually elongates with hooke's law once grappled to avoid abrupt acceleration. Any device that works like that for this matter has to have some kind of spring-elastic mechanism in order to avoid the wire snapping or the gun collapsing from the force. BTW none of the footage shows instant 0.1s stopping without elasticity.
He actually has killed numerous people. In the comics he killed people, in Batman 1989 he attempts to kill the Joker and he makes his Batmobile drop bombs which kill numerous people, in Batman Returns he sets a guy on fire with the exhaust flames of his car, in Batman Begins he allows Ra's al Ghul to die.
On the Nightcrawler thing, gonna go a little more comic book than film. If memory serves Kurt does't quite teleport from one place in space to another so much as he teleports into another dimension and then nearly instantly reappears in our own in a different spot. He moves through this other dimension really quickly so it's kind of like a fast lane in a manner of speaking. So assuming there's matter in that other dimension wouldn't he be opening a doorway allowing the atoms he's occupying to switch places with the atoms from wherever he's at. There'd still be an audible noise but probably not a sonic boom and as far as what matter is brought in I think this is the explanation for the puff of smoke he leaves behind while teleporting.
Depends if the device is fastented in some other way to himself. Through the use of some kind of magnetic force which would make sense as the force could be transferred to the rest of the arm as he wouldn't want the GH ripped from his hands when he came to a stop. With that being said it could be magnetically attached to some sort of exoskeleton that could in theory absorb some of the g's experienced by the body when it came to a dead stop. But this wouldn't necessarily stop your internal organs from shifting in your body such as your brain crashing into your skull.
In the comics all of Batman's cables have some resistance like bungees slowing them down safely. When Batgirl first got started she originally tried to use regular rope while traveling at terminal velocity. Batman cut the rope before it became taunt saving her life. He then gave her batrope so she could swing more safely.
That's why Spiderman is better at saving people, web is elastic so it doesn't stop you immediately AND you don't have the risk of being pierced by that dangerous looking hook. Gwen Stacy's death was just because the plot demanded it xD
+Maarten DJ No she died in the comic because he webbed then pulled her back. The jerk snapped her neck. She would've survived if he webbed her and let the web's elasticity slow her down. This was done in the 1st Spider-man movie. Toby Maguire grabs Mary Jane as she was falling and then shoots a web and it's elasticity slows them down. I remember watching a Spider-man special on A&E. This was quite a few years ago. I remember they talked about his powers and his Webbing. His webbing is both strong as elastic.
The same thing can be applied to the Transformers Movies when ever Optimus Prime or one of the other Autobots catches a human in mid air. They would still go splat on their metal hands.
Well, the way I always figured that teleportation worked was: wherever you teleport to, whatever is in the space you end up (such as the oxygen molecules or whatever) teleports to where you were when you left, otherwise your body would be teleporting into space already taken up by molecules of air/water/etc. This would mean that 2 things are occupying the same space, which cannot happen and you would have a situation similar to "The Fly" but with whatever you land in. If somebody was to teleport into the ocean from home, the water previously taking up the space where they land should end up in the same place they left the house. To recap, if you were to teleport, you would have to be switching places with whatever took up the space you land in.
In the comic world, de-cel jumplines are used (which slow your decent while falling) and is why he stops batgirl in "batgirl year one" from jumping off with her climbing rope because the force would tear her limbs off and she would definitely die
In the comics, Batman addresses this. His cape goes rigid when an electric current is introduced, allowing for more efficient gliding. His grappling hook chord works the same way. It is actually naturally elastic and Batman controls if and when it goes rigid.
When he captures the Joker there's an obvious slow down period (4:08) rather than such a short stop. This period dramatically decreases the stopping force, but you kept that stopping period constant in each example. 3:29 shows the estimated stopping time of 0.1 seconds 4:08 shows that after the grapple catches him he slows a bit before actually stopping. Kinda like how seatbelts/crumple zones/airbags work. It looks like it takes him about 1.4 seconds to come to a full stop, which is pretty different from your estimated 0.1 second.
It's interesting how in these gadgets that are the conveyed the most non-lethal are actually the most deadly gadgets in practical science. A similar theory a while back was done on Link's Hookshot from the Zelda series.
after credits question... nightcrawler doesnt actually "teleport", he travels to another dimension, moves really fast in it, and travels back. when he does this the "air" in the dimension he travels to switches places with him. so no air rush, no sonic boom.
for nightcrawler, I think it's safe to assume that he does not create a vacuum because he is being replaced with the air from the realm he teleports to between his teleports. We know from various episodes and issues that he leaves behind a sulfuric smell, the same kind as would be expected to find in the realm we see why they experiment to see how his power works. It is also commonly shown a bit of smoke bursting out from the area he was just in when he teleports.
There are cables made from synthetic fibers (often used in recovery straps for vehicles or for tie downs of heavy cargo) that have the strength of steel, or more, but also have a lot more stretch. They would give you a lot more leeway by increasing the time to stop.
+isin4b I do watch MatPat! I think everything he does is awesome. It's just that he has a gigantic, many-year-old channel empire afforded 15-min video times watched by millions, and I'm just me. Sometimes we do the same topics, but never on purpose. -- KH
What's funny is when you mentioned the science behind the force it takes to rip an arm off being complicated, I immediately switched to the What If? dealing with this and reread it, then came back and found out that's what you went with, too.
Johnny Schuler If yoy actually didnt it was because the episode of ways superman can kill batman that he intentionally pronouncing man as min, such as batmin and supermin, spidermin, ramin.
Just because Superman is strong does not always mean he will win. All batman has to do is strap some kryptonite to supermans chest and strap some to his own fist and Superman will feel the same thing any thug in Gotham has
Air resistance should always play a factor, especially for Batman's cape or a victim with a big skirt as the latter would slow down descent. Also we're assuming Batman's cable snaps taught when catching a falling body when the grapple could have a setting wherein the cable eases out to a stop or be very flexible, lessening the energy.
I'll agree that DC deserves a fair bit of flak for some of their stuff, but this one might be pushing it a bit. Of your 3 examples, I've only seen the one from the Dark Knight, so I'll stick to that one. We see Joker bobbing a fair bit after he gets caught. This would suggest that Batman's grapple gun uses a relatively elastic material rather than, say, steel cable. (Also a good idea for other reasons - steel cable is heavy and when it breaks it does a lot of fairly random damage to things in the vicinity including potential civilians that might be passing by.) It's clearly not a bungee cord, so the stop wouldn't exactly be comfortable (honestly, I'd expect some fairly significant hip damage, potentially up to the level of dislocation, but not ripping off of the leg). I haven't done a frame count (and don't really have the means to, as my access to the movie is on Netflix), but I'd suggest that a time of about 0.5s would be a more reasonable stopping time. Which would be 4.4kN. A quarter second would be my minimum value, which is still under that 10kN total at 8.8kN. Also, that particular example is regarding a leg, which is a MUCH sturdier limb than the arm is (it is, after all, supporting your whole body while the arm just supports what you're carrying). In addition to the muscle mass, the direction of force and the shape of the hip joint would mean that the ball of the joint would be pulled into the lower side of the socket whereas an outstretched arm is being pulled pretty much directly out of the socket (granted, this latter distinction might mean more to your prosthetist, because the tension in the leg is applied to the knee as well, which features no sockets of any kind, so if the bones are making the difference, the rip will happen at the knee instead of the hip). Even if we disregard the bone situation entirely, the leg is a thicker rope of muscle tissue than the arm is (unless you're a body builder, in which case why are you letting people throw you off buildings in the first place?), and thicker ropes are harder to break than thinner ones. Ergo, the 10kN arm number is probably lower than the similar number required for leg ripping.
+rashkavar Even if the material was more elastic and was able to absorb more the tension of the sudden stop, at the best case scenario Joker's leg is twisted quite badly, while the leg is study, it is more prone to injury then the arm, an unsupported leg grabbed in midair by the grappling can risk life damaging injury to the ligaments, to put it shortly your not going to be running again. I can't say if elastic material would make much of a difference given the hook itself is still a solid mass that has to be strong enough to hold the person firmly against the momentum of the fall. So the jolt of the stop is going to be there in some form, the elastic material might still be something of a moot point. As for the bodybuilder being thrown off, there's always bigger fishes espacilly if your the body builder that owes steroid payment.
Dan Maximus In all honesty, I know very little about the details of how the leg would be injured, and I did say that I would probably expect some fairly significant leg damage. I was basically conceptualizing a limb as a rope made of muscle that happens to have some rigid bone in it. Legs are thicker than arms, thus make for a stronger rope. My point about the body builder was along the steroid abuse lines - some of the extreme cases have arms that appear to be significantly larger than their legs. As for the damage the hook itself does, it would probably be rather significant. If its claw or grappling hook shaped, its only real means of grabbing onto something is to hook around it or stab one or more spikes THROUGH it. This would cause some fairly dramatic damage, and could well kill a person when applied to the leg, depending on whether or not it hits the femoral artery. And given what Batman's willing to do with your average street thug, I'm pretty sure he'd be totally OK with crippling Joker for life. And killing him by accident while trying to save him might well be totally OK for Batman, even if he's the source of the original threat (at least in the Nolan-verse; Comics Batman has probably already come up against this eventuality at least half a dozen times by now).
Bro, reaction forces. The situation you posed isn't probable because in order for the grappling hook to stop the person with a force of around 45kN, the grappling hook would also experience this tension, and most likely couldn't deal with such a force either, which one can assume the designers took into account when creating this grapple, otherwise it wouldn't be much of a grapple. For the solution you mentioned at the end, it is quite simple actually: FRICTION Batman shoots out hook -> Hook latches onto something -> Tension in hooks builds from batman, while simultaneously releasing rope under high friction -> Come to a slow and steady stop.
Why would you have the 0.1 second assumption? The material that the wire/rope thing is made of may have some flexibility and that would slow down the deceleration, kind of like in bungee jumping...?
Batman's grapple-hook is not just a cable or rope. It's like a stiff bungee cord with a little bit of elasticity in it (more than enough to stop or at least mitigate the damage). You can even see this in that Dark Knight Joker scene. The Joker goes slower and slower before coming to a complete stop; as opposed to immediately halting.
The grapling hook pistol probably has some gearing in it to decelerate, probably the same mechanism that shoots the hook but it works both ways with controlable velocity. Batman can lower himself at will, there are scenes to prove it, so he can control the wind of the cable.
Havent seen the video but batman is the toughest guy you could ever imagine and himself getting pulled by the grappling hook is nothing especially his suit also his grappling hook is smart and knows how to 100 percent calculate everything it needs in order to help batman. Although i did not cite any evidence this has to be the case cause if not hed be dead and no way batman is gonna design anything that would kill him or anything
and this is why rock climbers use dynamic ropes and deceleration devices to slow down their velocity before coming to a stop. it's not impossible to imagine the grappling hook having a breaking system that slows down the speed of the speed of the descent reducing the forces on the person. the bigger problem is "how does batman catch up with robin and whatsherface who fell so much sooner than he did" especially considering that batman has a nice big cape, providing increased air resistance slowing down his descent. meaning they should have gone splat long before he reached either of them.
Have you considered the oscillations within the grappling gun's system? I assume when batman's line goes rigid, the grappling gun is equipped with a spring and damper system to lessen the impulse applied by lengthening the time over which the force is applied
Nightcrawler moves through another dimension/plane when he teleports. Air from said other dimension comes through when he does so taking his place, hence the sulfur smell and gas cloud and "bamf" noise.
Night crawlers atoms would have to in a way switch with where he teleports or else he wouldn't just create a vacuum where he teleported from but create a shockwave around where he teleports to.
Whenever Nightcrawler teleports there is a "bamf" sound effect. That "bamf" is the sound of the air imploding into the vacuum that he left behind. Len Wein thought of that from day one!
Nightcrawler comment: he also should make a compression wave when he gets to wherever he's teleporting. So maybe he *trades places* with the air in his destination, with only the difference in local air pressure left over to make that adorable little bamf noise.. Just a thought.
I had always assumed it wasn't a rigid cord like braided steel, but rather some sort of fiber or semi-elastic material that accounted for the slowing of the target as well as dispersing some of the force into stretching the material.
In the cartoon Nightcrawler's Teleport makes a little sound, but most of all leaves a cloud of gas behind, from the other dimension he goes through to Teleport. I would guess that this cloud take some of his space, therefore minimizing the sonic boom
I'm not sure if it was ever explicitly stated in the movies, but in the comics Batman uses something called 'decel cable' on his grapple, which stretches and reduces the force by spreading out over time. In several comics including the main Batman titles and Nightwing, the reference is used but I never read exactly what it's specifications are, but it is implied that it acts like a bungee cord in some respects, but does not rebound quickly at the maximum stretch.
In Rock Climbing there are two types of rope: Dynamic and Static. Climbers generally use static because falls will either hurt you or kill you. I'm sure Batman has a Dynamic steel grappling device.
I've also thought of the Nightcrawler question before. I came to the conclusion that it would be more plausible If instead of actually teleporting, he switch the places of his atoms with that of the atoms in the desired location.
This was a really good episode, gotta love comic book physics. Can't speak as to why he not tearing people up Mortal Kombat style. I think the real reason is because he's Batman! As for his own arms I always thought that it was because the suit took the force of the repelling and it was not transfered to his own joints but so much. Or it could be, because he's Batman!
on the nightcrawler question, he swops places with the atmosphere of the deminsion he uses to teleport, how hes always leaving a lil puff of smoke, ie the xmen evolution episode where they slowed him down and he had to where a repirater so he wouldnt sufficate. also sorry for typos
I mainly watch Nerdist for this show. I love the great scientific analysis of theoretical subjects based on games and movies, and Kyle seems like a very pleasant person, seemingly cool and with a good sense of humour. I look forward to watching more of this brilliant show!
While I agree with two of your examples, I might have an issue with the Dark Knight. In that instance Batman was holding the grapple gun, and it was not firmly planted. After attaching to the Joker's leg there very well may have been three or more feet of room for deceleration (the length of Batman's pullback expecting a jerk plus how far it pulls him forward).
Learning force formula! Even if I dont always agree with this, Its pretty good. And about that slowing down before stopping after grappling, same as that applies to why Spidey s web isnt what killed Gewn: Elasticity. When you jump with a bunji, it doesnt suddenly stop. Spidey s web is also elastic, and if Batman could make a wire like that, it could also work. Or, an opposite force in the device that pulls Batman up with is hook, it could be not so strong so that it takes a moment to stop the person, and then that same force pulls them up.
![ARGENTINA vs. PERÚ [1-0] | RESUMEN | ELIMINATORIAS SUDAMERICANAS | FECHA 12](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/xtI25ENDDSY/mqdefault.jpg)
Actually, Batman already has solved the problem with deceleration. I'm going by memory, but when Batgirl was first starting out, she was using a normal grappling hook. When Batman finally caught up to her, he took away her normal grappling hook and gave her one of his grappling hooks, explaining that a normal rope isn't elastic enough to dampen the fall and would tear her arm out.
I was about to ask if there was anyway the grappling gun could have a "slowfall" effect where it lessens the freefall and breaks the overall fall, like falling off a 50ft tree but hitting a few branches on the way down would lessen the overall impact to the ground.
Happens in Batgirl Year One Volume 4
elastic....
I thought his second most famous gadget would be the Batarang?
+Erik Hawkke yeah, i thought the same thing
I dont think the baterang counts as a gadget as it either is just a peice of metal or too diverse to count as one gadget
Thats the first
Same man
I thought the most famous with me to
Wait did you just say that the most popular Batman gadget is his cape? Really? The answer is obvious! I mean come on, anyone knows this. It's the Bat-Shark-Repellent! Duh!
MuddyGrenade I agree.
No it’s either bat credit card or bat nipples
no it's the batarang
That Random Guy
A bat CREDIT CARRRRD?!?! NOOOOoooo! NOOOOoooo! DOES NOT COMPUTE!!! DOES NOT COMPUTE!!!
177SCmaro -- Try swiping it again.
You're right in your slow down assumption actually. I recall a comic revolving around the origins of batgirl. In the comic, batman actually cuts the rope batgirl is trying to swing on for the very first time because of the fact that it is simply a rope and would have snapped her arm off when the slack ran out suddenly. He explains the reason he is able to do it is because his ropes have a sort of bungee quality to them allowing them to stretch enough to dissipate the force. Movies may cut corners, but batman thinks of everything.
Actually, the grappling gun slow falls this is discussed in the red hood comics (I think) but essentially there is a wheel system in the gun as well as elastic rope that allows the user to have a slow repelling bungee cord affect
+Nerdist Nightcrawler doesn't just teleport but also moves through an alternate dimension that is similar to hell. When he teleports he leaves an amount of 'hell's' atmosphere in his place, so no sonic boom would take place. This is where the bit of smoke comes froms when he teleports in or out. In the comics it's said that Nightcrawler's teleport power smells like brimstone.
+TrulyEvilBob That's f***ing metal -- KH
whoa
+Nerdist Well since we established how Nightcrawler teleports. The movie Jumper has people teleporting throughout the whole movie. Since you stated that when you teleport you create a loud sound when you leave, what would happen when you appear at the end of your teleport?
+Conner Irvin That's the question. What happens with the matter at the destination? One fear of teleporting is materializing in a solid object. Usually it causes the unfortunate victim to merge with the matter of the object and die. But wouldn't that also mean that they merge with the air in a "free" spot? I like to think that fictional teleporting would make them swap places with the matter in the destination. Which would mean no loud noises and teleporting into solid objects wouldn't be immediately deadly.
+Martin Drkoš Using the movie "Jumper" specifically, his initial teleport (if I remember correctly) was to a place he'd felt safe; a spefic row of the library, if I recall correctly. When he fell through the ice and teleported for the first time, he took a lot of water with him.
Probably ruined a lot of books doing that.
I feel like a bungee cord would work far better than a steel cord.
Something similar might work if it was a bit. More durabale
airplane wire!
Nylon with break away stitching to absorb some of the energy of the fall, and some kind of net to grab the whole person. I've worked with fall protection, I don't know what the Newton's translates to in pounds, but OSHA requires a worker to free fall for no longer than 6ft, and a total fall distance of 13ft. A 150-200lbs (low side) has the weight equivalent of 5000lbs in that 6ft of free fall. They also outlawed "bungee" like material because the bounce could be just as dangerous, unless you have a lot of room to let that "bungee" like cord to extent slowly to reduce the that snap back up, and to avoid bouncing into obstacles. The net because even wrapping around the waist is deadly, that's why they forbidden the belts, and use a harness around the chest connected at the back. Also just stopping the fall isn't the end. You'd have to look up the regulation, but I think it's 30 minutes at the most, that companies are required to get that person down, the chest was never meant to support that person's weight in such a fashion. So I think a net to wrap around the person with a nylon with the breakaway stitching, or similar, would be the best option.
A climbing rope of top quality is designed to stretch when taking a sudden load.
I have fallen a short distance and there was an amazing amount of “bounce” at the end from the stretching .
After a fall I would guess it would be better to invest in another rope though..
Batman: *descends to the ground to scare criminals*
Also Batman: *flies right back up from the bungee*
😂😂😂😂😂ngl tho I think it would work too I just had to say that joke
#AfterCreditsBane
Can we get a 'coz science' about hyperspace from star wars?
Plz?
+Nerdist I KNEW THE SPIDERMAN PUN WAS HAPPENING IN THE EPISODE BEFORE I CLICKED IT. XD
+Nerdist You don't sound like a teacher cuz teachers are boring and you are most definitely not boring. Your funny and inspiring and I love your videos. Science was one of my worst subjects when I was in school and I hated it but you make science interesting and fun. Keep up the amazing work because a lot of people love the work you do myself included.
U r talented because how du u write and we can see it good I didn't put much thought and I probably got something wrong
Can you do a video on his detective vision?
Didn't Nightcrawler's teleport ability always make an audible boom? or was I imagining that in the cartoon/movies ?
+FatFr33Pudding It's more of a bamf.
+FatFr33Pudding Hey Pudding
ATearWillShed yo!
+FatFr33Pudding BAMF!
the telltale bampf is from the air rushing to fill the empty space he leaves behind and being pushed aside when he apears.
Hmmm, I disagree slightly on the part about snagging the Joker. When you watch that clip, Joker clearly slows down over a visibly longer period than the other two. Yeah, the sudden stop with Vicky Vale is absurd (and fake looking), and with Nicole Kidman, same deal, but with the Joker, you can see what I'd say is about a half-second of slowdown before his velocity reaches zero.
Based on the mathematics, that reduces the Force from 44 kN to around 8.8 kN, which comes in just below the xkcd calculation that a limb can withstand 10 kN. So that means that Joker's leg would be a-hurtin' bad, and he'd probably need some physical therapy, but it wouldn't be a *LEG RIP*.
yes but usually his grapling hook seems kind of elastick and it doesnt stop people instantly.Does it make enough difference though?
yep it is! already slowing the time while the whole force become way smaller!
Is it possible to make a episode about how strong Robin is, because for a 12 year old boy to punch holes in brick walls and incapacitating a full grown man 200 lbs plus with just his hands. I think it would make an amazing episode
I think that's just a case of suspended disbelief that we have in comics. One could say it's training or that his gloves have brass knuckles in them or something, but to me it's always been just suspended disbelief
I dunno.... Genetics maybe? hahaha
+Khiean Paquete Damian Wayne is a perfect example of genetics and training, he's the youngest of the Robin's but he definitely the deadliest
ConsoleCadetz considering he was raised and trained by the League of Shadows, it's no surprise he's become too bloodthirsty for a boy his age.
with the equation and things I'm assuming you record Infront of a clear whiteboard that you draw on
Too soon for a Gwen Stacey death joke, too soon +Nerdist
+Josh Nesbitt i felt it in my heart
Before he mentioned the whole Gwen/Spiderman thing I was thinking about that part. She died from the force of the fall on her body which is what this episode is about. It kinda sucks that they had to play bu the rules of reality (more or less) in that movie.
Gwen died from hitting her head on the floor
I always assumed his grappling gun would have a deceleration mode that would kick in if certain higher forces were put open the line, or at least as a switchable firing mode, like climb vs fall.
+Michael Totin stopping someone from falling with a grapple gun would take them from whatever speed they were falling to 0... which requires quite a bit of force. Possibly enough to tear off a limb...
+Kaelan Ward The amount of force required depends on the time that it's intended to be applied. It's only quite a bit of force if they want to stop the fall in a very short time (ie, how it's normally depicted on screen). But if you decide to stop them over let's say, 4 seconds instead of the 0.1 s mentioned in the video, it would be considerably less. For example, the video says at one point it would take 38000 N to stop one of those falls (about 8500 pounds), but if stopping that same person occurred over 4 seconds instead of 0.1, it would only take 950 N (about 200 pounds) to stop them. It would still hurt, but unlikely to kill without special circumstances.
+Godlessfuture Yes but in the batman movies they stop immediately. I doubt it would be able to catch them effectively but still be moving at the same time to slow their fall.
In Batgirl: Year One, the first time Barbara Gordon jumps off of a roof using a normal rope, Batman is watching her and he cuts the rope with a with a Batarang. He then catches the falling and screaming Batgirl and tells her that she was at "terminal velocity" and that she would've ripped her arms off because she wasn't using a rope with the proper tension. Because.... Comic Junk Science!
If I remember correctly your equation is not taking into account the whip effect that happens when the wire tenses. That's because the wire acts like an elastic, decelerating in an elastic form and actually making them bungee up and down for a while (which doesn't happen in the movies). The best explanation for this is that the grappling gun itself has some kind of decelerator-spring thing to smooth out the acceleration since there's no whip effect in the movies. This means the grappling hook actually elongates with hooke's law once grappled to avoid abrupt acceleration. Any device that works like that for this matter has to have some kind of spring-elastic mechanism in order to avoid the wire snapping or the gun collapsing from the force. BTW none of the footage shows instant 0.1s stopping without elasticity.
0:50 mat pat did it on gametheory with link's hookshot
He actually has killed numerous people. In the comics he killed people, in Batman 1989 he attempts to kill the Joker and he makes his Batmobile drop bombs which kill numerous people, in Batman Returns he sets a guy on fire with the exhaust flames of his car, in Batman Begins he allows Ra's al Ghul to die.
FEAR THE GRAPPLE HOOK! Sorry... This isn't game theory ... FEAR THE GRAPPLE GUN
+Kryzis but hey....that's JUST A THEORY
+MadScientist3000 A BAT THEORY
Kryzis aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaand CUT!
+Kryzis lel
perfect joke here. clap clap clap
0:25 You mean aside from the Batarang? Honestly, the Batarang is more popular. At least in my opinion.
lol "because sctence" 5:00
I really love the idea of Bane teaching physics/math...
4:56 that voice.. and the laugh!.. ahahha great :D
On the Nightcrawler thing, gonna go a little more comic book than film. If memory serves Kurt does't quite teleport from one place in space to another so much as he teleports into another dimension and then nearly instantly reappears in our own in a different spot. He moves through this other dimension really quickly so it's kind of like a fast lane in a manner of speaking. So assuming there's matter in that other dimension wouldn't he be opening a doorway allowing the atoms he's occupying to switch places with the atoms from wherever he's at. There'd still be an audible noise but probably not a sonic boom and as far as what matter is brought in I think this is the explanation for the puff of smoke he leaves behind while teleporting.
this reminds me of Link's grappling hook theory in game theory. love them both. go science!
exactly and matpat explains how much force it puts on his arm so go watch that one of anyone wants to know
Pokecrafter Champion ... maybe you should consider MatPat as more of an entertainer rather than a theorist...
In the last clip, you see Joker slow down after his leg is grappled. He doesn't stop suddenly. He continues falling for a bit and slows to a stop.
+Dex Luther like in attack on titan
What about Batman's arm when he "saves" a person? Will his fingers snap off first or the arm?
Depends if the device is fastented in some other way to himself. Through the use of some kind of magnetic force which would make sense as the force could be transferred to the rest of the arm as he wouldn't want the GH ripped from his hands when he came to a stop. With that being said it could be magnetically attached to some sort of exoskeleton that could in theory absorb some of the g's experienced by the body when it came to a dead stop. But this wouldn't necessarily stop your internal organs from shifting in your body such as your brain crashing into your skull.
People don't die at the hands of Batman,they simply fall asleep.
That moment when you realise Kyle has to write everything backwards
+the guy you dont want to know is here they probably mirror the video so we mortals can read....
In the comics all of Batman's cables have some resistance like bungees slowing them down safely. When Batgirl first got started she originally tried to use regular rope while traveling at terminal velocity. Batman cut the rope before it became taunt saving her life. He then gave her batrope so she could swing more safely.
That's why Spiderman is better at saving people, web is elastic so it doesn't stop you immediately AND you don't have the risk of being pierced by that dangerous looking hook. Gwen Stacy's death was just because the plot demanded it xD
Plot demanded it and her head smashed on the ground..
+Maarten DJ No she died in the comic because he webbed then pulled her back. The jerk snapped her neck. She would've survived if he webbed her and let the web's elasticity slow her down. This was done in the 1st Spider-man movie. Toby Maguire grabs Mary Jane as she was falling and then shoots a web and it's elasticity slows them down. I remember watching a Spider-man special on A&E. This was quite a few years ago. I remember they talked about his powers and his Webbing. His webbing is both strong as elastic.
The same thing can be applied to the Transformers Movies when ever Optimus Prime or one of the other Autobots catches a human in mid air. They would still go splat on their metal hands.
Batman isn't affected by gravity...
BECAUSE BATMAN!
Well, the way I always figured that teleportation worked was: wherever you teleport to, whatever is in the space you end up (such as the oxygen molecules or whatever) teleports to where you were when you left, otherwise your body would be teleporting into space already taken up by molecules of air/water/etc. This would mean that 2 things are occupying the same space, which cannot happen and you would have a situation similar to "The Fly" but with whatever you land in. If somebody was to teleport into the ocean from home, the water previously taking up the space where they land should end up in the same place they left the house. To recap, if you were to teleport, you would have to be switching places with whatever took up the space you land in.
I wish u were my physics teacher so bad
In the comic world, de-cel jumplines are used (which slow your decent while falling) and is why he stops batgirl in "batgirl year one" from jumping off with her climbing rope because the force would tear her limbs off and she would definitely die
If only you were my science teacher in hs lol. Also, sounding a bit like Christopher Walken at the end there
In the comics, Batman addresses this. His cape goes rigid when an electric current is introduced, allowing for more efficient gliding. His grappling hook chord works the same way. It is actually naturally elastic and Batman controls if and when it goes rigid.
At the end he should say "Because I'm BATMAN".
When he captures the Joker there's an obvious slow down period (4:08) rather than such a short stop. This period dramatically decreases the stopping force, but you kept that stopping period constant in each example.
3:29 shows the estimated stopping time of 0.1 seconds
4:08 shows that after the grapple catches him he slows a bit before actually stopping. Kinda like how seatbelts/crumple zones/airbags work. It looks like it takes him about 1.4 seconds to come to a full stop, which is pretty different from your estimated 0.1 second.
OK...now you're saying BatMAN...wtf...what happened to batmin??
It's interesting how in these gadgets that are the conveyed the most non-lethal are actually the most deadly gadgets in practical science. A similar theory a while back was done on Link's Hookshot from the Zelda series.
FFS just make Because Science channel so other stuff from here will not pop up in my sub feed.
+Crazmuss We're working on it maybe shhh don't tell anyone -- KH
after credits question... nightcrawler doesnt actually "teleport", he travels to another dimension, moves really fast in it, and travels back. when he does this the "air" in the dimension he travels to switches places with him. so no air rush, no sonic boom.
0:20 wrong..... batarang
+Ju Stap That's what I said too.
Im a full grown man and you're a wise sensei. never be ashamed of the teachings you teach 😊 thank you for your amazing content!
"Batman has one rule: No killing" Dont remind me.....god damn it Zack Snyder
+OfficialPlayer1 The Dark Knight Returns flies in through your window smacking you straight in the head.
Matthew Davis Batman has one rule: do whatever the screenwriter thinks will be the most interesting no matter what
Batman doesn't kill in the Dark knight returns, jackass. I am so sick and fucking tired of people saying that!
Originally Batman killed all the time actually
Rampagelil If you think Batman didn't kill in the DKR then you clearly weren't paying attention
4:30 "Ohhhhhhhh..." XD
It was uncalled for, but funny.
This is why in the animated shows Batman swings by people he's catching in an arc.
for nightcrawler, I think it's safe to assume that he does not create a vacuum because he is being replaced with the air from the realm he teleports to between his teleports. We know from various episodes and issues that he leaves behind a sulfuric smell, the same kind as would be expected to find in the realm we see why they experiment to see how his power works. It is also commonly shown a bit of smoke bursting out from the area he was just in when he teleports.
Dead
Dead
Leg rip
There are cables made from synthetic fibers (often used in recovery straps for vehicles or for tie downs of heavy cargo) that have the strength of steel, or more, but also have a lot more stretch. They would give you a lot more leeway by increasing the time to stop.
You spelled Because science wrong at 5:02
You've been my VSauce 3 substitute for the past few months. Thanks!
Kyle Needs to watch more Mat Patts Game Theories
+isin4b I do watch MatPat! I think everything he does is awesome. It's just that he has a gigantic, many-year-old channel empire afforded 15-min video times watched by millions, and I'm just me. Sometimes we do the same topics, but never on purpose. -- KH
+Nerdist I was just being cheeky
What's funny is when you mentioned the science behind the force it takes to rip an arm off being complicated, I immediately switched to the What If? dealing with this and reread it, then came back and found out that's what you went with, too.
what happened to batm'n
and superm'n
Lol ikr
Johnny Schuler If yoy actually didnt it was because the episode of ways superman can kill batman that he intentionally pronouncing man as min, such as batmin and supermin, spidermin, ramin.
Just because Superman is strong does not always mean he will win. All batman has to do is strap some kryptonite to supermans chest and strap some to his own fist and Superman will feel the same thing any thug in Gotham has
Air resistance should always play a factor, especially for Batman's cape or a victim with a big skirt as the latter would slow down descent. Also we're assuming Batman's cable snaps taught when catching a falling body when the grapple could have a setting wherein the cable eases out to a stop or be very flexible, lessening the energy.
I can't believe you're implying that the batarang is the third (or under) most famous batman gadget.
+spideralexandre2099 ARE YOU CHALLENGING ME TO AN OLD-FASHIONED BAT-OFF? -- KH
***** I'm gonna bat you SO HARD!
+spideralexandre2099 whoa hoss! That sounds messy!
I had my volume up and my sister yelled at me on the "Leg Rip!" part. Made leg rip even funnier.
I'll agree that DC deserves a fair bit of flak for some of their stuff, but this one might be pushing it a bit. Of your 3 examples, I've only seen the one from the Dark Knight, so I'll stick to that one. We see Joker bobbing a fair bit after he gets caught. This would suggest that Batman's grapple gun uses a relatively elastic material rather than, say, steel cable. (Also a good idea for other reasons - steel cable is heavy and when it breaks it does a lot of fairly random damage to things in the vicinity including potential civilians that might be passing by.) It's clearly not a bungee cord, so the stop wouldn't exactly be comfortable (honestly, I'd expect some fairly significant hip damage, potentially up to the level of dislocation, but not ripping off of the leg). I haven't done a frame count (and don't really have the means to, as my access to the movie is on Netflix), but I'd suggest that a time of about 0.5s would be a more reasonable stopping time. Which would be 4.4kN. A quarter second would be my minimum value, which is still under that 10kN total at 8.8kN.
Also, that particular example is regarding a leg, which is a MUCH sturdier limb than the arm is (it is, after all, supporting your whole body while the arm just supports what you're carrying). In addition to the muscle mass, the direction of force and the shape of the hip joint would mean that the ball of the joint would be pulled into the lower side of the socket whereas an outstretched arm is being pulled pretty much directly out of the socket (granted, this latter distinction might mean more to your prosthetist, because the tension in the leg is applied to the knee as well, which features no sockets of any kind, so if the bones are making the difference, the rip will happen at the knee instead of the hip). Even if we disregard the bone situation entirely, the leg is a thicker rope of muscle tissue than the arm is (unless you're a body builder, in which case why are you letting people throw you off buildings in the first place?), and thicker ropes are harder to break than thinner ones. Ergo, the 10kN arm number is probably lower than the similar number required for leg ripping.
+rashkavar Even if the material was more elastic and was able to absorb more the tension of the sudden stop, at the best case scenario Joker's leg is twisted quite badly, while the leg is study, it is more prone to injury then the arm, an unsupported leg grabbed in midair by the grappling can risk life damaging injury to the ligaments, to put it shortly your not going to be running again. I can't say if elastic material would make much of a difference given the hook itself is still a solid mass that has to be strong enough to hold the person firmly against the momentum of the fall. So the jolt of the stop is going to be there in some form, the elastic material might still be something of a moot point.
As for the bodybuilder being thrown off, there's always bigger fishes espacilly if your the body builder that owes steroid payment.
Dan Maximus In all honesty, I know very little about the details of how the leg would be injured, and I did say that I would probably expect some fairly significant leg damage. I was basically conceptualizing a limb as a rope made of muscle that happens to have some rigid bone in it. Legs are thicker than arms, thus make for a stronger rope. My point about the body builder was along the steroid abuse lines - some of the extreme cases have arms that appear to be significantly larger than their legs.
As for the damage the hook itself does, it would probably be rather significant. If its claw or grappling hook shaped, its only real means of grabbing onto something is to hook around it or stab one or more spikes THROUGH it. This would cause some fairly dramatic damage, and could well kill a person when applied to the leg, depending on whether or not it hits the femoral artery.
And given what Batman's willing to do with your average street thug, I'm pretty sure he'd be totally OK with crippling Joker for life. And killing him by accident while trying to save him might well be totally OK for Batman, even if he's the source of the original threat (at least in the Nolan-verse; Comics Batman has probably already come up against this eventuality at least half a dozen times by now).
The comics describe the cable as "decel-Lines" or Decelerate meaning the lines stretch and slow the fall slowly.
your wrong about nightcrawler but I'm to high to type out why. so you win, but just know that you're wrong
+stewart7521 Favorite comment so far. -- KH
broo lmaooo i was gonna say the same thing fam .. XD
Bro, reaction forces. The situation you posed isn't probable because in order for the grappling hook to stop the person with a force of around 45kN, the grappling hook would also experience this tension, and most likely couldn't deal with such a force either, which one can assume the designers took into account when creating this grapple, otherwise it wouldn't be much of a grapple.
For the solution you mentioned at the end, it is quite simple actually: FRICTION
Batman shoots out hook -> Hook latches onto something -> Tension in hooks builds from batman, while simultaneously releasing rope under high friction -> Come to a slow and steady stop.
Nerd comment, Batman did not always have a no kill rule
+Patrick Proctor his rule is never kill with a weapon
He still broke it in an issue of Batman(1941) by using a firearm,I don't remember which issue,but it was one of the earliest ones.
He was a killing machine in the early days.
Why would you have the 0.1 second assumption? The material that the wire/rope thing is made of may have some flexibility and that would slow down the deceleration, kind of like in bungee jumping...?
4:59, because sctence ??
he forgot the other _ in T
gotta remember he's writing every;thing backwards
Batman's grapple-hook is not just a cable or rope. It's like a stiff bungee cord with a little bit of elasticity in it (more than enough to stop or at least mitigate the damage).
You can even see this in that Dark Knight Joker scene. The Joker goes slower and slower before coming to a complete stop; as opposed to immediately halting.
Argument invalid, you didn't give batman prep-time.
That "aaaahhhh" 1:48.. lol reminds me of King Arthur's Gold.. :'D
BOOOOOOOO!!!! WHY'D YOU HAVE TO BRING UP GWEN?! BOOOOO!!!!
The grapling hook pistol probably has some gearing in it to decelerate, probably the same mechanism that shoots the hook but it works both ways with controlable velocity. Batman can lower himself at will, there are scenes to prove it, so he can control the wind of the cable.
Too late, it's been Googled.
+Unsubscribeable fact
Havent seen the video but batman is the toughest guy you could ever imagine and himself getting pulled by the grappling hook is nothing especially his suit also his grappling hook is smart and knows how to 100 percent calculate everything it needs in order to help batman. Although i did not cite any evidence this has to be the case cause if not hed be dead and no way batman is gonna design anything that would kill him or anything
DEAD!
and this is why rock climbers use dynamic ropes and deceleration devices to slow down their velocity before coming to a stop. it's not impossible to imagine the grappling hook having a breaking system that slows down the speed of the speed of the descent reducing the forces on the person.
the bigger problem is "how does batman catch up with robin and whatsherface who fell so much sooner than he did" especially considering that batman has a nice big cape, providing increased air resistance slowing down his descent. meaning they should have gone splat long before he reached either of them.
Kyle really isn't funny
+The Krumpet King Thanks for watching! -- KH
+Nerdist Savage
250,000 views, this comment posted one month ago, zero likes on your comment. Hmm :/
+Isaac Norris and your point is .....
starkiller thompson hahahahahahaha
Whats the difference between static and dynamic climbing rope and why do you only use a certain type for different applications?
Have you considered the oscillations within the grappling gun's system? I assume when batman's line goes rigid, the grappling gun is equipped with a spring and damper system to lessen the impulse applied by lengthening the time over which the force is applied
Nightcrawler moves through another dimension/plane when he teleports. Air from said other dimension comes through when he does so taking his place, hence the sulfur smell and gas cloud and "bamf" noise.
Night crawlers atoms would have to in a way switch with where he teleports or else he wouldn't just create a vacuum where he teleported from but create a shockwave around where he teleports to.
Whenever Nightcrawler teleports there is a "bamf" sound effect. That "bamf" is the sound of the air imploding into the vacuum that he left behind. Len Wein thought of that from day one!
nope the grapnel gun has extra slack and adjusts based on the weight. sort of like the electrical cable you pull on a vaccume
nightcrawler goes through dimensions not really teleport, he was once stuck between these dimensions when Xavier slowed down his transition
Nightcrawler comment: he also should make a compression wave when he gets to wherever he's teleporting. So maybe he *trades places* with the air in his destination, with only the difference in local air pressure left over to make that adorable little bamf noise.. Just a thought.
I had always assumed it wasn't a rigid cord like braided steel, but rather some sort of fiber or semi-elastic material that accounted for the slowing of the target as well as dispersing some of the force into stretching the material.
In the cartoon Nightcrawler's Teleport makes a little sound, but most of all leaves a cloud of gas behind, from the other dimension he goes through to Teleport. I would guess that this cloud take some of his space, therefore minimizing the sonic boom
I'm not sure if it was ever explicitly stated in the movies, but in the comics Batman uses something called 'decel cable' on his grapple, which stretches and reduces the force by spreading out over time. In several comics including the main Batman titles and Nightwing, the reference is used but I never read exactly what it's specifications are, but it is implied that it acts like a bungee cord in some respects, but does not rebound quickly at the maximum stretch.
In Rock Climbing there are two types of rope: Dynamic and Static. Climbers generally use static because falls will either hurt you or kill you.
I'm sure Batman has a Dynamic steel grappling device.
I've also thought of the Nightcrawler question before. I came to the conclusion that it would be more plausible If instead of actually teleporting, he switch the places of his atoms with that of the atoms in the desired location.
This was a really good episode, gotta love comic book physics. Can't speak as to why he not tearing people up Mortal Kombat style. I think the real reason is because he's Batman! As for his own arms I always thought that it was because the suit took the force of the repelling and it was not transfered to his own joints but so much. Or it could be, because he's Batman!
Lots of research for a weekly video. It is appreciated!
I've said this before... but Kyle's nerdiness is HILARIOUS
on the nightcrawler question, he swops places with the atmosphere of the deminsion he uses to teleport, how hes always leaving a lil puff of smoke, ie the xmen evolution episode where they slowed him down and he had to where a repirater so he wouldnt sufficate.
also sorry for typos
Speaking of unpleasant science, do you have any video about explosive decompression?
I mainly watch Nerdist for this show. I love the great scientific analysis of theoretical subjects based on games and movies, and Kyle seems like a very pleasant person, seemingly cool and with a good sense of humour. I look forward to watching more of this brilliant show!
While I agree with two of your examples, I might have an issue with the Dark Knight. In that instance Batman was holding the grapple gun, and it was not firmly planted. After attaching to the Joker's leg there very well may have been three or more feet of room for deceleration (the length of Batman's pullback expecting a jerk plus how far it pulls him forward).
Learning force formula! Even if I dont always agree with this, Its pretty good. And about that slowing down before stopping after grappling, same as that applies to why Spidey s web isnt what killed Gewn: Elasticity. When you jump with a bunji, it doesnt suddenly stop. Spidey s web is also elastic, and if Batman could make a wire like that, it could also work. Or, an opposite force in the device that pulls Batman up with is hook, it could be not so strong so that it takes a moment to stop the person, and then that same force pulls them up.
Kyle is absolutely the best person. I love him.
The way you yelled DEAD!!.... It's fucking hilarious