The Physics of why your 3D Prints Warp, and what to do about it

Warping and delamination are recurring problems in FDM 3D printing for higher temperature materials such as ABS, Polycarbonate, Nylon, PEI and PEEK. Here I show a basic physics model to help understand what exactly causes warping, and based on that what you can do about it. It also explains why Polycarbonate warps much more than PLA, even though their coefficients of thermal expansion are nearly identical at 69 and 68 microns per meter per Kelvin respectively.
In this post you can see that the timescale for the graph is roughly on the order of a few seconds: / printing_some_nylon_wi...
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Recent research and advances:
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