Of course everything I said in the video is subject to radical change as more evidence comes forward. Do you think they're extinct? If so, which cause do you find the most plausible? Any you think I missed?
i was watching a lecture the other day and the man said there was no paternal genetics passed from the neanderthal to us. is this true or did i misunderstand something?
Stefan: You might find 4Mypeople interesting. It has few subs, but the vlogger claims to be mostly Neanderthal. Joined molar roots and many other genetic traits. He's a lonely man who tries to maintain a relatively scientific method. But his difficult past, being bullied, masks that quest due to understandable biases, IMO. . . . Enjoy your site.
Man, how about Neanderthals cave paintings in Spain? It has this been disproven? How come you don't talk about this on the videos? news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/neanderthals-cave-art-humans-evolution-science/
Same here. I have short legs, and a huge framed, heavy boned build that makes me stand out in any crowd. Head size, 7 5/8, and feet 4 7/8" wide at the ball of the foot. I require custom boots and have learned to lengthen my watchbands. I'm not complaining, as I think my odd body structure, which is not able to run (I was able to jog, but running was well below par), kept me out of being sent to Vietnam. They had my entire Advance Infantry Training company run the mile at the track, with cadre and officers with clipboards watching. The majority of guys finished in a bunch, while 4 or 5 of us were a half lap behind, huffing and puffing. The officers were writing in their clipboards. This was in 1971, when the Vietnam War was winding down, and the army had learned that they needed physically capable soldiers, not just bodies. I went through a career in pipefitting and construction plumbing and never broke a bone. Am I Neanderthal? I have the body type that should be DNA tested..
There is a large range of human body types. Being of European & First Nations Ancestry, I have limited choices in clothing, but shoes are the biggest problem...
@@mu99ins My Norwegian grandfather and I completely identify. ;Both of us have been shot at by American hunters thinking we were cave bear. They had a point.
A friend of mine, a nice fellow of Sicilian descent, and quite intelligent, had a marked facial resemblance to a Neanderthal as depicted on the cover of a National Geographic magazine, as well as a build which, while honed at the gym, was likewise a match for the stocky look we associate with these ancient humans. We know their genes are a small part of our own genome, and that their characteristics might emerge from time to time should come as no surprise. =^[.]^=
Due to climate change, of course. "Climate Change", every time I heard it, I want to vomit. It is a legitimate thing, perverted by liberal media propaganda.
Stefan I gotta say man you've quickly become a favorite of mine. I hope these neanderthal videos keep coming, they've been the focus of my studies lately and your videos are very informative. Cheers!
Yeah this series has been hugely popular. They'll definitely be more in the future, though for the minute I'm taking a break from them. So much to talk about in prehistory. Next two videos I'm researching are "Did hominids reach America 130,000 years ago?" and "Did an asteroid cause the Younger Dryas?"
I find it amazing that this channel isn't so well known yet. He should have at least 10x more subs than he has now. I'll be sharing and showing everybody, by the end of the year this man deserves to be verified already.
mpetersen6: A mere 3% reduction in population/generation is enough to make any species extinct within a short period of time; perhaps only a few thousand years.
Yeah probably wasn't the only factor. But climate change, coupled with a large volcanic eruption, coupled with the arrival of a new species that was expanding rapidly would put them under extreme pressure I'm sure.
@@lesliesylvan Yes if it keeps up at 3% per annum. Backwards compound interest sort of. But new know that Neanderthal ate more than just meat. The recent study of Neanderthal teeth with out cleaning them first has revealed that they where eating processed plant foods. As Stefan says it was most likely a number of factors. Up to and including possible predation by our ancestors. The relative scarcity of Neanderthal remains and habitation sites (these were lost by any number of means, erosion, plowed under for farming etc.) makes it unlikely we will never know
I imagine stress greatly reduced their populations to the point where home sapiens outnumbered them 33:1 roughly, at which point they integrated into the homo sapiens groups either by necessity or force.
Fantastic video! Most interesting and learned more new material about the Neanderthals than I have in a while. The 4000 calorie fact was a real shock and seems to me it must have played a role. That is a LOT of food if you are hunting it or gathering it every day. Especially if under other pressures and not able to adapt quickly to other food forces. Well done! ... Except shaving the stache off ... ;-).
Yeah that's a huge amount of food if you're facing some challenges. Probably why their genes had particular adaptions to deal with starvation. 4000 calories might be difficult to hit on a normal day.
This is pure fantasy. The roundish shape would require less calories to stay warm than the tall slim shape. The North American 1st Nations folks lived more outside in their clothes than inside their teepees. They required about 6000 calories per day to keep warm.
@@StefanMilo curios where you are getting those numbers from. It's far more likely they needed far less calories per day which is why heavy calorie diets rich in fats, sugars and salt makes for diabetics.
0:28 it's SO true! Your mustache was coming along just fine, then all of a sudden... It was just gone! No explanation. We were left to pick up the peices on our own. Many men have theories. But will we ever really know?
I really liked your series on Neanderthals! As a New Zealander of European descent who loves rugby, hunting and fishing, I some how feel strangely connected to our lost cousins...
This video style is absolutely amazing. I am a fan of yours today and I encourage you to keep adding these jokes and other stuff on screen. Thank you for making these!
Well, I've been a bit poorly for while, it's all been a bit slow motion. I'm so very pleased by the way your channel has grown. Very much deserved. The mix of a light, affable presentation style with properly referenced research makes it all very accessible. Cool. I had to laugh when I caught up with some of the responses to the Sphinx vid. Nil desperandum tho, matey. Keep doing what you do. It's all good. I don't know if you have access to this, but at 8pm tonight on UK Channel 4 is a programme which I think will be about the Viking Great Army burials at Repton. The blurb isn't very detailed but it claims to have evidence of female Viking warriors. Controversial! Lol.
In the Soviet Union there was a persistent tale of a Neanderthal village on the far edge of the Gobi Desert. I know several journalists who went looking for it.
@U pičku Materinu Neanderthals would be better at dealing with environmental changes in the environment than a lot of us here today! Check out: Out of Neanderthal Theory, they became us and the price was becoming part of our history.
@@jonjohn1408 Yes, the lines between two separate species are traditionally drawn when they cannot reproduce successfully. Like lion and tiger can breed and produce a Liger which is sterile. If we carry neanderthal DNA, then we are subspecies.
@@jasonjames4254 thank you We are just like dogs many different variations but the original is the wolf. But a wolf would never "evolve" into a poodle or weiner dog. So its means at some point of time someone was experimenting with us.
When you mention "body type" and declare that the Neanderthal type is not around, I wonder how scientists think about the enormous extant variation we see around us, for instance 7' basketball players all the way to tiny 90 pound gymnasts.
Your videos are get better and better (and they were good to begin with). Fantastic stuff. You contribute to public education in a very good way. Thanks!
Well OBVIOUSLY they just developed flying saucers and decided to move to a better neighborhood. We don't find archaeological evidence of the early development of flying saucers because they were made out of wicker. These became the basis for the Babylonian description of Noah's Ark as a giant coracle, of course. [And yet, this is not the craziest thing you will read on the Internet today.]
Here's more crazy for you @christosvoskresye .... I saw an Ezekiel's Wheel over the pine woods of New Jersey one cold wintery night alone in my orange VW bug on a one lane highway. Yes, the pine woods where the Jersey Devil hangs out - perhaps they were surveilling the Jersey Devil with their space craft?? Colored blinking lights, wheels moving within wheels .. it was gloriosky! .. and it actually played with me down on the road for awhile which scared the begeezers outa me before disappearing over to the left; and when I arrived at where it had veered off overhead .. there was a very discreet and small USAF installation fenced off there. I kid you not sir.
Ibis Helios you're not alone a lot of us have seen them and I don't mean just lights in the sky but real physical crafts and the people for lack of a better word who fly them.
not totally sure that Neanderthals are extinct. I've met certain people who would fit the description of Neanderthals precisely. uncannily similar to them.
Technically speaking All European people's carry a small amount of Neanderthal genetics this means technically speaking neanderthals are not extinct I know for all intensive purposes they are
@@linguisticallyoversight8685 yes. I know. but I'm talking about full on neanderthal, short, stocky, low forehead, hasn't got the human chin that juts out.. that person just really really looked like a neanderthal. (for clarification, I don't deem anyone worth based on their looks or their heritage, just an observation, though I'm not convinced there aren't a small population in the middle of Stockholm). ;)
The real question is: Could Neanderthals’ grow mustaches of similar magnificence? I feel like the answer to this question would get us closer to the understanding the mystery of their extinction
I say it was likely a mix of factors. On top of the sudden change in climate, around that time a lot of their choice food sources like Wolly Rhinos and other megafauna were also becoming less common. And they needed *a lot* of calories in comparison to AMH to survive. Their brains were bigger, their bodies had prominent muscle definition, a less efficient gait (in males at least), denser bones which added weight and slowed healing. They also hunted large game and generally lived very, very active lifestyles. All of this was pretty calorically expensive and only possible because they were usually able to find enough to eat. Once the temperature dropped and more of their prey dissapeared it probably got much harder. This meant smaller populations which although they had always been pretty isolated, became even more so. Inbreeding seems to have become a problem around that time. You can see this in the rising rates of congenital defects like bone malformations in later specimens. Then, when we consider competition from the east (Denisovans) and south (AMH) it starts to make sense. They were already dying off when we came on the scene, and any who survived stuck with AMH and Denisovans. Living and interbreeding with them until eventually they were absorbed into the gene pool and vanished. Kind of a tragedy if you think about it. Maybe having another sapient species to interact with would make us feel less...lonely here in this crazy existence.
i LOVE your channel. Thanks so much. Looking forward to making my through your videos. The general topic of pre-agricultural humans, I find utterly fascinating and compelling. Cheers!
Soooo curious about Neanderthals! I’d just love to hear more details about their technologies, especially the discovery of pitch-making from birch bark, more details about artifacts found adjacent to their habitats. Thoughts about their feather collections? Waiting, waiting for a comprehensive book that discusses all the new findings... new discoveries regarding tooth plaque, which show Neanderthals ate plants (and processed), etc., as well as hunt. It would great to hear about certain abstract representations found in conjunction with their habitations.
" I’d just love to hear more details about their technologies," nothing interesting, ugly stone scrapers made of flint and some other type of stone and there seems to be the remains of animal skins that they used as clothing. That's all their technology. Cro-Magnons had "technologies" in the Paleolithic - from drawings to stone sculptures from arrows to boats.
Loved your 37K y/o Neanderthal footage. Great find! Clearly this proves the immense intellect of our long-lost cousins. On a serious note, what might RH- have played in limiting viable offspring w/modern humans?
Do you mean the blood group? Not sure, I didn't read anything on that. It is possible that our genetic trace of Neanderthals is so small because not all offspring were viable. No human male ever tested has a Neanderthal Y chromosome so it's possible that some form of male human/neanderthal offspring were not able to produce children or the pregnancies were consistently miscarried.
@@TT3TT3 this is a good point. We've been doing this to our own species in the past. Makes sense that it could of happened. Very sad to think about though.
This series was so fascinating. Thank you for all your research, and for sharing it with us. My opinion on their extinction is that it was a combination of all three. A failure to adapt to the climate change and the appearance of modern man. On a side note, I have seen several people (mostly on tv) that have a VERY pronounced brow ridge. I mean so pronounced that it immediately made me think of the Neanderthal morphology. I wonder if the tiny bit of Neanderthal DNA that some people carry occasionally pops up. Or is this particular facial feature just another example of Homo Sapiens diversities solely within our own species.
Excellent stuff. Are you suggesting that the McDonald's menu is best suited to Neaderthal's, if so constant feasting on Big Mac's may encourage the traces of Neanderthal DNA to mutate and become dominant, a new sub species would evolve called Ronaldovians wearing orange wigs!
Would be very interesting to have a brief overview of all the different migrations of settlement into Europe, from the Auringnacians all the way up to the IndoEuropeans
What if the first humans in Europe didn’t just bring their cool artefacts but some fabulous new diseases that they themselves had built up some immunity to?
@imateapot51 In humans diseases don't only spread in static civilizations; the incubation period of diseases can vary wildly, allowing plenty of time for someone to become a vector between distant groups of people. Then there is malaria, which is just relentless in some parts of the world. Mosquitoes become infected with malaria parasites from an infected human, and while suffering no ill effects itself, it goes off and injects the parasites into the next human it feeds on. Malaria is like nature's most ass kicking open-world boss, so much death and misery from it. There is also the ability of infectious agents to evolve the ability to infect a different species, but that would be beside the point being made.
Love your videos - especially the humour. Your easy speaking style and mannerisms remind me of the guy who does the Veritasium videos. You could be brothers! Anyway, you seem like a chill guy and that's what makes you likeable. Keep up the good work. :)
Stefan: Why didn't you include the supervolano eruption of Mount Toba 75,000 years ago as part of the Climate reasons? I was unaware of the Italian eruption 39,000 yrs ago, but the Mt. Toba eruption caused a population bottleneck in both Sapiens in Africa and Neanderthals in Europe/Asia. At least some researchers think it caused the Neanderthals so much loss of population that they would no longer be able to repel the incoming Sapiens from out of Africa. The theory also suggests that the population loss from Mt. Toba was the major reason for the inbreeding among Neanderthals that left them vulnerable to the incoming Sapiens.
Major factor event crucial to both types. Toba depopulated all the archaics leaving way clearer for the adaptive expanding Sapiens to disperse out and eventually prevail.
Denisovans, Neanderthals and Homo sapiens all were interbreeding at around that 60,000 year mark and the Denisovan DNA still lives on in some Asian and Melanesian populations. Don't have a good link to hand but DNA is radically changing our understanding of how we became modern humans.
One point of interest is that Denisovan was 12.2 - 12.5 percent divergent from humans, very much like Neanderthal. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617501/ This is because those things were 15-16ths human and 1-16th chimpanzee.
@@Mdebacle: might a well said "goldfish" being 96% the same genes as humans, closer than 84%. Some misinterpretate chimps being 98% human. Beats your varieties of humans and the chimps, Pan paniscus, don't even have the same number of chromosomes as people. The root of racism, I suppose, is psuedospeciation, a psychological phenomenon. And here we go again, archeologically speaking, into the narratives supporting Nazi phrenologists, proving their own superiority, much like Hillary's self imagined superiority over America's unencouragables and irredeemables. It never stops! Does it?
@@StefanMilo you missed his point. He is asking for a link to the claim that Neanderthal child found in the Denisovan cave was inbred. IE the product of half siblings as you said in video.
Questions that I have are 1. Where did the Aurignacian people come from originally? (besides Africa. I mean like what route out of Africa did they take, like did they live in the middle east for a while then go to Europe or did they cross the Mediterranean etc... 2. Did the Gravettian people meet up with and conquer the Aurignacian or was the Gravettian just the next technological/cultural phase of the same Aurignacian populace? 3. Did the Gravettian come from the same place or along the exact same route as the Aurignacian had thousands of years earlier? 4. Do people still carry the DNA of Aurignacian and Gravettian people, maybe Basque people? 5. Did the Aurignacian and Gravettian people look different from each other? OR were they related?
I'll try and give some quick answers but these are great questions and we don't know the answers to them completely. 1 - I believe they moved in from the middle east. 2 - The Gravettian did replace the Aurignacian culture across Europe. Whether they were a totally new group or just an evolution of the Aurignacian we don't know. As for whether they were replaced by war or assimilation we don't know either. Probably assimilation in some areas, conflict in others. 3 - Not sure if the Gravettian took the same route, it seems they were able to expand quickly and live at greater densities than the Aurignacian so they were probably able to exploit a wider range of environments and resources. They certainly seem better at exploiting water resources such as rivers. 4 - I'm sure all Europeans and many Asians carry the DNA of Aurignacian and Gravettian people because they were still part of the initial peopling of the Earth. So the Indo Europeans that later swept through Europe were almost certainly descendants of these people too. 5 - Not sure about that, though I haven't looked into to.
@@StefanMilo It is so weird to think about how long ago these events were. Like when one thinks about the Vikings in the year 1000 CE , that seems like so long ago and so much has happened since then, but that was only 1000 years ago! Or how about Caesar? that was 2,000 years ago, and all the stuff that has happened since then fills huge volumes of history books! Then we think of the Pyramids being built (like 4500 ya) which was more than double the time between us and J. Caesar, and yet the Aurignacians were still 40,000 years before even that! I think of Otzi the Iceman, and he lived 6,000 years ago and how primitive things seemed then, but again, he lived tens of thousands of years after the Aurignacians! I wonder what happened in all of those millennia and how Europe, and other parts of the world changed back and fourth between desert & forest and tundra and forest again and then glaciers then forest then grassland etc. It is such interesting stuff! It really blows my mind to think that some one living 20,000 years ago in Europe had been preceded by 20,000 years of generations and still had 12,000 years yet to even make it to the neolithic! I wonder how different it would seem to an Aurignacian person if he was time traveled 10,000 years (and say he lived for a year), and then 10 thousand years again (and then stayed a year), and then again? Even after 30,000 years He still would not be in the Neolithic and Otzi would be some distantly futuristic descendant. It is all so mind bending, Sorry had to share that! Thanks again for the good videos! :)
I think the bigger mystery is why the archaeological and anthroplogical community is discussing the disappearance of your mustache. Lol. Love your videos.
I think the most realistic explanation is the combination of environmental changes that gradually made their food-sources dwindle. Homo Sapiens is said to have switched to agriculture when the ice-age reduced their food-sources, so if neanderthals weren't able to make that transition; either because they lacked the mental development or because the nutrition of early grains wasn't enough to sustain them, it would explain why they died out, while other hominids in the same period survived.
Stefan...This has been fascinating. Here are a couple of thoughts on Neanderthal development. I suspect that their skulls give a clue. Their skulls have a larger capacity, but not in the same shape. I think that their eye sockets and nose aperture suggest that they had larger eyes*, and larger noses with nose holes facing out (instead of ours facing down). So one part of the brain was processing much more information than we can process (think dogs, whose sense of smell amazes us). Maybe that part of the brain was in the back, where they had an overhang some call a bun. But they had less on top - the cerebral cortex.. I have read elsewhere that they had a smaller social circle, that is, they were in contact with fewer people than modern humans. And I have read that they hadn't domesticated dogs. Now, there is a bone that anthropologists claim demonstrates that they had speech. But maybe that was just for sound-making, and that they lacked the brain function to develop sound-making into communication. Modern humans had that cerebral cortex that allowed for spoken communications to develop (OK, a noise can communicate, but having words is more nuanced hence more sophisticated). That cerebral cortex also delivered the brain power to maintain relations with more others, and together Sapiens were more organized, in hunting food and in conflict with Neanderthals. Training dogs to help in hunting, along with weapons development, probably contributed to more efficient hunting and war-making. You have this hunting machine, the descendants of thousands of years of meat-eating (not much gathering in the ice age), larger than us, much more muscular, without the strategy-making part of the brain development, facing off against modern humans. They probably won the first round, killing the men and taking the women (hence the % DNA) but after time the Sapiens return having learned how to adapt and defeat Neanderthals. So they lost later rounds, retreated and finally disappeared when their (virginal) immune systems couldn't compete. Finally, Sapiens brought domesticated animals and farming. Those things are elements of civilization (you can sit and make pottery or play the lute if you don't have to always chase your next meal) but they also bring communicable diseases. Over time Sapiens became immune via selection, but just like the Europeans entering the Western Hemisphere after Columbus, they annihilated the opposition with diseases for which Neanderthals had no genetic response. *The soft tissue, brain, nose, eyes, do not survive like bones. So I will speculate! Their eyes were larger than ours, and perhaps had powers our eyes don't have, but powers (say, much better night vision) that would have been naturally selected for small groups of hominids hunting mastodons and other gigantic fierce prey. Front-facing nose holes would also benefit a hunting machine. And the brain supported these organs and a sensorium very much different than Sapiens.
Great series, I'm glad it works well. Thank you, learned a lot thanks to you as I'm not an anthropologist or a paleontologist at all I didn't know about their shortest life expectancy, maybe that's an interesting lead when facing heavy competition. And so many calories!
Looking all young and fresh-faced without your facial fur..LOL! I tend to lean toward the cause of neanderthal's decline into extinction being their need for more calories, I also read that they had a very carnivorous diet, whereas we were omnivores, making us better able to pull through times of famine...a little piece of them lives on in many of us, which I find endearing. I have always been so fascinated by them.... *great vid" 👍
Iron: This is also why so many species, including hominids, have decreased their size while adapting to new environs; Greenland Mastodons and Hobbit man.
Yeah, that huge volcanic eruption in Italy basically just left Neanderthals alive in Spain and Western France, well upwind, where, go figure, the last Neanderthals were found. I've often wondered if the level of androgen and other hormones associated with their muscular physiques just made them more aggressive, territorial, and warlike, and less cooperative, which would explain their complete lack of trading networks. If they tended to fight with their neighbours, not trade with them, and every time large groups of Sapiens migrated into Neanderthal areas they were attacked by smaller, localized groups of male Neanderthals who were used to automatically attacking anyone on their territory, the survivors of the volcano would have slowly been supplanted.
I'd like to know more about this volcano's impact on the populations . And more about which genes from Neanderthals survived in our gene pool and which genes died out. Great videos!
From what ive read about neanderthals and their characteristics, all of those characteristics fall within the range of "modern humans". Neanderthals were just humans with cold climate characteristics that made them seem different from the humans coming from warmer climates. This is true today, we have humans with different characteristics based on geography. Higher lung capacity in peoples living in the peruvian highlands, stocky build in artic people, tall people in the sudan. "Modern" humans back in neanderthal times had thicker bones like neanderthals did. We have madd a mistake in classifying neanderthals as a different species
Howdy Stefan ! Yur videos are very informative & challenge the human brain about what exactly happened all those millions of years ago -- p.s. -- I miss the Mic-Spoon !! It was definitely Yu !
Really enjoy your vids. I have been studying this subject (Human development and migration; at an amateur level of course) for a couple of years now and am fascinated by it. I really appreciate the straightforward, uncomplicated way you explain things for people like me, without an advanced degree ( or any degree for that matter) in anything. I have a particular interest in the subject of where and when did the split between Neandertals and Denisovans happen. Also, what was the process by which the various racial groupings occurred? My interest is solely curiosity, no social, political or cultural agenda here. Keep up the good work!
There’s historical Bigfoot type stories all over Eurasia of strange hairy man like creatures living alongside humans so perhaps there were still some a few thousand years ago.
Apart from homo sapiens' far superior cultural capabilities starting with much more sohisticated tool making, you left out a trait of modern man that I think is crucial, and that is our ability to form and maintain group relations far beyond the 120 or so individuals that our brain capacity might suggest. Neanderthals lived in groups of around thirty, you said. Well, we form nations of many million people and have done so for thousands of years. I read about long distance trading among very early homo sapiens populations that was never found in any way among Neanderthals.
I have less than 4% of Neanderthal DNA ( 278 variants ) according to 23andMe... and even if that's small it makes me kind of proud for some strange reason ! lol Maybe you should try a big "yeard"... ( don't shave for a year ) next ? lol
Pseudospeciation of Neandertals is pretty much a racist discrimination. Two primates sexually producing fertile offspring are the same species. By definition. Get over it. Some people were stronger, maybe a little Mayan in skull shape, and apparently went after large game up close and personal. Quite exhilarating. They painted those caves in France 40-120,000 years ago. They may be the lost architects of all the megalithic structures and foundations all around the world. Perhaps they are the Atlantians of history. Might have built the pyramids and carved the 1st Sphinx by the Nile. Don't discriminate against the Neandertal. It's just as racist as black Africans hating white Africans or vice versa. All are humans. Stop with the antiscience terminology. It reminds me of German phrenology. Please.
@@johnvonshepard9373 : Thanks, the German thing made me laugh. I needed that this morning. And coffee. "The reason we never see elephants hiding in trees, is because elephants are very good at it." The best joke I heard in 2018. It exemplifies how beliefs can attempt to explain themselves with circular reasoning or definition, in the above example even the 5 year old who told me the joke understood the joke. However, astrophysicists are kidding themselves with circular reasoning on dark matter, dark energy, neutron stars, and blackholes, they must be there, hiding themselves in space. A belief so strong, they are trapped in their faith by their indoctrinational training. Even before the alleged "picture" of b.h., I explained why it wasn't. Darwinists also. Political views fall into an X,Y,Z plot, not just a straight line of right-left opinions concerning individual issues. Pollsters have become propagandistic social-psychologists manipulating as large a segment of the population as possible. They are very good at it. Because half the people on earth have a below average I.Q. by definition and have been diseducated since the 1870's, 1920's, 1950's, and a hardcore dumbing down illiteracy in the 1990's. Everybody's average could be vastly improved by living, laughing, and loving. A good life to you, Jon von Shepard.
0:40 I understand that Vindija (Croatia), some Northern caves of the Altai region and at least one site in the Kemi Republic have some more recent record, closer to 30 Ka BP. Please correct me if I'm wrong here.
5:25 "the toe of a Neanderthal woman found in the famous Denisova Cave" I checked the comments section, I googled, I looked at the sources you wonderfully cited *when possible* (which is to say not remotely completely) and I couldn't find anyone referring to those remains as Neanderthal. Is this an error on your behalf, related to the fact that this video is 3 years old and our understanding has evolved since then, or is there something I missed? Love your work, as always!
Stefan, I watch your videos since the operation Oddyseus and I can say your channel is gonna explode soon. Just believe in YT algorithm :D Also can you make a video about why friggin South Africa skipped Bronze age and straight advanced to Iron age? Is it hax?
Of course everything I said in the video is subject to radical change as more evidence comes forward.
Do you think they're extinct?
If so, which cause do you find the most plausible?
Any you think I missed?
i was watching a lecture the other day and the man said there was no paternal genetics passed from the neanderthal to us. is this true or did i misunderstand something?
I think it means no Neanderthal Y chromosomes survive in hybrid samples.
Stefan: You might find 4Mypeople interesting. It has few subs, but the vlogger claims to be mostly Neanderthal. Joined molar roots and many other genetic traits. He's a lonely man who tries to maintain a relatively scientific method. But his difficult past, being bullied, masks that quest due to understandable biases, IMO. . . . Enjoy your site.
@@sbentler6830 does it decay faster? why would it be missing and the x not? could is be a sociological artifact? evidence of human behavior?
Man, how about Neanderthals cave paintings in Spain? It has this been disproven? How come you don't talk about this on the videos? news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/neanderthals-cave-art-humans-evolution-science/
My uncle was a Neanderthal but he converted to orthodox Denisovan.
lurking0death I thought you were going to say but then he was converted to Catholicism
He could have some Neanderthal DNA
lurking0death 😂
Meant long distance walk, but he was devout, I'm sure.
When was your uncle born?
@@adammoore7059 Based on that story, close to 100%.
"The Neanderthal body type has disappeared."
The difficulties I have buying a suit would beg to differ!
Same here. I have short legs, and a huge framed, heavy boned build that makes me stand out in any crowd. Head size, 7 5/8, and feet 4 7/8" wide at the ball of the foot.
I require custom boots and have learned to lengthen my watchbands. I'm not complaining, as I think my odd body structure, which is not able to run (I was able to jog, but
running was well below par), kept me out of being sent to Vietnam. They had my entire Advance Infantry Training company run the mile at the track, with cadre and officers
with clipboards watching. The majority of guys finished in a bunch, while 4 or 5 of us were a half lap behind, huffing and puffing. The officers were writing in their
clipboards. This was in 1971, when the Vietnam War was winding down, and the army had learned that they needed physically capable soldiers, not just bodies. I went through
a career in pipefitting and construction plumbing and never broke a bone. Am I Neanderthal? I have the body type that should be DNA tested..
Ha! So funny.
There is a large range of human body types. Being of European & First Nations Ancestry, I have limited choices in clothing, but shoes are the biggest problem...
@@mu99ins My Norwegian grandfather and I completely identify. ;Both of us have been shot at by American hunters thinking we were cave bear. They had a point.
A friend of mine, a nice fellow of Sicilian descent, and quite intelligent, had a marked facial resemblance to a Neanderthal as depicted on the cover of a National Geographic magazine, as well as a build which, while honed at the gym, was likewise a match for the stocky look we associate with these ancient humans. We know their genes are a small part of our own genome, and that their characteristics might emerge from time to time should come as no surprise. =^[.]^=
Forest looks so epic. Jealous
There's a lot of trees in my neck of the woods that's for sure. You'll have to come and visit!
@Something Mildly Homophobic r/whooosh
Due to climate change, of course. "Climate Change", every time I heard it, I want to vomit. It is a legitimate thing, perverted by liberal media propaganda.
@@seanleith5312 hear! Hear! To that one!!!
Stefan I gotta say man you've quickly become a favorite of mine. I hope these neanderthal videos keep coming, they've been the focus of my studies lately and your videos are very informative. Cheers!
Yeah this series has been hugely popular. They'll definitely be more in the future, though for the minute I'm taking a break from them. So much to talk about in prehistory. Next two videos I'm researching are "Did hominids reach America 130,000 years ago?" and "Did an asteroid cause the Younger Dryas?"
@@StefanMilo Excited to see it! Keep learning brother
Yep it looks like anything that slightly resembles a hominid has been $hagging anything that resembles a hominid for a very long time
They're not extinct. They retired on their riches from a string of popular Geico commercials.
Your butt stinks
So easy a caveman could do it
Lol
I find it amazing that this channel isn't so well known yet. He should have at least 10x more subs than he has now. I'll be sharing and showing everybody, by the end of the year this man deserves to be verified already.
Thanks I appreciate that!
It's The Algorithm, man. YT just showed me this video - hadn't heard of Stefan Milo before. Subbed and shared.
favorite channel on youtube. keep the vids coming
Wow, thanks that's really kind of you to say.
Neanderthals lived through numerous climate swings and in different environment so I doubt it was climate.
mpetersen6: A mere 3% reduction in population/generation is enough to make any species extinct within a short period of time; perhaps only a few thousand years.
Yeah probably wasn't the only factor. But climate change, coupled with a large volcanic eruption, coupled with the arrival of a new species that was expanding rapidly would put them under extreme pressure I'm sure.
@@lesliesylvan
Yes if it keeps up at 3% per annum. Backwards compound interest sort of. But new know that Neanderthal ate more than just meat. The recent study of Neanderthal teeth with out cleaning them first has revealed that they where eating processed plant foods. As Stefan says it was most likely a number of factors. Up to and including possible predation by our ancestors. The relative scarcity of Neanderthal remains and habitation sites (these were lost by any number of means, erosion, plowed under for farming etc.) makes it unlikely we will never know
I imagine stress greatly reduced their populations to the point where home sapiens outnumbered them 33:1 roughly, at which point they integrated into the homo sapiens groups either by necessity or force.
It was the smallpox blankets....
Fantastic video! Most interesting and learned more new material about the Neanderthals than I have in a while. The 4000 calorie fact was a real shock and seems to me it must have played a role. That is a LOT of food if you are hunting it or gathering it every day. Especially if under other pressures and not able to adapt quickly to other food forces.
Well done! ... Except shaving the stache off ... ;-).
Yeah that's a huge amount of food if you're facing some challenges. Probably why their genes had particular adaptions to deal with starvation. 4000 calories might be difficult to hit on a normal day.
This is pure fantasy. The roundish shape would require less calories to stay warm than the tall slim shape. The North American 1st Nations folks lived more outside in their clothes than inside their teepees. They required about 6000 calories per day to keep warm.
@@StefanMilo curios where you are getting those numbers from. It's far more likely they needed far less calories per day which is why heavy calorie diets rich in fats, sugars and salt makes for diabetics.
When I was around 13 or 14 I did the math and I was averaging over 4000 calorie per day.
0:28 it's SO true! Your mustache was coming along just fine, then all of a sudden... It was just gone! No explanation. We were left to pick up the peices on our own. Many men have theories. But will we ever really know?
Really happy to have discovered your channel! Thanks Stefan 🤘🏻
I really liked your series on Neanderthals! As a New Zealander of European descent who loves rugby, hunting and fishing, I some how feel strangely connected to our lost cousins...
Are you suggesting Neanderthals didn't die, they just became Kiwis?
@@StefanMilo Well, its a theory!
I mean myself and my partner are kiwis and he has the neaderthal body type no matter what science tells us
Yes always wondered about the All Blacks
British ancestors had most of their teeth knocked out
This video style is absolutely amazing. I am a fan of yours today and I encourage you to keep adding these jokes and other stuff on screen. Thank you for making these!
Excellent, as usual. Nicely done, sir!
Hey thanks Tecto, was just thinking about you the other day. It has been really popular this series.
Well, I've been a bit poorly for while, it's all been a bit slow motion. I'm so very pleased by the way your channel has grown. Very much deserved. The mix of a light, affable presentation style with properly referenced research makes it all very accessible. Cool. I had to laugh when I caught up with some of the responses to the Sphinx vid. Nil desperandum tho, matey. Keep doing what you do. It's all good. I don't know if you have access to this, but at 8pm tonight on UK Channel 4 is a programme which I think will be about the Viking Great Army burials at Repton. The blurb isn't very detailed but it claims to have evidence of female Viking warriors. Controversial! Lol.
In the Soviet Union there was a persistent tale of a Neanderthal village on the far edge of the Gobi Desert. I know several journalists who went looking for it.
Sex, interbreeding is the main reason why Neanderthals went 'extinct' but in many ways they live on within us and the process is continuous!
@U pičku Materinu Neanderthals would be better at dealing with environmental changes in the environment than a lot of us here today! Check out: Out of Neanderthal Theory, they became us and the price was becoming part of our history.
@@Dyslexic-Artist-Theory-on-Time if they were better they would have survived
2 separate species can't sexual reproduce natural so idk what your talking about
@@jonjohn1408 Yes, the lines between two separate species are traditionally drawn when they cannot reproduce successfully. Like lion and tiger can breed and produce a Liger which is sterile. If we carry neanderthal DNA, then we are subspecies.
@@jasonjames4254 thank you
We are just like dogs many different variations but the original is the wolf.
But a wolf would never "evolve" into a poodle or weiner dog.
So its means at some point of time someone was experimenting with us.
Enjoyed the production value of this video - keep it up!
Thanks I appreciate you saying that, I've really been trying to up the quality.
Gérard Depardieu ate them.....after all.....there can only be one!
Homo Depardiensis, the true missing link!
Um, that was that other french guy, remember(?)
ulf schack He is not just another French guy you uncultured swine
@@TipTheScales27 Ernest Borgnine
Another Frenchman!
This channel is so underrated.
Who said they went extinct? I see one in the mirror every now & then.
Me too
When you mention "body type" and declare that the Neanderthal type is not around, I wonder how scientists think about the enormous extant variation we see around us, for instance 7' basketball players all the way to tiny 90 pound gymnasts.
Yeah, look at Rosie ODonnel. Perfect neander!
@@jameswithers2334 Thank you for this comment, I've never thought of that before. I don't have an answer but that's just made me think so much.
James Withers I guess that’s the manifestation of our strength as well. Genetic diversity. Thus, not putting our eggs in the same basket.
Its really exciting to think about what we'll learn as anthropology and archeology advances
Your videos are get better and better (and they were good to begin with). Fantastic stuff. You contribute to public education in a very good way. Thanks!
I was wondering about this topic yesterday. Well timed!
MrTapier withmoustache Same.
Great video!
It's really cool practicing listening with your videos. I'm from Colombia, but, I really like study and have knowledge about anthropology.
Another great video. I'm binging on them. You do a fantastic job explaining all this.
Well OBVIOUSLY they just developed flying saucers and decided to move to a better neighborhood. We don't find archaeological evidence of the early development of flying saucers because they were made out of wicker. These became the basis for the Babylonian description of Noah's Ark as a giant coracle, of course.
[And yet, this is not the craziest thing you will read on the Internet today.]
Lol comments like this are absolutely inevitable.
Here's more crazy for you @christosvoskresye .... I saw an Ezekiel's Wheel over the pine woods of New Jersey one cold wintery night alone in my orange VW bug on a one lane highway. Yes, the pine woods where the Jersey Devil hangs out - perhaps they were surveilling the Jersey Devil with their space craft?? Colored blinking lights, wheels moving within wheels .. it was gloriosky! .. and it actually played with me down on the road for awhile which scared the begeezers outa me before disappearing over to the left; and when I arrived at where it had veered off overhead .. there was a very discreet and small USAF installation fenced off there. I kid you not sir.
Reverse engineering? I'd really like to believe so .. rather have human pilots playing tag with my VW than alien/angels ... do angels play???
Ibis Helios you're not alone a lot of us have seen them and I don't mean just lights in the sky but real physical crafts and the people for lack of a better word who fly them.
@@MikeSmith-cl4ix Any more details? Sounds fascinating.
Really good info and fun to watch!
not totally sure that Neanderthals are extinct.
I've met certain people who would fit the description of Neanderthals precisely.
uncannily similar to them.
I see you've met my dad.
@@StefanMilo your dad is short and stalky?
Polynesian folk come to mind. More significantly, Aborigine.
Technically speaking All European people's carry a small amount of Neanderthal genetics this means technically speaking neanderthals are not extinct
I know for all intensive purposes they are
@@linguisticallyoversight8685 yes.
I know.
but I'm talking about full on neanderthal, short, stocky, low forehead, hasn't got the human chin that juts out..
that person just really really looked like a neanderthal.
(for clarification, I don't deem anyone worth based on their looks or their heritage, just an observation, though I'm not convinced there aren't a small population in the middle of Stockholm).
;)
Woah I didn't know this channel existed, but I'm very lucky to have stumbled across this one!
The real question is:
Could Neanderthals’ grow mustaches of similar magnificence?
I feel like the answer to this question would get us closer to the understanding the mystery of their extinction
We gave woman the right to vote and implemented open border policies.
Doesn’t answer my question
@@Thrashdragon it answers everything
Any Hominid producing testosterone in a certain amount can grow a mustache. The magnificence lies in the maintenance.
Don181, you'r a frickin Neanderthal yep and then the woman domesticated the Neanderthal and we become the domesticated European
This channel is criminally underrated.
I say it was likely a mix of factors. On top of the sudden change in climate, around that time a lot of their choice food sources like Wolly Rhinos and other megafauna were also becoming less common. And they needed *a lot* of calories in comparison to AMH to survive. Their brains were bigger, their bodies had prominent muscle definition, a less efficient gait (in males at least), denser bones which added weight and slowed healing. They also hunted large game and generally lived very, very active lifestyles. All of this was pretty calorically expensive and only possible because they were usually able to find enough to eat. Once the temperature dropped and more of their prey dissapeared it probably got much harder. This meant smaller populations which although they had always been pretty isolated, became even more so. Inbreeding seems to have become a problem around that time. You can see this in the rising rates of congenital defects like bone malformations in later specimens. Then, when we consider competition from the east (Denisovans) and south (AMH) it starts to make sense. They were already dying off when we came on the scene, and any who survived stuck with AMH and Denisovans. Living and interbreeding with them until eventually they were absorbed into the gene pool and vanished. Kind of a tragedy if you think about it. Maybe having another sapient species to interact with would make us feel less...lonely here in this crazy existence.
Great video and the knowledge obtained from it was appreciated!
Very interesting. Concise too. I like the clear and sober exposition of possibilities.
Thanks!
It's always best to make your videos sober.
i LOVE your channel. Thanks so much. Looking forward to making my through your videos. The general topic of pre-agricultural humans, I find utterly fascinating and compelling. Cheers!
Soooo curious about Neanderthals! I’d just love to hear more details about their technologies, especially the discovery of pitch-making from birch bark, more details about artifacts found adjacent to their habitats. Thoughts about their feather collections? Waiting, waiting for a comprehensive book that discusses all the new findings... new discoveries regarding tooth plaque, which show Neanderthals ate plants (and processed), etc., as well as hunt. It would great to hear about certain abstract representations found in conjunction with their habitations.
" I’d just love to hear more details about their technologies," nothing interesting, ugly stone scrapers made of flint and some other type of stone and there seems to be the remains of animal skins that they used as clothing. That's all their technology.
Cro-Magnons had "technologies" in the Paleolithic - from drawings to stone sculptures from arrows to boats.
I think you are a great educator brother! Thank you for all the work you do.
Loved your 37K y/o Neanderthal footage. Great find!
Clearly this proves the immense intellect of our long-lost cousins.
On a serious note, what might RH- have played in limiting viable offspring w/modern humans?
Do you mean the blood group? Not sure, I didn't read anything on that. It is possible that our genetic trace of Neanderthals is so small because not all offspring were viable. No human male ever tested has a Neanderthal Y chromosome so it's possible that some form of male human/neanderthal offspring were not able to produce children or the pregnancies were consistently miscarried.
hmm, yeah that needs further investigating
@@StefanMilo or maybe Sapiens kills the men and takes the stuff ,the women and the children when they raid.
@@StefanMilo or big giant heads on the Neanderthals and the relatively smaller birth canal on Homo sapiens females.
@@TT3TT3 this is a good point. We've been doing this to our own species in the past. Makes sense that it could of happened. Very sad to think about though.
Thank you for using genuine footage
This series was so fascinating. Thank you for all your research, and for sharing it with us. My opinion on their extinction is that it was a combination of all three. A failure to adapt to the climate change and the appearance of modern man. On a side note, I have seen several people (mostly on tv) that have a VERY pronounced brow ridge. I mean so pronounced that it immediately made me think of the Neanderthal morphology. I wonder if the tiny bit of Neanderthal DNA that some people carry occasionally pops up. Or is this particular facial feature just another example of Homo Sapiens diversities solely within our own species.
Exactly, there rare but occasionally you see one.
Beautiful editing and stock shots!
Thanks man, took a fair few lunch breaks to edit that's for sure.
Excellent stuff. Are you suggesting that the McDonald's menu is best suited to Neaderthal's, if so constant feasting on Big Mac's may encourage the traces of Neanderthal DNA to mutate and become dominant, a new sub species would evolve called Ronaldovians wearing orange wigs!
😆😆😆😆
Nick: Epigenomes thriving . . . at McDonalds . . . !
@@lesliesylvan you could be right, maybe this should be added to the nut allergy warnings!
LOL! well some Neanderthals did have ginger hair. Ronaldovians confirmed, I expect to read your research paper soon.
@@StefanMilo Sorry Milo, my culinary pleasures mostly avoid the sins of the frying pan, so sadly burger research is not for me.
I SOOO appreciate your videos!!! They are interesting, informative & humorous. Keep doing it & being you! I really learn a lot when I watch them!
Would be very interesting to have a brief overview of all the different migrations of settlement into Europe, from the Auringnacians all the way up to the IndoEuropeans
It’s fascinating to discover how we got to where we are. You have to admire how we diversified and adapted.
What if the first humans in Europe didn’t just bring their cool artefacts but some fabulous new diseases that they themselves had built up some immunity to?
Seems to be a pretty long tradition with europeans
@@Galaxia7 lol bruh
Diseases spread in civilizations. They had natural social distancing back then.
@imateapot51
In humans diseases don't only spread in static civilizations; the incubation period of diseases can vary wildly, allowing plenty of time for someone to become a vector between distant groups of people.
Then there is malaria, which is just relentless in some parts of the world. Mosquitoes become infected with malaria parasites from an infected human, and while suffering no ill effects itself, it goes off and injects the parasites into the next human it feeds on.
Malaria is like nature's most ass kicking open-world boss, so much death and misery from it.
There is also the ability of infectious agents to evolve the ability to infect a different species, but that would be beside the point being made.
Love your videos - especially the humour. Your easy speaking style and mannerisms remind me of the guy who does the Veritasium videos. You could be brothers! Anyway, you seem like a chill guy and that's what makes you likeable. Keep up the good work. :)
Stefan: Why didn't you include the supervolano eruption of Mount Toba 75,000 years ago as part of the Climate reasons? I was unaware of the Italian eruption 39,000 yrs ago, but the Mt. Toba eruption caused a population bottleneck in both Sapiens in Africa and Neanderthals in Europe/Asia. At least some researchers think it caused the Neanderthals so much loss of population that they would no longer be able to repel the incoming Sapiens from out of Africa.
The theory also suggests that the population loss from Mt. Toba was the major reason for the inbreeding among Neanderthals that left them vulnerable to the incoming Sapiens.
Major factor event crucial to both types. Toba depopulated all the archaics leaving way clearer for the adaptive expanding Sapiens to disperse out and eventually prevail.
It was one hell of a bang and left the beautiful Lake Toba, Samosir Island.located in the middle is a vacation spot with a difference.
I'd like to see a supervolano. Sounds like an Italian sports car
The Toba eruption didn't affect climate in the northern hemisphere enough. And it didn't even wipe out homo luzonensis or floresiensis
A wonderful video and totally fascinating. Really enjoyed it and learned a great deal. Will certainly be watching more. Thx.
I don't know how DNA analysis works but I haven't seen a reference to inbreeding in the ancestry of the Denisovan child .. can you post a link?
Denisovans, Neanderthals and Homo sapiens all were interbreeding at around that 60,000 year mark and the Denisovan DNA still lives on in some Asian and Melanesian populations. Don't have a good link to hand but DNA is radically changing our understanding of how we became modern humans.
One point of interest is that Denisovan was 12.2 - 12.5 percent divergent from humans, very much like Neanderthal.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617501/
This is because those things were 15-16ths human and 1-16th chimpanzee.
@@Mdebacle: might a well said "goldfish" being 96% the same genes as humans, closer than 84%.
Some misinterpretate chimps being 98% human. Beats your varieties of humans and the chimps, Pan paniscus, don't even have the same number of chromosomes as people.
The root of racism, I suppose, is psuedospeciation, a psychological phenomenon.
And here we go again, archeologically speaking, into the narratives supporting Nazi phrenologists, proving their own superiority, much like Hillary's self imagined superiority over America's unencouragables and irredeemables.
It never stops! Does it?
@@clairpahlavi wtf are you rambling about?
@@StefanMilo you missed his point. He is asking for a link to the claim that Neanderthal child found in the Denisovan cave was inbred. IE the product of half siblings as you said in video.
Baaahaaahaaahaaa....I love that sweet sweet genuine 37,000 year old footage.....I love you so much Stefan! Wish you had more subs
Questions that I have are
1. Where did the Aurignacian people come from originally? (besides Africa. I mean like what route out of Africa did they take, like did they live in the middle east for a while then go to Europe or did they cross the Mediterranean etc...
2. Did the Gravettian people meet up with and conquer the Aurignacian or was the Gravettian just the next technological/cultural phase of the same Aurignacian populace?
3. Did the Gravettian come from the same place or along the exact same route as the Aurignacian had thousands of years earlier?
4. Do people still carry the DNA of Aurignacian and Gravettian people, maybe Basque people?
5. Did the Aurignacian and Gravettian people look different from each other? OR were they related?
Excellent thoughtful post. Thanks for sharing.
Only the Shadow knows . . .
I'll try and give some quick answers but these are great questions and we don't know the answers to them completely.
1 - I believe they moved in from the middle east.
2 - The Gravettian did replace the Aurignacian culture across Europe. Whether they were a totally new group or just an evolution of the Aurignacian we don't know. As for whether they were replaced by war or assimilation we don't know either. Probably assimilation in some areas, conflict in others.
3 - Not sure if the Gravettian took the same route, it seems they were able to expand quickly and live at greater densities than the Aurignacian so they were probably able to exploit a wider range of environments and resources. They certainly seem better at exploiting water resources such as rivers.
4 - I'm sure all Europeans and many Asians carry the DNA of Aurignacian and Gravettian people because they were still part of the initial peopling of the Earth. So the Indo Europeans that later swept through Europe were almost certainly descendants of these people too.
5 - Not sure about that, though I haven't looked into to.
@@StefanMilo Thanks a lot ! Very interesting stuff and I appreciate your feedback! Awesome channel!
@@StefanMilo It is so weird to think about how long ago these events were. Like when one thinks about the Vikings in the year 1000 CE , that seems like so long ago and so much has happened since then, but that was only 1000 years ago!
Or how about Caesar? that was 2,000 years ago, and all the stuff that has happened since then fills huge volumes of history books!
Then we think of the Pyramids being built (like 4500 ya) which was more than double the time between us and J. Caesar, and yet the Aurignacians were still 40,000 years before even that!
I think of Otzi the Iceman, and he lived 6,000 years ago and how primitive things seemed then, but again, he lived tens of thousands of years after the Aurignacians!
I wonder what happened in all of those millennia and how Europe, and other parts of the world changed back and fourth between desert & forest and tundra and forest again and then glaciers then forest then grassland etc. It is such interesting stuff! It really blows my mind to think that some one living 20,000 years ago in Europe had been preceded by 20,000 years of generations and still had 12,000 years yet to even make it to the neolithic! I wonder how different it would seem to an Aurignacian person if he was time traveled 10,000 years (and say he lived for a year), and then 10 thousand years again (and then stayed a year), and then again? Even after 30,000 years He still would not be in the Neolithic and Otzi would be some distantly futuristic descendant. It is all so mind bending, Sorry had to share that! Thanks again for the good videos! :)
Love your videos, bro
I think the bigger mystery is why the archaeological and anthroplogical community is discussing the disappearance of your mustache. Lol. Love your videos.
I think the most realistic explanation is the combination of environmental changes that gradually made their food-sources dwindle.
Homo Sapiens is said to have switched to agriculture when the ice-age reduced their food-sources, so if neanderthals weren't able to make that transition; either because they lacked the mental development or because the nutrition of early grains wasn't enough to sustain them, it would explain why they died out, while other hominids in the same period survived.
Stefan...This has been fascinating. Here are a couple of thoughts on Neanderthal development.
I suspect that their skulls give a clue. Their skulls have a larger capacity, but not in the same shape. I think that their eye sockets and nose aperture suggest that they had larger eyes*, and larger noses with nose holes facing out (instead of ours facing down). So one part of the brain was processing much more information than we can process (think dogs, whose sense of smell amazes us). Maybe that part of the brain was in the back, where they had an overhang some call a bun. But they had less on top - the cerebral cortex..
I have read elsewhere that they had a smaller social circle, that is, they were in contact with fewer people than modern humans. And I have read that they hadn't domesticated dogs.
Now, there is a bone that anthropologists claim demonstrates that they had speech. But maybe that was just for sound-making, and that they lacked the brain function to develop sound-making into communication.
Modern humans had that cerebral cortex that allowed for spoken communications to develop (OK, a noise can communicate, but having words is more nuanced hence more sophisticated). That cerebral cortex also delivered the brain power to maintain relations with more others, and together Sapiens were more organized, in hunting food and in conflict with Neanderthals. Training dogs to help in hunting, along with weapons development, probably contributed to more efficient hunting and war-making.
You have this hunting machine, the descendants of thousands of years of meat-eating (not much gathering in the ice age), larger than us, much more muscular, without the strategy-making part of the brain development, facing off against modern humans. They probably won the first round, killing the men and taking the women (hence the % DNA) but after time the Sapiens return having learned how to adapt and defeat Neanderthals. So they lost later rounds, retreated and finally disappeared when their (virginal) immune systems couldn't compete.
Finally, Sapiens brought domesticated animals and farming. Those things are elements of civilization (you can sit and make pottery or play the lute if you don't have to always chase your next meal) but they also bring communicable diseases. Over time Sapiens became immune via selection, but just like the Europeans entering the Western Hemisphere after Columbus, they annihilated the opposition with diseases for which Neanderthals had no genetic response.
*The soft tissue, brain, nose, eyes, do not survive like bones. So I will speculate! Their eyes were larger than ours, and perhaps had powers our eyes don't have, but powers (say, much better night vision) that would have been naturally selected for small groups of hominids hunting mastodons and other gigantic fierce prey. Front-facing nose holes would also benefit a hunting machine. And the brain supported these organs and a sensorium very much different than Sapiens.
Great series, I'm glad it works well. Thank you, learned a lot thanks to you as I'm not an anthropologist or a paleontologist at all
I didn't know about their shortest life expectancy, maybe that's an interesting lead when facing heavy competition. And so many calories!
Looking all young and fresh-faced without your facial fur..LOL!
I tend to lean toward the cause of neanderthal's decline into extinction being their need for more calories, I also read that they had a very carnivorous diet, whereas we were omnivores, making us better able to pull through times of famine...a little piece of them lives on in many of us, which I find endearing. I have always been so fascinated by them.... *great vid" 👍
Iron: This is also why so many species, including hominids, have decreased their size while adapting to new environs; Greenland Mastodons and Hobbit man.
This videos are so well made👍
Yeah, that huge volcanic eruption in Italy basically just left Neanderthals alive in Spain and Western France, well upwind, where, go figure, the last Neanderthals were found. I've often wondered if the level of androgen and other hormones associated with their muscular physiques just made them more aggressive, territorial, and warlike, and less cooperative, which would explain their complete lack of trading networks. If they tended to fight with their neighbours, not trade with them, and every time large groups of Sapiens migrated into Neanderthal areas they were attacked by smaller, localized groups of male Neanderthals who were used to automatically attacking anyone on their territory, the survivors of the volcano would have slowly been supplanted.
They had no anger management therapists
This is great man! I’m glad I found your channel !
4:52 Of obviously original footage from 37,000 ya. Its only 16 frames per second
Thank you for that interesting video.
Aquatic ape theory, do that next, yes, yes, next is when you should do it, the aquatic ape theory.
Great video! 😊
4:54 "Genuine Footage"
Killer!
Awesome. I love your videos!
It's hard for me to call them extinct when I carry their genes.
Great channel
Bring back Milostache 2020
Love your videos! Thanks.
The diabetes argument is, I would argue, not relevant as sub Saharan Africa’s are very prone to it also.
There is no argument. All Homosapiens can be diabetic; in Eurasians, it can be because they share specific genes with neanderthals.
“Diversity results in an advantage” is a great topic.
"No one has the Neanderthal body shape anymore"
Me: I beg to differ
I'd like to know more about this volcano's impact on the populations . And more about which genes from Neanderthals survived in our gene pool and which genes died out. Great videos!
From what ive read about neanderthals and their characteristics, all of those characteristics fall within the range of "modern humans". Neanderthals were just humans with cold climate characteristics that made them seem different from the humans coming from warmer climates. This is true today, we have humans with different characteristics based on geography. Higher lung capacity in peoples living in the peruvian highlands, stocky build in artic people, tall people in the sudan. "Modern" humans back in neanderthal times had thicker bones like neanderthals did. We have madd a mistake in classifying neanderthals as a different species
They were inbred humans low in vitamin d.
Howdy Stefan ! Yur videos are very informative & challenge the
human brain about what exactly happened all those millions of years ago -- p.s. -- I miss the Mic-Spoon !! It was definitely Yu !
I have 205 Neanderthal variants in my DNA. They are not extinct. They live on in all of us
Really enjoy your vids. I have been studying this subject (Human development and migration; at an amateur level of course) for a couple of years now and am fascinated by it. I really appreciate the straightforward, uncomplicated way you explain things for people like me, without an advanced degree ( or any degree for that matter) in anything. I have a particular interest in the subject of where and when did the split between Neandertals and Denisovans happen. Also, what was the process by which the various racial groupings occurred? My interest is solely curiosity, no social, political or cultural agenda here. Keep up the good work!
They are not, they live on in our DNA
thanks for sharing your research!
Why you lyin'? you ain't in the woods bruh. that's a green screen.
Wouldn't notice if haven't read this
Props to the cameraman (or cameraperson to be PC) for going back 37,000 years to get that awesome HD footage!
There’s historical Bigfoot type stories all over Eurasia of strange hairy man like creatures living alongside humans so perhaps there were still some a few thousand years ago.
I think you probably nailed it. Great video.
Apart from homo sapiens' far superior cultural capabilities starting with much more sohisticated tool making, you left out a trait of modern man that I think is crucial, and that is our ability to form and maintain group relations far beyond the 120 or so individuals that our brain capacity might suggest. Neanderthals lived in groups of around thirty, you said. Well, we form nations of many million people and have done so for thousands of years. I read about long distance trading among very early homo sapiens populations that was never found in any way among Neanderthals.
Just saying, I very much enjoy your videos even when I don't necessarily agree. You present good points, and make me think on a different level.
I have less than 4% of Neanderthal DNA ( 278 variants ) according to 23andMe... and even if that's small it makes me kind of proud for some strange reason ! lol
Maybe you should try a big "yeard"... ( don't shave for a year ) next ? lol
@@Whatisthisstupidfinghandle what about 263? What would you consider that?
@@Whatisthisstupidfinghandle what percentage does it work out to? Around 2.5% or 2.6%? Tell me if I'm wrong.
@@Whatisthisstupidfinghandle cool
1:42 "Neanderthal Body type..." Gerard Depardieu insert cracked me up 😂
Pseudospeciation of Neandertals is pretty much a racist discrimination.
Two primates sexually producing fertile offspring are the same species. By definition.
Get over it. Some people were stronger, maybe a little Mayan in skull shape, and apparently went after large game up close and personal. Quite exhilarating. They painted those caves in France 40-120,000 years ago.
They may be the lost architects of all the megalithic structures and foundations all around the world. Perhaps they are the Atlantians of history. Might have built the pyramids and carved the 1st Sphinx by the Nile.
Don't discriminate against the Neandertal. It's just as racist as black Africans hating white Africans or vice versa.
All are humans. Stop with the antiscience terminology. It reminds me of German phrenology. Please.
@@johnvonshepard9373 : Thanks, the German thing made me laugh. I needed that this morning. And coffee.
"The reason we never see elephants hiding in trees, is because elephants are very good at it." The best joke I heard in 2018.
It exemplifies how beliefs can attempt to explain themselves with circular reasoning or definition, in the above example even the 5 year old who told me the joke understood the joke.
However, astrophysicists are kidding themselves with circular reasoning on dark matter, dark energy, neutron stars, and blackholes, they must be there, hiding themselves in space. A belief so strong, they are trapped in their faith by their indoctrinational training. Even before the alleged "picture" of b.h., I explained why it wasn't.
Darwinists also.
Political views fall into an X,Y,Z plot, not just a straight line of right-left opinions concerning individual issues. Pollsters have become propagandistic social-psychologists manipulating as large a segment of the population as possible.
They are very good at it. Because half the people on earth have a below average I.Q. by definition and have been diseducated since the 1870's, 1920's, 1950's, and a hardcore dumbing down illiteracy in the 1990's.
Everybody's average could be vastly improved by living, laughing, and loving.
A good life to you, Jon von Shepard.
great video for practising my listening.
0:40 I understand that Vindija (Croatia), some Northern caves of the Altai region and at least one site in the Kemi Republic have some more recent record, closer to 30 Ka BP. Please correct me if I'm wrong here.
5:25 "the toe of a Neanderthal woman found in the famous Denisova Cave"
I checked the comments section, I googled, I looked at the sources you wonderfully cited *when possible* (which is to say not remotely completely) and I couldn't find anyone referring to those remains as Neanderthal. Is this an error on your behalf, related to the fact that this video is 3 years old and our understanding has evolved since then, or is there something I missed?
Love your work, as always!
Stefan, I watch your videos since the operation Oddyseus and I can say your channel is gonna explode soon. Just believe in YT algorithm :D
Also can you make a video about why friggin South Africa skipped Bronze age and straight advanced to Iron age? Is it hax?
Good job!
Wow! One of the first ones here! Coool!
Why?
It was very impressive to have that genuine footage from 37,000 years ago.
Shot by Patterson/Gimlin
Great overview and I have 4 of those Grey Ghosts! Love that dog!