Preparing Our DIY Rockets For Testing!

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  • Опубликовано: 14 авг 2021
  • This is part 3 in a 4 part series on rocket motors, rocket nozzles and nitrous oxide. We start inside with going over some of the basics of our engines then move outside for a demo of our test setup.
    Stay tuned for the next and final part where we run our VERY loud rockets!
    Previous video:
    • How Are Rocket Nozzles...
    Related videos:
    • Rockets
    Find us on Patreon and our website:
    / techingredients
    www.techingredients.com/
    #SpaceX #DIY
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Комментарии • 724

  • @beanhole69
    @beanhole69 2 года назад +506

    Love this channel. No BS drama. No BS virtue signaling. No narcissism. Just science with a smidge of humor and a ton of fun.

    • @TechIngredients
      @TechIngredients  2 года назад +65

      Thanks!

    • @MrFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
      @MrFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 2 года назад +70

      the very act of accusing someone (or in this case, not) of virtue signalling is an act of virtue signalling in itself and its overuse as an ad hominem attack during political debate has rendered it a meaningless political buzzword

    • @twestgard2
      @twestgard2 2 года назад +44

      @@MrFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa well said. Great example of how loudly claiming to be “not political” is a way of injecting politics into a situation.

    • @petersellers9219
      @petersellers9219 2 года назад +29

      Dear Random and Thomas Westguard .... enough politics already! 🤣🤣🤣

    • @MrLouvillian
      @MrLouvillian 2 года назад +19

      how tf would someone even virtual signal in a video about hybrid rocket engines

  • @jerrymoostache7821
    @jerrymoostache7821 2 года назад +353

    Sounds like you have experience of creating "controversial events in the area"

    • @StreuPfeffer
      @StreuPfeffer 2 года назад +18

      Have you seen their Sun-Baloon "events"?

    • @BSpinoza210
      @BSpinoza210 2 года назад +11

      Cracking neighborhood windows up to half a mile away might have that effect 😋

    • @Alexander_Sannikov
      @Alexander_Sannikov 2 года назад

      i had a good laugh at it too :D

    • @judd_s5643
      @judd_s5643 2 года назад +8

      Thinking “Doc” from Back to the Future as a neighbor.

    • @genelomas332
      @genelomas332 2 года назад +10

      I'd be inviting the neighbours over to watch and experience these tests.. get them onboard and excited about it, less likely they'll call the cops and get you shut down..
      I wish I could play with rockets like this here in Australia, but sadly the most explosive thing we can legally get hold of, is a packet of sparklers.. (but even, there's ways to bump this up to something a little more impressive..) shhh, don't tell the thought police.. 😁

  • @MrMaxBoivin
    @MrMaxBoivin 2 года назад +60

    The neighbour when you run the test the next day: "oh man, you should have done that yesterday when I had people over, that is so cool!"

    • @TechIngredients
      @TechIngredients  2 года назад +23

      These are so loud a few of the older guests might have reacted "unfavorably".

    • @dragonfireproductions790
      @dragonfireproductions790 2 года назад

      Oh you're gunna know it's f*cking loud. I have a 2" prototype and it can be heard from hundreds of miles

  • @AuthenticTerrificRickCastle
    @AuthenticTerrificRickCastle 2 года назад +88

    This is just so wholesome. There's something really psychologically calming in knowing that you've taken all of the necessary safety precautions. And explaining almost every part of the operation in such detail is somehow NOT boring and is very nice of you.
    I have no idea how you make it so interesting, but I just love it

  • @ER1SCO
    @ER1SCO 2 года назад +64

    If I was your neighbour, the only reason I would complain about the loud noises is if I was not invited to come watch!

  • @cwtrain
    @cwtrain 2 года назад +29

    Neighbors driving by like: "Uh oh. He's got the trailer out. Oh Jesus. He has Nitrous now too! That can't be good. Drive. Drive!"

  • @euclidallglorytotheloglady5500
    @euclidallglorytotheloglady5500 2 года назад +53

    As exciting it is to see that thing perform, I think it's a blessing in disguise. A quick little video to get us familiar with what exactly is going on before party time.
    This is going to be fantastic!!

    • @TechIngredients
      @TechIngredients  2 года назад +17

      That was our thought as well.

    • @snakezdewiggle6084
      @snakezdewiggle6084 2 года назад +2

      That's one of the greatest things about this chanel. It is methodical to the point of being educational.

  • @skuzlebut82
    @skuzlebut82 2 года назад +29

    You guys and Ben from Applied Science are the absolute geniuses of RUclips. Your level of consistency in providing educational and informative content across a range of subjects is unparalleled. Thank you for what you do!

    • @ZoonCrypticon
      @ZoonCrypticon 2 года назад +1

      There at least two more geniuses I know of on th USA side of youtube: Cody`sLab ( ruclips.net/user/theCodyReedervideos ) and Stuff Made Here ( ruclips.net/user/StuffMadeHerevideos ). These four channels are exceptional!

    • @skuzlebut82
      @skuzlebut82 2 года назад +1

      @@ZoonCrypticon You're right. I also forgot to add NightHawkinLight

  • @AlthrinSucks
    @AlthrinSucks 2 года назад +27

    The effort and detail you put into this project and the videos that are coming out is impeccable. Keep it up.

  • @robbytheremin2443
    @robbytheremin2443 2 года назад +17

    Science that requires armor plate is my favorite kind. 😁

  • @christopherdonald9001
    @christopherdonald9001 2 года назад +16

    I've been eagerly awaiting the ultrasonic cleaner build mentioned in another build! Please don't forget about it, I'm planning on building it!

    • @palpytine
      @palpytine 2 года назад +5

      Forget the cleaner... Some of us are still waiting for the follow-up on magnetohydrodynamics that was promised two years back!

  • @simplegreen6596
    @simplegreen6596 2 года назад +13

    LOL i love it. booze, rockets, geeky jokes. This man maybe my spirit animal. I hope the camera man (which i assume is his son) appreciates how bad ass his dad is.

  • @MrArmenac
    @MrArmenac 2 года назад +69

    Amazing as always.
    One thing though, the audio sounds very low compared to the intro and previous videos.🌴

    • @HASANonYT
      @HASANonYT 2 года назад +1

      Yes I was gonna comment on that too.. Not a big deal, but certainly an inconvenience giving how exciting the content really is..

    • @twestgard2
      @twestgard2 2 года назад +1

      I had the same thought, and it makes the advertisements even more extremely screamy.

    • @NiHaoMike64
      @NiHaoMike64 2 года назад +1

      @@twestgard2 Install an adblocker and get rid of them altogether.

    • @davidadams3669
      @davidadams3669 2 года назад +1

      Yeah, would be worth fixing the audio and re-uploading. It kind of messes up a really cool video.👍

    • @richw0123
      @richw0123 2 года назад +1

      Its a RUclips problem I think, all videos are too quiet these days. My volumes are maxed all the time, and everything is only just loud enough, but there is no extra volume left for covering up a noisy situation. I ask all the content makers I watch now to please raise their volumes by about 15- 20%. Its a significant problem.

  • @allenshepard7992
    @allenshepard7992 2 года назад +11

    In my opinion those who say "Just run the test" are either future Darwin award winners.
    Never underestimate mother nature's sense of humor and ingenuity to have things go wrong and continue to go worse in ever expanding ways.
    Its no consolation to say "We never saw *that* happening." Disaster scales up better than success.

  • @oompalumpus699
    @oompalumpus699 2 года назад +1

    He is what we dreamed teachers to be. An expert in his field and enthusiastic about what he teaches.

  • @HuskyMachining
    @HuskyMachining 2 года назад +14

    please let me make a part for you guys for some future project.
    I know your shop is pretty capable but next time you need something made that only a 5 axis can make or a cnc lathe, I would absolutely love to make it for you for free as this is one of my favorite RUclips channels!

    • @TechIngredients
      @TechIngredients  2 года назад +2

      Thanks!
      We'll keep that in mind.

    • @HuskyMachining
      @HuskyMachining 2 года назад

      @@TechIngredients sweet! til then I'm going to continue consuming your content like it's crack

    • @3rd_Millennium_Engineering
      @3rd_Millennium_Engineering 2 года назад

      That's real cool to offer.

    • @HuskyMachining
      @HuskyMachining 2 года назад +1

      ​@@3rd_Millennium_Engineering I just like making stuff and if it can go to a good cause then even better

  • @ikocheratcr
    @ikocheratcr 2 года назад

    Very nice that you went thru all the details about the test setup, safety things, procedure etc. For me, those details are what makes you channel something different, not too many people provide them.

  • @danielbernier9115
    @danielbernier9115 2 года назад +1

    Loving this series , really appreciate all your detail and passion for what your teaching .

  • @seanday6127
    @seanday6127 2 года назад

    Great videos. Really like how you are good at explaining everything and in a way that is easy to understand. Also like how you tend to look at all the options and talk about why one over another.

  • @mvadu
    @mvadu 2 года назад

    Glad you explained the importance of count down.. It makes lot of sense that even for model engine there will be few pre flight checks and countdown helps to coordinate.
    I also liked your idea of mechanical isolation for the camera from blast shield.

  • @mhack9881
    @mhack9881 2 года назад

    Can hardly wait, good luck and thanks for sharing.

  • @VanPray
    @VanPray 2 года назад

    Thank you. Great job educating people.

  • @toglk...375
    @toglk...375 2 года назад

    You truly are a great family!
    You and Your son's inspire many people around the world (me included) to give things a go, but, importantly you always highlight the safety and danger aspects of everything that you do and for that I am very thankful.
    Thank you for showing your neighbours such respect, thinking of others before yourself, and, doing your best to implement safety features into your setup to protect others.
    I've been following your channel in various forms for a few years now and not once have I ever felt like I could be doing something better when watching your videos, you teach so much and you do a great job of both explaining and demonstrating everything you do.
    I wish you and the family all the best!
    Peace, TOGLK
    (BTW, Autism is Awesome!)

  • @Rattus79
    @Rattus79 2 года назад

    You remind me of my Grandfather. He was an engineer, and his attention to detail and yours are just so similar. I remember going out to his shed as a kid. It always had the best toys. He got a bunch of one armed bandits (old school poker machines) from the dump one time. He pulled them apart for the stepper motors (rare/expensive back in the late 80's) and made a centipede robot.
    Another time, he made a working electric guitar for a class project I was working on. Still only got a B...
    Anyways, Thank you so much for what you do. I love your teaching style, which so closely reflects how I best learn.

  • @BobEstler
    @BobEstler 2 года назад

    These are awesome. Thank's for sharing your knowledge.

  • @Jon_IT
    @Jon_IT 2 года назад +11

    Now that you have a load cell incorporated, I would love to see the thrust difference between your homemade hybrid and solid fuel engines with a similar size and nozzle configuration. In the future adding the data from temperature and sound will also be interesting.

    • @c6q3a24
      @c6q3a24 2 года назад +4

      Absolutely. Seeing the thrust comparison between solid and hybrid motors would be great.
      Even better if we eventually get to see totally self contained hybrids and can see the differences in thrust:weight ratios.

  • @AzadulHaq
    @AzadulHaq 2 года назад

    Simply amazing! I am hooked to your videos.

  • @TotalPwnage777
    @TotalPwnage777 2 года назад

    Love every video you make. Thanks guys, great as always!!

  • @mj1653
    @mj1653 2 года назад +1

    This video is a tease!! Looking forward to watching the rest of the tests.

  • @HarmehCG
    @HarmehCG 2 года назад

    love your work you are a true engineer and you're right it would care

  • @mikeburgess7331
    @mikeburgess7331 2 года назад

    Great work. Please keep the videos coming!

  • @JustAnotherMaker
    @JustAnotherMaker 2 года назад

    Great video as always. Thanks for all the hard work. Looking forward to the full test.

  • @dunichtich100
    @dunichtich100 2 года назад +2

    Finally! I have been waiting for this video so long! Keep up the great work! 😍👍🏼👍🏼

  • @bloho_design
    @bloho_design 2 года назад

    By far the best channel on RUclips. Love the explanations, approach and depth.

  • @i.c.stupidpeople6977
    @i.c.stupidpeople6977 2 года назад +1

    Great video. Anticipating the next will be amazing.

  • @mikehunt42069
    @mikehunt42069 2 года назад +24

    Kinda peeved we didn't get a demonstration of the rocket firing, but I suppose that's the consequence of being a considerate neighbour. I'm looking forward to your next video.

    • @ToxicMrSmith
      @ToxicMrSmith 2 года назад +1

      Well you just saved me 20 minutes thanks sir.

    • @Mister_Speaker
      @Mister_Speaker 2 года назад

      @@ToxicMrSmith well played sir

  • @nerokcubreva
    @nerokcubreva 2 года назад

    Man I love your content! Straight to the point and made in an academic way. Awesome work.

  • @quahogjim5267
    @quahogjim5267 2 года назад

    This is the best channel on the internet. Thank you! Looking forward to the next show!

  • @SpectrumDIY
    @SpectrumDIY 2 года назад

    I love this so much :3 thank you for sharing! I really look forwarding to seeing part 4!

  • @JaseTF
    @JaseTF 2 года назад

    Such calm and collected narrations style turns that "pretty impressive" into perfect teaser.
    Thanks to your videos I now have troubles explaining to my older son why sugar motors are our limit at the moment. Best kind of troubles.

  • @RandomPerson-sb5mw
    @RandomPerson-sb5mw 2 года назад

    Great Video!

  • @Luis-eu2ow
    @Luis-eu2ow 2 года назад +3

    I love your videos. Every time I see a video uploaded, it is a treat

  • @DARDENSK
    @DARDENSK 2 года назад

    very nice, i like how u are prepared on everything and you explain everything nicely on video, i am exited on that test

  • @kekmeister42
    @kekmeister42 2 года назад

    I am amazed by how thorough and dedicated you are. Please stay that way and don't get convinced to "quickly" produce flashy prototypes to increase the number views on your videos. IMO the most important lecture you are giving in your videos is not about the actual subject itself, but rather about your scientific methodology. Very good job!

  • @HodgyE5
    @HodgyE5 2 года назад

    thank you for the video!

  • @StephanieB67
    @StephanieB67 2 года назад +1

    You have a wonderful talent for teaching rocket science. The principles put forward and the physical applications are very easy to follow. Keep up your fantastic work.
    🇦🇺❤🚀🚀🚀🚀

  • @krabkit
    @krabkit 2 года назад +1

    every time you do an outside shot, i miss living up there. NH is simply beautiful.

    • @crohkorthreetoes3821
      @crohkorthreetoes3821 2 года назад

      Looks just like Washington state too. I was super disappointed to find out he was not my neighbor.

  • @CliffSherlock
    @CliffSherlock 2 года назад +1

    Love the channel, thank you very much for sharing your your knowledge on the wide variety of subjects you showcase. I can only imagine what else fills your thoughts!
    Cheers from Alberta.

  • @damianl3
    @damianl3 2 года назад

    So glad to have found your channel. Great info, succinctly put. My son and I have done Estes rockets on and off since he was a cub scout. Now a rising junior in high school looking to study aerospace engineering in college and is looking to make is own motors. An excellent book I recently read, Liftoff by Eric Berger, has put a fire in him as I read to him the section on Zack Dunn trying to get a SpaceX summer internship in 2005 when SpaceX was suggesting that a successful applicant might have built a liquid fueled rocket in high school. Looking forward to the next installment.

  • @daniellassander
    @daniellassander 2 года назад +4

    Its just the science without politicizing it all, love it! Its done in a good and easy to understand way with important demonstrations and explanations along the way, so problems are understood and what the solution to those problems are. Love every second of it.

  • @sweetchilli6993
    @sweetchilli6993 2 года назад

    can't wait to see the full test

  • @LearnElectronicsCanada
    @LearnElectronicsCanada 2 года назад

    Great topic, great videos - thanks!!

  • @cabletie69
    @cabletie69 2 года назад

    great stuff.

  • @stefanguiton
    @stefanguiton 2 года назад

    Excellent!

  • @sander5053
    @sander5053 2 года назад

    Can't wait to see the full test!!

  • @ADMaheux
    @ADMaheux 2 года назад

    I like so much your video. Keep your good work. Very excited to see your next video. Love from Québec.

  • @adikisela409
    @adikisela409 2 года назад

    your safety procedure in experiments is cool..

  • @brandonfranklin4533
    @brandonfranklin4533 2 года назад

    I can’t wait to see where all this is going!

  • @ChrisB257
    @ChrisB257 2 года назад

    Thanks again for another riveting episode and all your hard work. :)

  • @christopherhovord3516
    @christopherhovord3516 2 года назад

    Love this channel and this series

  • @matermangros
    @matermangros 2 года назад

    Awesome fun!

  • @rrangel1968
    @rrangel1968 2 года назад

    Freaking amazing. Keep up the great work, you will soon be on SpaceX's radar soon.

  • @Pete4875
    @Pete4875 2 года назад

    Your video's are GREAT!

  • @Robert_McGarry_Poems
    @Robert_McGarry_Poems 2 года назад

    I appreciate your attention to detail. And compassion for your neighbors. 😉

  • @specialagentdustyponcho1065
    @specialagentdustyponcho1065 2 года назад +27

    Love your videos, firstly. The audio on this video seems to be pretty low though, I'm needing to crank my volume up to triple the usual level to hear you clearly.

    • @JohnDoe-gg6kc
      @JohnDoe-gg6kc 2 года назад +1

      It's on your end , my speakers were loud and clear

    • @machine2747
      @machine2747 2 года назад +12

      Mine was very low as well. Started looking at my system for issues until a commercial came on blaring.

    • @jimmyb1451
      @jimmyb1451 2 года назад +2

      yeah. it was low.

    • @Asdayasman
      @Asdayasman 2 года назад +3

      @@JohnDoe-gg6kc Nah dude it was low as hell. I checked all my dials and the relevant ones were maxed, and I needed to turn my speakers up to about double what I normally have for this one.

    • @antebellum45
      @antebellum45 2 года назад +1

      Low here too

  • @Lukegear
    @Lukegear 2 года назад +3

    Ah nice! More rocket progress!

  • @PraetzelProjects
    @PraetzelProjects 2 года назад

    Always a treat.

  • @ankoedku3807
    @ankoedku3807 2 года назад

    Your channel is awesome !

  • @evokanivo
    @evokanivo 2 года назад

    In multi-part series like this, consider using a common video with varying episode number and subtopic to clarify how they relate on the main videos page. For example, "DIY Rockets: Testing Preparation (Episode 3 of 4). Anyway, this is my favorite channel now, thanks for what you do.

  • @landrec2
    @landrec2 2 года назад +11

    This guy hobbies! I wish I had the money and time to do fun projects like this. Nice diversity of content too. I like audio and chemistry stuff especially.
    I'm an audio nerd, Tech Ingredients has such a succinct and clear explanation of basic principles that is hard to find elsewhere. Great teacher. Not just audio, but chemistry, physics, material science, and electrical power. Great channel. Great content. Mr Wizard's World for grownups.

  • @mikem3695
    @mikem3695 2 года назад +8

    The video volume could be louder.

  • @DullPoints
    @DullPoints 2 года назад

    I appreciate the countdown explanation.

  • @stevecagle8002
    @stevecagle8002 2 года назад

    Following carefully, Love your videos.

  • @cavemaneca
    @cavemaneca 2 года назад +8

    And this point it would be neat to see you also make a control computer that would automate the entire countdown process, and stop if anything falls.

    • @SolarWebsite
      @SolarWebsite 2 года назад

      Yeah, that was what I thought. A Raspberry Pi or even an ESP32 would have more than enough power and GPIO pins to do that.

    • @jonathanm9436
      @jonathanm9436 2 года назад

      With all of the solenoids present, it's a small step to full automation. Although, I think, having everything 'manual' is part of the education process. Also if shit goes west, it might be easier to stop on any one of the steps. That said, a BRB (big red button) would solve that too.

  • @t_c5266
    @t_c5266 2 года назад +28

    Ignition timing is probably the hardest part of hybrids/liquids

    • @TechIngredients
      @TechIngredients  2 года назад +12

      Agreed.

    • @twestgard2
      @twestgard2 2 года назад +1

      Dating is complicated. Not every rocket launch goes as planned.

    • @guythat779
      @guythat779 2 года назад +2

      @@twestgard2 I thought you went to another kind of dating there

    • @BSpinoza210
      @BSpinoza210 2 года назад +3

      @@TechIngredients in the larger systems I'm more familiar with, I know during the entire countdown (approx 15mins before launch and after flight systems give a full go for launch), there are a whole process if events from control handoff to the internal flight computer, to the ignition stack process. Was not aware that hybrids were more than just push button activation. I'd be curious to see if, with a ras-pi and some solenoids, if you couldn't automate a large part of this process leading up to launch....

    • @Ts6451
      @Ts6451 2 года назад

      I never really thought of how such a hybrid engine would be lit up, but if I did, I would probably have assumed that you would coat the fuel with something more easily ignited, or perhaps have a thin coating of fuel/oxidizer mixture tuned to give the desired characteristics.

  • @shrimppasta5544
    @shrimppasta5544 2 года назад +1

    This is a goldmine of a channel!

  • @patrickmurphy255
    @patrickmurphy255 2 года назад

    You make my day every time...

  • @martink4467
    @martink4467 2 года назад +1

    I am not sure where you get those ideas, but it is really nice to see an enginieer to do stuff. I am speechless, keep it up c:

  • @oneperson7013
    @oneperson7013 2 года назад

    The only things missing from this location is a crosswalk and a bus stop. Semi-rural rocketry. Lovin' it😊

  • @robertconklin3322
    @robertconklin3322 2 года назад

    Absolutely riveting content, appreciate the clear and concise explanations. Big fan from Rocket City, Huntsville AL.

  • @Unique-Concepts
    @Unique-Concepts 2 года назад

    extreme awesome always...

  • @peterm.souzajr.2112
    @peterm.souzajr.2112 2 года назад

    one of the best channels on youtube

  • @crcarlsonUT
    @crcarlsonUT 2 года назад +1

    I have seen a hybrid about that size with a paraffin fuel grain rupture from a too small nozzle orifice. It was pretty impressive. Safety shields are definitely a good idea.

  • @augieez
    @augieez 2 года назад

    From building speakers to building rockets. I love this channel

  • @lizardkeeper100
    @lizardkeeper100 2 года назад

    I am really excited to see them fire!

  • @McGutschy2
    @McGutschy2 2 года назад

    Einfach nur geil!

  • @Rom2Serge
    @Rom2Serge 2 года назад

    Very underrated channel. Thank you for your videos and all effort.

  • @supergeek1418
    @supergeek1418 2 года назад +1

    I thank you for an excellent series, and I'm sure that the neighbors thank you for *not* disrupting their picnic.
    😁

  • @larcomj
    @larcomj 2 года назад

    I feel like this guy can make anything. As an engineer im always impressed by his methodology and ability to learn and utilize new knowledge.

  • @KnowArt
    @KnowArt 2 года назад

    can't wait

  • @borat6363
    @borat6363 2 года назад

    I can always rely on this channel to give me 100ccs of Science straight to my MindBrain. Keep up the good work!

  • @TheMirror126
    @TheMirror126 2 года назад

    I watch ur channel and I often think that u ought to have a whole lot more subscribers . I mean any person interested in just about any field of science must simply subscribe your channel. Besides the way u explains lil things u wud definitely make a very good teacher

  • @Scott-hf2qz
    @Scott-hf2qz 2 года назад

    Hopefully the next fire is way cooler than the couple piffs we had here .. lol.. Still awesome. Love your explanation of how things work ! Keep it up . Don't blow yourself up now ...

  • @Produkt_R
    @Produkt_R 2 года назад +1

    Integza and Tech Ingredients for rocket info, both a different approach but both entertaining!

    •  2 года назад +1

      Copenhagen Suborbitals are cool too: ruclips.net/channel/UCPzFMJIsp2fOQ_ic5a_zXTA

  • @2010joen
    @2010joen 2 года назад

    I like your style of educating us to what you are doing and especially why you are doing it. I am sick and tired and and finally don't watch videos that just show someone building or making something with no comments or explanation or anything of the sort. Just really - really bad music for background. You give us the whole "Who - What - Where - and Why" of the topic of your video, and no ugly music! Thank you and please continue.

  • @donaldscott7279
    @donaldscott7279 2 года назад

    Enjoyed

  • @TehMagilla
    @TehMagilla 2 года назад

    Thank you for softening the beeping for us. It made the video much nicer (for me at least) to watch. I assume you EQed it out in post?

  • @johnchristopherrobert1839
    @johnchristopherrobert1839 2 года назад

    Love the content

  • @RobanyBigjobz
    @RobanyBigjobz 2 года назад

    Ending on a cliffhanger. Tease ;P Full test will be awesome :)

  • @TheChefmike66
    @TheChefmike66 2 года назад

    I really like this channel. I love your manner.