Always fun to hear the pronunciations of Icelandic names. My own Swedish might be decently closely related to Icelandic, but boy does the 1000 years of drifting apart show. I sure can't nail these names either. and thank you for the informative geology news, as well as these educational videos about these volcanoes around the world.
This guy seems like a very knowledgeable geologist, and his videos are always informative, but his pronunciation of Icelandic names is about as bad as it gets.
Well, it's always nice to see our little islands (Faroe Islands, that is) in a video, but again, if Öræfajökull were to erupt then sure, it would disrupt air traffic but we would probably be first place outside of Iceland to see volcanic ash etc. fall from the sky. We were a bit fortunate during Eyjafjallajökull's eruption that some of it went south of us but we did get also get ashfall back then.
I would not exactly translate Öræfi as wilderness. More like Desolation. So the old Litla-Hérað("Litle-District") farming area became Öræfasveit ("Desolation Countryside")
And the Mt.Konocti lava fields. The tree die off, rain steam, and ground lift is amazing!! My walls are cracked and doors ajar in my house with in 5 years....
I'd guess that if Oraefajokull were to erupt, that plain between the mountain and the coast would be the absolute last place anybody would want to be. Not hard to imagine glacial floods and/or pyroclastic flows just sweeping it clear of everything on their way to the sea.
Sir criss. Your an awsome Geologist. Would you lok into our subduction zone here in the North West of America??? Its been 324 years since the last major event. The event timing is 250 to 500 years. Bullony! It's at the most 300 year cycle.
Nice touch, its not common to see a pre 1992 mount pinatumbo terrain map, lol. It really didn't look like a volcano, scary to think of how the sketchy volcanoes can look deceivinglylike their extinct...
Looking at the chart that includes Pinatubo 1991 and Mount St. Helens 1980, it seems to me that the 1362 very-low-end VEI 6 eruption of Öraefajökull was more exactly akin in magnitude and tephra volume to the eruption of Santa María in Guatemala in 1902 than to Pinatubo 1991.
How does the Iceland hotspot and divergent plate boundary create Rhyolite magma? Magma differentiation in a deeper chamber of pooled basaltic composition magma in the crust? There are other rhyolite complexes in Iceland, for example on the Snaefellsnes Peninsula
Fractional crystalization and partial melting of hydrothermally altered basalts. Perhaps with one or the other being predominant depending on tectonic setting.
It is mentioned that the volcano erupts both rhyolitic and basaltic lavas. This would make öræfajökull a bimodal volcano, which may partially explain its explosivity as the basaltic and rhyolitic composition may mix
@@cacogenicist Is this because the basalt got ’stalled’ on its way up through the crust? One would expect volcanoes with low rates of eruptions (by this I mean infrequent eruptions) to have more differentiation because the magma in the magma chamber is allowed to cool for a longer period of time, but then some volcanoes with similarly infrequent eruptions (such as the Reykjanes volcanoes) mostly produce basalt, so it seems inconsistent
@@AankerStoneshield The factor you're missing is the size of the magma storage. The Reykjanes volcanoes do not store large volumes of magma long term, so instead of differentiating the magma inside its dikes and sills just freeze instead. Öræfajökull on the other hand has a very large magma chamber that takes so long to freeze that it differentiates as it does so. As said by another commenter above, hydrothermal alteration is another, more minor factor here, but it does matter. If deeply buried hydrothermally altered rock volcanic is re-melted, it tends to result in very high silica melts. So take this melt and inject basaltic magma into this chamber (which is likely highly stratified with the highest silica melt at the top), and they may mix. If they do mix, they will react and result in a very, very violent eruption.
While crystal fractionalization is probably also at play Iceland is also a bit interesting as there is some magma chemistry which suggests there may be a remnant piece of continental material suspended in the upper mantle likely the broken off continental underside from the original rifting event associated with the North Atlantic Large Igneous Province that formed the North Atlantic. Remember that prior to 60 million years ago North America and Eurasia formed a single minor supercontinent known as Laurasia. This might help to explain why the rhyolitic eruptions tend to be geographically restricted to eastern and northern Iceland.
If that monster was to erupt the effect would be global due to both the disruption of trans-atlantic air travel routes and the amount of sulphur dioxide it would blast up into the stratosphere.
I'm no expert, but something interesting I've always noticed about Icelandic stratovolcanoes are that most are pretty broad and shield-like in shape (with large calderas).
in a video following the Dec 2023 eruption of Reykjanes, you said Katla is the long-term most dangerous volcano in Iceland. Does Katla outranking this one because of the more frequent eruptions at Katla?
4:28 "...15,000,000 cubic meters..." I do notice when people inexplicably change units. Previous volumes mentioned were given in cubic km (e.g. "20 cubic km"), and then suddenly this value is given in cubic meters. And it's a volume, thus kilo^3 relationship. So it's worth mentioning the reassuring news that 15 million cubic meters is only 0.015 cubic km.
Magma intrusions are almost always in cubic meters. He isnt trying to pull one over on you. Also most of the time he used km3 it was talking about tephra and magma chamber sizes, which are of course massive compared to magma intrusions.
How often does the Geothermal power plant NW of Grendavik do underground wastewater injections/ hydraulic fracking (because Oklahoma, in the U.S. has seismicity associated with that there)?
Meowbahh volcano: Cone type: Shield volcano like kilauea Magma: Basaltic Theolite Temperature: 1250.23 degrees Celsius Magma output: 0.450m/s Eruptions last: 90 - 270 day last for long when his fissure erupted Volcano name meowbahh have to 2nd kilauea volcano fissure opened up hes too eruptive his magma cannot be andesisic he have many collapse and lava lake fill he is 2nd kilauea volcano
Since it's eruptions are very large in size, a merely 15 million cubic meters intrusion is indeed very strange. Maybe it's from it's basaltic part, and it would generate the smallest eruption this volcano's ever seen
01:52 I'm sorry but that is something deeply unserious to claim an I don't know why you included this. The economic damage of any eruption can vary and depends where and when the hazard is impacting people an infrastructure. For Eyjafjallajökull this was mostly due to the prevailing wind conditions and ash column height. The 2011 Grimsvötn eruption was much larger but barely noticed here in europe. It did not cause nearly as much economic damage. The same could occur from a Öræfajökull eruption.
I had the story right, the date wrong (800 - 1000), and did not know it was wiped out by african elephants and resettled again in the 1700s. Making my date correct after all. Rofl.
@@deltalima6703 Iceland has been continuously settled since the Viking era. No interruption in Norse/Scandinavian settlement, unlike in Greenland. And surely African elephants wouldn't have interrupted settlement in Iceland, as there's no way that elephants would have been introduced to Iceland that early (unless you were joking).
Always fun to hear the pronunciations of Icelandic names. My own Swedish might be decently closely related to Icelandic, but boy does the 1000 years of drifting apart show. I sure can't nail these names either.
and thank you for the informative geology news, as well as these educational videos about these volcanoes around the world.
This guy seems like a very knowledgeable geologist, and his videos are always informative, but his pronunciation of Icelandic names is about as bad as it gets.
Well, it's always nice to see our little islands (Faroe Islands, that is) in a video, but again, if Öræfajökull were to erupt then sure, it would disrupt air traffic but we would probably be first place outside of Iceland to see volcanic ash etc. fall from the sky. We were a bit fortunate during Eyjafjallajökull's eruption that some of it went south of us but we did get also get ashfall back then.
I love the history you give about these volcanoes ❤thx for the hard work
Fascinating! Thank you for this
I would not exactly translate Öræfi as wilderness. More like Desolation. So the old Litla-Hérað("Litle-District") farming area became Öræfasveit ("Desolation Countryside")
Thanks for all of your hard work man!
And the Mt.Konocti lava fields. The tree die off, rain steam, and ground lift is amazing!! My walls are cracked and doors ajar in my house with in 5 years....
Thanks as always! This volcano, while not currently posing much of a threat, needs more study due to its eruptive history.
I'd guess that if Oraefajokull were to erupt, that plain between the mountain and the coast would be the absolute last place anybody would want to be. Not hard to imagine glacial floods and/or pyroclastic flows just sweeping it clear of everything on their way to the sea.
Yes there is high risk driving out in the glacier out wash plain.
@@maxharris1203 that sounds horrific, better safe then sorry
Thanks for this very informative video.
Thanks for the comprehensive introduction to this lesser-known "sleeping dragon."
Sir criss. Your an awsome Geologist. Would you lok into our subduction zone here in the North West of America??? Its been 324 years since the last major event. The event timing is 250 to 500 years. Bullony! It's at the most 300 year cycle.
Nice touch, its not common to see a pre 1992 mount pinatumbo terrain map, lol. It really didn't look like a volcano, scary to think of how the sketchy volcanoes can look deceivinglylike their extinct...
Pinatubo
Another excellent video and information! Really enjoy them. Only comment would be to change "will" to "could" at 1:52.
Thanks!
interesting history lesson on the volcano
Looking at the chart that includes Pinatubo 1991 and Mount St. Helens 1980, it seems to me that the 1362 very-low-end VEI 6 eruption of Öraefajökull was more exactly akin in magnitude and tephra volume to the eruption of Santa María in Guatemala in 1902 than to Pinatubo 1991.
Thanks.
I noticed some minor activity near Katla in the last 24 hours..
Background noise, the bigger M3.4 quake was glacial.
Katla is also fearsom volcano
@@wilcofaber9863 I thought it was hekla
They're both Icelandic volcanoes, Katla and Hekla.
How does the Iceland hotspot and divergent plate boundary create Rhyolite magma? Magma differentiation in a deeper chamber of pooled basaltic composition magma in the crust? There are other rhyolite complexes in Iceland, for example on the Snaefellsnes Peninsula
Fractional crystalization and partial melting of hydrothermally altered basalts. Perhaps with one or the other being predominant depending on tectonic setting.
It is mentioned that the volcano erupts both rhyolitic and basaltic lavas. This would make öræfajökull a bimodal volcano, which may partially explain its explosivity as the basaltic and rhyolitic composition may mix
@@cacogenicist Is this because the basalt got ’stalled’ on its way up through the crust? One would expect volcanoes with low rates of eruptions (by this I mean infrequent eruptions) to have more differentiation because the magma in the magma chamber is allowed to cool for a longer period of time, but then some volcanoes with similarly infrequent eruptions (such as the Reykjanes volcanoes) mostly produce basalt, so it seems inconsistent
@@AankerStoneshield The factor you're missing is the size of the magma storage. The Reykjanes volcanoes do not store large volumes of magma long term, so instead of differentiating the magma inside its dikes and sills just freeze instead. Öræfajökull on the other hand has a very large magma chamber that takes so long to freeze that it differentiates as it does so.
As said by another commenter above, hydrothermal alteration is another, more minor factor here, but it does matter. If deeply buried hydrothermally altered rock volcanic is re-melted, it tends to result in very high silica melts.
So take this melt and inject basaltic magma into this chamber (which is likely highly stratified with the highest silica melt at the top), and they may mix. If they do mix, they will react and result in a very, very violent eruption.
While crystal fractionalization is probably also at play Iceland is also a bit interesting as there is some magma chemistry which suggests there may be a remnant piece of continental material suspended in the upper mantle likely the broken off continental underside from the original rifting event associated with the North Atlantic Large Igneous Province that formed the North Atlantic. Remember that prior to 60 million years ago North America and Eurasia formed a single minor supercontinent known as Laurasia.
This might help to explain why the rhyolitic eruptions tend to be geographically restricted to eastern and northern Iceland.
If that monster was to erupt the effect would be global due to both the disruption of trans-atlantic air travel routes and the amount of sulphur dioxide it would blast up into the stratosphere.
I'm no expert, but something interesting I've always noticed about Icelandic stratovolcanoes are that most are pretty broad and shield-like in shape (with large calderas).
in a video following the Dec 2023 eruption of Reykjanes, you said Katla is the long-term most dangerous volcano in Iceland. Does Katla outranking this one because of the more frequent eruptions at Katla?
Myself a traveling volcanist... more than a hobby. Its Hawaii time again......
4:28 "...15,000,000 cubic meters..." I do notice when people inexplicably change units. Previous volumes mentioned were given in cubic km (e.g. "20 cubic km"), and then suddenly this value is given in cubic meters. And it's a volume, thus kilo^3 relationship. So it's worth mentioning the reassuring news that 15 million cubic meters is only 0.015 cubic km.
Magma intrusions are almost always in cubic meters. He isnt trying to pull one over on you. Also most of the time he used km3 it was talking about tephra and magma chamber sizes, which are of course massive compared to magma intrusions.
Has this channel covered the Altiplano-Puna Magma Body or the Apolaki Caldera yet?
He’s covered both
How often does the Geothermal power plant NW of Grendavik do underground wastewater injections/ hydraulic fracking (because Oklahoma, in the U.S. has seismicity associated with that there)?
Dang such fluid pronunciation..
Meowbahh volcano:
Cone type: Shield volcano like kilauea
Magma: Basaltic Theolite
Temperature: 1250.23 degrees Celsius
Magma output: 0.450m/s
Eruptions last: 90 - 270 day last for long when his fissure erupted
Volcano name meowbahh have to 2nd kilauea volcano fissure opened up hes too eruptive his magma cannot be andesisic he have many collapse and lava lake fill he is 2nd kilauea volcano
Since it's eruptions are very large in size, a merely 15 million cubic meters intrusion is indeed very strange. Maybe it's from it's basaltic part, and it would generate the smallest eruption this volcano's ever seen
Or maybe it has small basaltic eruptions relatively often that haven't been noticed because this volcano hasn't been exensivly studied
@@VisconitiKingfr Good point
I never noticed this volcano was that strong
Our great-great-great-great-great-great-grandparents may have...
That's some pro-level Icelandic pronunciation on display right there.
01:52
I'm sorry but that is something deeply unserious to claim an I don't know why you included this.
The economic damage of any eruption can vary and depends where and when the hazard is impacting people an infrastructure.
For Eyjafjallajökull this was mostly due to the prevailing wind conditions and ash column height. The 2011 Grimsvötn eruption was much larger but barely noticed here in europe. It did not cause nearly as much economic damage. The same could occur from a Öræfajökull eruption.
I do wonder if Iceland can survive all of these coming events
beast of a volcano! searched for this one a couple of days before and here it showed up 2 days later
Way to 4-wheel-drive over those names.
1362 I wonder what the annals in Ireland from the time documents, let me check 😉
When was iceland settled? I thought it was near the same time as greenland, in the 1600s.
I had the story right, the date wrong (800 - 1000), and did not know it was wiped out by african elephants and resettled again in the 1700s. Making my date correct after all. Rofl.
@@deltalima6703 Iceland has been continuously settled since the Viking era. No interruption in Norse/Scandinavian settlement, unlike in Greenland. And surely African elephants wouldn't have interrupted settlement in Iceland, as there's no way that elephants would have been introduced to Iceland that early (unless you were joking).
How the he🏒🏒 do you pronounce those names!!??
1:38 glitch in the matrix
Do u call them giants
Well, They Might Be Giants.
This volcano had a seismic crisis in 2018. It last erupted in 1727
Wasn’t the 2018 eruption at Grimsvotn?
@@SuperCutealiengrimsvotn last eruption was 2011
it literally says in the video that it erupted in the 18th century. Are you saying that it is wrong?
Orafajökull is listed at 1:35 and 1:42 as having erupted as a VEI 6 in 1372 and 1762 as a VEI 4.
I suspect its "hard" to know the eruption exactly because small ones might not even be seen under ice.@@matthewbooth9265
bce? It's BC.
Down Vote.