Street Names of Los Angeles
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- Опубликовано: 22 июл 2014
- You may ride, drive, bike, run and walk your L.A. streets, but do you know the history behind L.A. street names?
The Street Names of Los Angeles A History is a series of videos presented by the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, featuring historic photographs and documents from the Seaver Center for Western History Research.
Listen to an explanation of the layers of history of El Pueblo de la Reina de Los Angeles since its founding in 1781, and set your eyes on a visual feast of museum images.
When you have concluded watching the six episodes, your new understanding of the city will match your abilities to navigate your daily courses to work, school, play, and even museum-going!
For more information about the Seaver Center for Western History Research
Please visit: www.nhm.org/site/research-coll...
Follow #NHMLA:
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My father drove a LA City ambulance out of the Georgia Street Receiving Hospital in the 1950's. He taught me how to remember the streets in downtown LA; from MAIN you SPRING to BROADWAY, over the HILL to OLIVE. wouldn't it be GRAND to HOPE to pick a FLOWER on FIGUEROA.
I grew up in Central LA and always appreciated how the addresses on east west streets counts how many plots the address is from the central plaza and how the addresses on north south street count the same but on south bound streets the first one to three digits denotes the number street the block is on
Genius. I'll try to remember that.
Hahaha! Had a supervisor at work tell me the same exact thing a few years back.
Oh my gosh! I saw this documentary and thought “I bet someone here has heard the rhyme!” Here you are! My grandmother taught it to my mom. My mom would take her younger cousin to doctors appointments downtown and was scared she would get lost. My mom taught it to me. I’m so happy there’s someone else who knows it🤗
@@GeneralZapta213 I KNOW EXACTLY WHAT YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT. MUCH LOVE AND RESPECT TO YOU AND YOUR LOVE ONES.
Los Angeles hasn’t changed much at all in 163 years. Still takes hours to travel only 27 miles and you still need to keep your pistol close
I'M STILL CONSIDER AN INFANT WITH SIMILAC BREATH BORN & RAISED SINCE 1976 & STILL PROUD LIVING PROOF NOW IN YEAR 2020 (STILL) LIVING IN SOUTH CENTRAL LOS ANGELES, 90011. (BY CHOICE)
COMPARING TO 163 YEARS AGO, IN 1856 WHICH TOOK CAPTAIN ORD TO GO 27 MILES TO L.A AND CLAIMING NOTHING HAS CHANGED. IS IT ME?? OR, JUST IGNORANCE?? 1'ST OF ALL IMAGEN HOW MUCH THE POPULATION HAS GROWN SINCE THEN... THAT IT TAKES AROUND THE SAME TIME NOW DUE TO TRAFFIC, CARS, POPULATION GROWTH.
REALLY YOU ARE COMPARING RIDING ON HORSE & POPULATION GROWTH VERSE CARS?
MOST IMPORTANTLY IT TAKES ALLOT OF HEART, SPIRIT & SOUL TO BE ABLE TO STAND STRONG IN THE CITY OF ANGELS WITHOUT HAVING TO CARRY A PISTOL NEXT TO YOU.. PISTOLS NOW A DAYS WE CALL THEM GUNS ARE ONLY FOR COWARDS. MUCH LOVE & RESPECT FOR YOUR IGNORARANT COMMENT.
what ? L.A change everyday serious i speak after in report to building, same to the street or same the streets of L.A, and the houses destroy and rebuild everdyday
@@E180TEKNO ......
of course you are correct but Rosemarie was speaking tongue~in~cheek.
lighten up..share a laugh...
@@garyschultz7768 ok sorry
@@destinyreyes9421 Respect to you from a 'Valley Dude' born in 1960 Van Nuys.
My Family (the Ayalas) were one of the ones displaced, to eventually become Dodger Stadium🥰🙏🏼 part of Chavez Ravine, Known as Palo Verde, beloved by all the residents
The girl’s voice is like ASMR. I love how fluidly she goes between English and Spanish.
Her Spanish is dreadful
@@sakyadrolma what's dreadful about it, besides aceituna?
@@sakyadrolma right i was like that's peggy hill level of Spanish!
@@jonmacdonald5345 Not quite that extreme, but she's definitely not a native speaker and the fact that the producers chose her to narrate shows a lack of respect for the rich and beautiful language of Cervantes. There is plenty of truly bilingual talent to be found, but again, lack of respect for languages other than English.
@@sakyadrolma A 'purist' could pick apart her 'English' pronunciations, as well.
I understand and respect the preservation of languages and culture but also understand that language and culture are dynamic and ever changing.
Cesar Chavez was originally Brooklyn Avenue in Boyle Heights where we lived as a family from 1951 to 1959
It should STILL be Brooklyn Avenue.
Brad K Exactly! Merica 🇺🇸🗽
By the way, Cesar Chavez was anti-illegal alien.
We visited the house in Maywood where my dad grew up in the 1950’s. Wow. We decided not to exit the car.
Cal Ven big time - he recognized illegal aliens killed the job market for low skill labor. Still does.
This was a city before settler colonizers, and one of its names was Yaanga. Western history is amazing and interesting, juat dont limit your knowledge base- this was and is Tongva land you are on. And you are welcome, just teach all history.
Lol ok boomer
Every so often, I rewatch this video. It has been a few years, since I first discovered it. I've always found it interesting to see and learn the historical origins of the city streets and how it all interconnects. Both literally and figuratively. Even, as a young child, I always wondered why things are the way they are.
Highland Park, Garvanza district, Eagle Rock, Arroyo Seco area is very historic, including Pasadena and up to the Enchanted Forest area.
History is everywhere.
_ECV_
As a gal that loves history, thank you for this!
So in 1856 it took Captain Ord 3.5 hours to go 27 miles in L.A. Not much has changed. 🤔
Lol... sadly true. Part of why I moved out of So Cal. It used to be SO great...
Lol! So true!
Plus he and the other passengers checked their pistols due to them worrying about safety...yes, not much has changed.
Ken Rhinehart 😆😆😆😁👍
And he probably had an easier time at it than we do now, since he didn't have all those fools tailgating him or cutting him off.
Thank you so much for this video. I am a Native Angeleno and really enjoyed the history.
I remember riding my skateboard down Micheltorena Street. It was steep.
Born, raised and still living on 23rd. St. & Central Ave. Since 1976. Whoop whoop
Primera flats 23st ?
That area has a lot of histiry too. African American history to be more precise. Music was big in that area.
Now, it is predominantly Hispanic. At one point, Blacks occupied this area substantially.
@Ana Maria why?
VERONICA GUERRERO sorry to hear that
Wish I could see what the neighborhoods eaten up by LAX expansion in the 60s & 70s looked like back in the day.
You can see the Ghostly plots from a road on the Ocean side of LAX, they are behind a chainlinnk fence.
I was a very young boy when the Dept of Airports bought up blocks and blocks of residential neighborhood of Westchester and Playa Del Rey. Some is beach front property on a bluff with 180• unobstructed ocean view from Point Dume, Malibu, to the North and the whole Santa Monica Bay all the way to Palos Verdes, and Santa Catalina Island to the South. All the houses were demolished except for a few that people had moved to other open lots in the area. The streets, curbs, streetlights, stop signs street name signs, everything except the homes remained intact for about 30 years with no fences keeping people out. Everyone learned how to drive a car, a motorcycle, on those empty streets as well as it being a place where you could watch the airplanes land and take off from LAX. You went there to make out with your sweetheart and or to drink and party as teenagers.
As of about 20 or 25 years ago the streets were tore up and new streets and some development has been put in place. But not all of it.
I'm not even from the USA but I find the history of LA very interesting. Especially historic photographs. Histories of the east coast cities don't do anything for me at all though.
You should order the books The Story of Hollywood which is a pictorial chronology of the founding of the City of Hollywood and subsequent years after it joined the City of Los Angeles, and a really interesting book is The Father of Hollywood, which is a first-person account of the wife of HJ Whitley-- the Father of Hollywood.
I've no doubt that East Coast cities also have fascinating histories.
That from a native _Angeleno._
In addition to several other little known streets that few people have ever seen or heard of, they bring up Olympiad Dr. for the 10th Olympic games in 1932. However, there appears to be no mention of Olympic Bl. which used to be 10th St. which was renamed for the same event.
Yes Olympiad in Windsor Hills it was first bungalows for the olympics
I've always been curious of L.A. city street names and their history. Great study.
Wonderful slice of history. I enjoyed it very much. Thanks.
Having been raised in Los Angeles, California since 1971 I always wondered about the origins of street names. I love history and this was of special interest to me as I was familiar with absolutely every section shown in this great production. Thank you VERY MUCH! I truly enjoyed it and have subscribed.
As a native Angeleno, thank you to NHM!
Angelino
Of Los Angeles's...
Forgot that brah. Theres tons of nati......
@@miguelrico3647 It's Spanish, not Italian.
_Angeleno._
thanks for a wonderful entertaining & informative video...this gives greater meaning & a feeling of connection to streets ive been living in for 50 yrs...
My favorite street names are Traction Ave (LA) and Electric Ave (Venice)
SMH I just saw that I had posted something similar 2 years ago........
there is no outlet on Electric ave
Stan .Rarick I like Los Coyotes Diagonal (Long Beach)
I always liked the LA street names of Hyperion and Heliotrope.
The streets in Venice are mapped and named after the Monopoly board.
Thanks for sharing this .It is very important to know our history.
Thank you so much for this ! I throught enjoy the history of our street names and i finally stumbled upon this!
I wish to visit L.A. !
Bucket list trip. Go for it.
Don’t
Come on down, it's a beautiful city with some amazing places!
My Dad worked at a Barber shop a few blocks from Parker Center
Well done...
Very informative.😊
Wonderful video of my hometown! (I'm 2nd generation Los Angeles born and raised.) Thank you!
Me to, I was born and raised in Los Angeles and my address was 1110 East 111 Drive. Shop in Huntington park.
@@taylorwilliams4131 A binary address.
I wish you had captions for this one. Thank you so much for posting!
Very well done. Thank you!
It's fabulous Los Angeles.
0:15 Even in 1856 it took three hours to drive a short distance in Los Angeles.
Great video. Thank you.
Loved this!
Thank you 🙏
Wow fascinating!
I remember going to Georgia St hospital to get stitches in the 40’s and early 50’s. Oh what an active youth 😊
I like this, thank you very much.
Lovely narration, Marisol.
Yeah, I love her fluent Spanish pronunciations.
Pio Pico was actually classified as Negro before he was classified as Spanish. There was a time when people were allowed to change their status to Spanish and Pio Pico took advantage of that "opportunity." Spanish were very meticulous when it came to designating one's social ethnic status. Documents from the era after Spain conquered the Aztecs in Mexico City show such things as the ridiculous "go backward" (in Spanish), "light-skinned", "dark", "a little dark", etc. There was an entire list from very light skin to very dark, and other ridiculous and stupid designations. It's a very tragic and lasting Spanish legacy that's still a part of the culture to this day. I think this is where the major fixation with skin tone and the Indian vs. European prejudices were derived from. A little known and inconvenient fact is that the Mayans, Aztecs and other pre-Columbian cultures practiced a form of prejudice by also using stratification based on how light your skin was. The lighter your skin, the higher your status. Interestingly, this was also part of many Asian cultures long before they came into contact with Europeans.
@kcotte59 What?
@kcotte59 Oh, I feel you on that. And sometimes you don't want to try to be too "original" but you don't want it to come off weird. I don't own any pets, but I understand what you're getting at.
@kcotte59 Oh it's actually Whitfield. I usually just change it up for internet sake.
Pio Pico wasn't Spanish. He wad Mexican.
@@bleh3039 The Spanish allowed non-Spanish people to register as Spanish on certain special days. He took advantage of that and was registered as a Spanish citizen. He was in fact black.
Thank you very much
I love youtube, where videos like these are easily accessible. Otherwise you need to go the central library downtown to find a copy to borrow.
We went to Micheltorena and always wanted to know where the name came from.
I went to micheltorena back in the early 80s,and now i know where that name came from. I was on off the many students who grew a garden on the back of the school.GOOD OL DAYS.
Hard to think any legitimate land venture would have failed. The historical research and presentation is well done for the number of streets and areas covered. Time and supply and demand changes everything. Like Joni Mitchell sang, they paved paradise and put up parking lots. Kids need to learn how their neighborhood fits into the grand scheme, for better or worse. I find that the more I learn, the more sympathetic I am; that's the rub. I think my dad may have disliked the Dodgers because of what happened to the people who lived in Chavez Ravine. Or maybe it was that he was more a Yankees fan. If that area still existed, it would have become a swanky enclave, predating the DTLA renaissance. I know of a street near LAX named for the late CEO of the company my dad worked for and the company building that he helped construct, but everything related to it is gone, as the property was needed for the transit line. Everything changes and time can not be stopped.
MeMe DaVinci Would that be Hughes?
Windsor Hills my old neighborhood!!!!
yes very interesting documentary love it
Also, you guys didn't mention Vermont, Western, Century, Robertson, Olympic, Olvera St., and many other streets. Wow!
This series could go on for years as far as I'm concerned.
Yep and you can add Washington and Adams Blvds because that is where the Harbor Freeway ended when I lived in LA during the Fifties (Adam and Western).
@2IV SOAK Nope! sorry, only in my memory. Ventura, Pasadena and Santa Ana all ended at their name sake, but not Harbor, it suppose to end at Long Beach Harbor.
I lived near Western in the late 1960's and i was waiting for them to mention that street.
10:30 Pico
11:45 Sepulveda
I enjoyed watching this video. I was waiting to watch how Soto St. got that name. Does anyone know?
NICE. INFO
Although about 50 miles east where the hell did they get Cucamonga? Always wondered.
VERY INTERESTED IN WORLDLY LOS ANGELES HISTORY 🇺🇲
Do a video on more LA streets. The streets in the valley.
I live in Portland now (30 years) but can still name every major intersection in the Valley between Topanga Canyon to Clyborn, (Burbank city line) and Ventura Bl. to Rinaldi.
The valley is not LA
@@inglewoodpyro1233 Actually the San Fernando Valley is part of the City of LA. I lived there for 30 years. It may not be downtown but it is Los Angeles just as much as the Civic Center etc. It may look somewhat different being surrounded on all sides by mountains but is in the city limits and fully governed and served by the LAPD & LAFD as well. It's not independent like Burbank, Glendale, and San Fernando which are separate and individual cities unto themselves.
The streets in the Valley?
The major thoroughfares should be renamed _Duuude,_ _Coolness,_ _Like, Whatever,_ _Totally,_ _For Sure,_ and such.
This from a guy born at _Valley Hospital_ (Van Nuys Blvd. at Sherman Way), 1960, Van Nuys Boulevard cruiser in the 'formative years', ... .
@@ivanleterror9158 The street names change, as well as place names.
Some have come and gone (Zelzah, etc..) other boundaries change. I grew up in a Van Nuys house that is now in Sherman Oaks. The house didn't move.
Reupload in HD, please.
Pio Pico was not Mexican but Afro Mexican or NEGRO! September marks 125 years since the passing of Pio Pico, a Black “Californio” - the term used to describe Hispanic natives of the Californias. Pico was the last sitting governor of Mexican California before the region ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican-American War.
Pio de Jesus Pico was born May 5, 1801 in Alta California, a region that was a province of New Spain before becoming a Mexican territory in 1822. Pico’s mother was a “Mulata” - a mixed person of African heritage. His father was a “Mestizo” - a person of Native American and Spanish heritage. Pico’s mother was reportedly linked to the “Pobladores,” the 44 settlers of African, Mexican and Native American descent that founded what is now known as Los Angeles.
The part of Downey I grew up in was originally "Pico" west of Telegraph Rd... YUP!
I'm third centurion Californian Pop was born in Anaheim In 1918!
Eric Underwood Class of 81 Downey High school CA ✌️
@@jamescoleakaericunderwood2503 amazing!
prudent beaudry's other brother, Jean-Louis, was mayor of montreal
When i lived in L.A.I lived on mean street.The farther down you went the meaner it got.And i lived in the last house. Wahahaha.
"Where in L.A. did you live? "Where do you live now? "Do you miss L.A.? 🤔
Guys ... 9:25 ... A city SOOO young , it is named after an oil derrick . .
I'm in . My city was first settled in 1883ish ..And around here , that is a little OLDER than it's neighbors !. Medicine Hat , Alberta .btw .a town 1898 , a city 1906 .
Germans say, _and...?_
so organized! Other cities still do not have zoning laws in 2020
The East Side of LA, not East LA was totally left out, I guess because a large portion is now skid row, but I worked in a lot of jobs in that area before gentrification took over
There used to be a FORD factory there, between 6th and 7th, I think
MARISOL ROJAS GOOD JOB!!!
Street fairfax
Wouldn't cuidado not only mean beware, but also mean taken care of.
Wonder if Fort Ord was named after Captain Edward Ord?
Gen. Edward Ord was all over California. The Army base is named after him.
Back in the 60s my parent's were asked to come to Fort Ord for a meeting having to do with my brother. So 2 of my brothers , and I got to explore the Fort by ourselves . We kept to ourselves, and stayed out of everyone's way. It's a fun memory.
What are the origins of Fargo, Baxter and Ewing streets?
Is this a high school civics video, from 1966?
59th and Fig
No history like Los Angeles history.
Made and born and raised here.Love it...Hipsters taking over L.A. sad.....
What do you mean by hipsters?
@@jamesryder8305 Young white people from the suburbs and out of state subsidized by their parents, buying up working class houses and driving out common, average people.
criminal politicians giving more right to the mentally ill homeless then tax paying citizens. its hard to see this happening
@@Eidelmania THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR ANSWERING JAVIER WHITEFIELD QUESTIONS BEING ASK TO SURVELIANCENETWORK C.I.A.
WHAT'S A HIPSTERS (SAD) ???
YOUR REPLY WAS YOUNG WHITE PEOPLE FROM SUBURBS & OUT OF STATE SUBSIDIZED BY THEIR PARENTS, BUYING UP WORKING CLASS HOUSES & DRIVING OUT COMMON, AVERAGE PEOPLE IS THE DEFINITION OF A HIPSTERS.
WITH THAT BEING SAID A HIPSTER IS A GOOD THING, NOT A SAD, OR BAD THING BECUASE HIPSTERS ARE THE ONES WHO ARE BRINGING BACK LIFE, SPIRIT & SOUL TO THOSE ABANDON AREAS (WAREHOUSES) TURNING THEM INTO LUXUARY APARTMENTS, IN OTHER WORDS TURNING LOS ANGELES INTO ANOTHER NEW YORK CITY. TRUST ME NORMAL AVERAGE WORKING CLASS PEOPLE ARE MORE THAN HAPPY TO HAVE SOMEONE COME BUY OFF THERE PROPERTY THAT DOES NOT SERVE THEM ANY GOOD NO MORE & ARE MORE THAN GLAD TO SELL THERE NON PROFIT PROPERTY TO A HIPSTERS. MUCH LOVE & RESPECT TO YOU.
Same but California is going to change as it has been since 1845, CA leads the country by setting trends. As more millennials keep moving out of CA the faster we will be one huge hipster country, lol. Have a good 420 ✌🏼
Skip intro bs by starting @ 6:00
City of Arcadia was named by Lucky Baldwin after the Greek city. No connection to Arcadia street in Los Angeles.
20:45 Hollywood
Myrtle my great Aunt and so many Duncan street my family on my mother's side and my.father French and Spanish Angels my grandmother
I wonder what are the name of the streets that low income residents took place are at now
Los angelenos pronounce San Pedro as San Peedro ... not San paydro .
It should be like paydro
Traction Avenue?
Great video, but bad narration very choppy
El miguelito de Hollywood baby
They should make video on the history of gangs in L.A. or a video on the demographic changes in L.A. My understanding is at one point L.A was predominantly White. Now, it is very diverse.
damien Smith it has fluctuated, when LA was Spain and then Mexico, the majority was not white, the white influx came during the gold rush mainly, from my understanding
@@danafigueroa3053 true
Or the Zoot Suit riots of 1943 when the U.S. Navy released bored and armed sailors to invade East Los Angeles and assault every 'Mex' they could find?
@@danafigueroa3053 Add California's 'agricultural boom' of the 1880s which drew many 'Anglo' residents.
As long as I end up on Alameda to eat a french dip.
Felipe's French dip sandwich, I like their Lamb, & their Hot mustard 😋👍
Phillipe's quality went down decades ago.
I used to love the place, from childhood through living in Winslow AZ and traveling Amtrak to visit family. I'd walk from Union Station to Phillipe' for a grubbin' French Dip on a real plate with a bowl of dip.
In later years - cardboard plate, no dip, smaller portions, beg for horseradish... . I switched to the fabulous dimsum parlors a block or two to the west.
*PICO & SEPULVEDA!!!*
Tito's Tacos!
I grew up in SFV, left 1980, returned 1982 and later rode RTD to work in Culver City. Five days a week I'd make my transfer at Pico & Sepulveda and could not get that song out of my head. In 1983 - 84 I lived at Sepulveds and National.
Thanks, Dr. Demento.
By the way, KROQ djay Scott Mason was a high school buddy of mine.
Echo×Park
“We are surrounded by Mexicans.
They even will want to try to change the name of my city”
- And what’s the name of your city?
“Los Angeles”
Omitted the fact that los Angeles street was also called calle de los negros
That street needs to be called Juan Diego ave and welcome to Mexico blvd.
Ram's Lakers dodgers blue
Mott and orm Grandpa's house
morris saltekoff That place is an absolute s#√thole! 💯
FIGUEROA St. was mentioned several times But never addressed the Street itself and the CALIFORNIOS for which it was named.....................................
@kcotte59 MLK used to be Santa Barbara, dumb ass.
really heavy on the spanish pronunciations there
You pronounced Los Feliz in the gringo way (FEEL-iz rather than fay-LEES) but with a definite Spanish accent. I'm confused.
It's NOT fay-LEES it's FEEL-IZ always has been and always will be and I'm not as you say a "gringo"
Los Feliz is a neighborhood named after a wealthy Mexican family that owned what is now called Griffith Park. The Feliz family sold the territory to Griffith who then donated the land to the city. Therefore the Spanish pronunciation of the name is correct. Agreed, the video doesn't pronounce the name correctly.
Well folks what does Feliz mean in English? = HAPPY - what does ;Feliz Navidad mean in English ,Happy Christmas or Merry Christmas? . Care to hear how Feliz is pronounced - listen to Jose Feliciano’s rendition of “ Feliz Navidad “ for the correct pronouncement of Feliz .
@@leonewest2239 I'd like the imagine Los Feliz means the happy people!
@@tsimons3402 😇
Arcadian is is my family in Louisiana of now Been changed called Gonzalez I'm mad about that but it took litigation or change of the guard of city council kiss my grits
How nice of you to document the "Pave paradise and put up a parking lot" destruction of my hometown.
It is getting worse. I love California but left in 2019 so did my mom, uncles and grandpa moved out in 1972-said it was turning into a shithole.
Rich, right
Wasn't impressed with Los Angles too many steep hills to drive on in town shopping area. These steep road were everywhere. You feel like you are in another world completely. Really different life style.
Informative, great photos but why are the narrators so boring??
@aattitude It's a history narration. How much fun can they sound?
The female cites "Los Angeles Street" in perfect English. Where is her concocted Mexican accent for "Los Angeles Street?"
I just wish whoever did the closed captioning would try a little harder on the Spanish names instead of just putting [speaking foreign language].
Soy de California Los Angeles Hollywood
Redondo Beach still original families in there every town have Mexican families ancestry even acres lamdsy from Spanish. Grants all over like in new. Mexico and Tejas
Not Texas!!
"Brown as Arabs"? How about Los Angeles was Founded by 44 Black Families (Pobladores).
LAGrim Sleeper
Naah They weren't black. It was populated by Native Americans, and Mexicans ARE Native Americans too.
Mexicans were created when the first spaniard fucked the local indian girl.
Guys just come to the museum and educate yourself at our Becoming Los Angeles exhibit.
@@jamesryder8305 Yes, I could not possibly agree with you any more. You've said it well, it's pointless to reply on people whom get frustrated. They should just read some history, but who really reads anymore? And no, Google for quick reference isn't actual reading, as some information is altered. Could you really blame them? Their attitude and beliefs is reinforced by many factors which I won't be able to name here. Javier, people are just tribialistic and defensive, it's good to see you're making an attempt to learn. I wish more people were like that.
@@joseguerreroneri18 I went out of my way to establish a connection to this place, and our history by volunteering there. People should actually try to educate themselves and others about the things that are most important. Not Fortnite, not flexing on your friends or schoolmates, and definitely not trying to constantly prove that you're better then someone. It's about human and wildlife/animal preservation. Making sure we as a species are moving forward as well as the World, and the animals around us. I do blame them because they choose to live the life they live, and don't even try to better themselves or others. They just claim to know, when they really don't.
dff
i fell asleep through their exciting narration, lolol Are the government employees?