Lipids - Structure Of Lipids - Structure Of Fats - Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Prostaglandins
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- Опубликовано: 25 июл 2024
- In this video we cover the molecular structure of lipids or fats. We discuss the structure of triglyceride molecules, the structure of phospholipid molecules, and the structure of prostaglandins.
Lipid structure
Lipids or fats are composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. However, lipids contain a lower proportion of oxygen atoms than do carbohydrates. Some lipids contain other elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
Most lipids do not dissolve in water because they are non polar, meaning that electrons are shared equally in the molecule. So, they have no partially charged regions in the molecule.
The main types of lipids include triglycerides or fats, phospholipids, steroids, and prostaglandins.
Triglycerides are the most plentiful lipid in the body and they are composed of 2 building blocks, a glycerol unit, and 3 fatty acids. A glycerol molecule has 3 carbon atoms, with each bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms, a hydroxyl group, which is an oxygen bonded to a hydrogen, and the fourth bond being to another carbon atom.
Fatty acids are made up of long chains of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. Some carbon atoms are linked by single bonds, and others by double bonds. These bonds determine which type of fatty acid the molecule is classified as. There are 2 types of fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, and unsaturated fatty acids, which include monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids.
We will cover fatty acid molecules in depth in (the next) a separate video.
In the formation of a triglyceride, the fatty acids bond with the glycerol molecule. The 3 fatty acids attach by their carboxyl groups, which are the carbon, oxygen, oxygen, hydrogen group, at the end of the molecule to the hydroxyl, OH groups of the glycerol molecule.
As this process takes place, 3 molecules of water are removed, which is a dehydration synthesis reaction. Some triglycerides contain 3 molecules of the same type of fatty acid, and others may have 3 different types of fatty acids. Triglycerides are found in many food items such as vegetable oils, coconut oil, beef, fast foods, many seeds and avocados.
Phospholipids are similar in structure to triglycerides in that they have 4 subunits. They are composed of a glycerol unit, 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing group. The phosphate and nitrogen group extend in the opposite direction of the fatty acids.
This end, or head of the molecule is actually polar, so it is water soluble. Hydrophilic, meaning water loving, is the term often used to describe the head portion of a phospholipid molecule. The fatty acids end is non polar, so it is called hydrophobic, which means water fearing. This property, having a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region, allow this molecule to join, or bridge a water environment and a lipid environment.
So, in water, these molecules will form bilayers, with the fatty acid tails facing each other, and the heads facing outwards as you can see here. Phospholipids are the main component of cell membranes, which we will cover in depth in another video.
Steroids, which are often referred to as sterols, have a 4 hydrocarbon ring, or steroid nucleus as the foundation of their molecules. Steroids differ based on the side chains extending out from their rings.
Cholesterol, whose molecular model is shown here, is an important steroid, as it has hydrophilic water loving polar region here at the hydroxyl OH end of the molecule, and hydrophobic water fearing non polar region at its hydrocarbon chain.
Cholesterol is a key part of cell membranes as its polar region can interact with the polar region of phospholipids and its non polar region is embedded in the membrane along side the non polar fatty acids of the phospholipids.
Cholesterol is also an important building block in bile acids, which are key in breaking down fat molecules in the body, and many hormones, which are signaling molecules the body releases.
Cortisol, estrogen and testosterone are other important steroid compounds. You can see that each of these molecules differ slightly based on their side chain formation, but they all have the 4 hydrocarbon rings as the foundations of their molecules.
Prostaglandins are lipids that are derived from unsaturated fatty acids. They are composed of a 20 carbon, 5 carbon ring structure. There are many different types of prostaglandins in the body, that take part in different important functions, such as enhancing the immune system and inflammatory response.
Timestamps
0:00 What are lipids (fats)?
0:29 What are triglycerides?
0:54 Fatty acids
1:32 The structure of a triglyceride
2:14 Structure of phospholipids
3:16 Structure of steroids
3:31 Structure of cholesterol
4:29 What are and the structure of prostaglandins
I found your videos while studying for a biology test and now I’ve just started watching them for fun! Great stuff!!
Great to hear that Jacob J, thanks for watching dude.
Same hn
perfectly summarized up phospholipids in 1 minute (visually too). Thank you.
When you pay $5,000 a semester to go home and learn the same content in under 5 minutes.
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Agreed
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Thank you so much for posting this video. It is by far, the best video I have found on lipids.
This was the best video I came to so far on lipids. Your video was easy to understand and it showed the key differences between each lipid structure! Liked and subscribed! Great work!
Thanks Dorothy.
Yes Dorothy, agreed👍
Great job Dude thanks for making and posting this loved ever second of it
Huge thanks! Wonderfully explained!
The best one I’ve found for my presentation this weekend!
That was so helpful. Thank you so much!
Amezing video.... it became so easy to understand the concept..great work :)
This video is saving me. Thank you so much.
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Thanks
I always found problems in structures but today I think i had got this now all
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Thanks for the kind words For Entertainment, it's great to hear that the videos are helping you out, thanks again my friend.
My school in Australia is using heaps of your videos as apart of my Food Technology course for year 11 and 12. Thanks dude, love the vids.
Thanks for letting me know that, it means a lot to me to hear that the videos are helping people, and good luck with your studies.
Nice video it can easily understand about lipids
those videos are great!!! please continue in making them. And go to other subjects as well.
Thanks Thetruthwillblowyou away, more videos on the way.
So triglycerides were a type of lipid. Thank you!
Thank you for your good work.
You are welcome Silver ImpAct.
thanx alottttt for making it so easy :)
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Thanks mrmeach1967.
Dead useful specially with the write up in the description thanks
Joseph Grayson, I wouldn't have even bothered with the description if you didn't mention it. Thanks
Joseph Grayson, agreed 👍
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Sir make a video on formal charge of compounds in chemistry
was a real help
So how many ester linkages are there in each phopholipid molecule? 3?
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Good video
Thanks MAHARSHI LIMBOLA.
What software do you use to draw the chemical structures of molecules?
I use a really old version of Adobe Flash (CS6).
@@whatsupdude2778 Thanks man!
Thank you! I didn't realise some of our hormones are steroids!
Are Prostaglandins considered a Steroid because they also have hydrocarbon ring? If not, what are they classified as? (alkanes, esthers, amides) or (simple lipids, compound lipids, etc.)? Thanks. This vid was overall very helpful!
Hey Kevin. They are classified as eicosanoids, which are considered to be locally acting hormones.
I love you
We are asked to draw its molecular structure, what should I draw?
whoa
Is it true that diatry fat does not provide us with energy?? I recently had someone who claims to have studdied biochemistry, on another topic talk about how ketosis is dangerous and that the fats we all intake are oxidized and unable to be used.. he had this to say;
"The fat that gets converted to ketones all derive from glucose. We make our own triglycerides via consumption of various types of sugars or things that convert to glucose (starch, fructose, lactose, etc.). This is the only way we get fats, we make them - dietary fats are useless, mostly either cooked, rancid, oxidized or all of the above in one meal
The human body is genetically predisposed to make all the so called nutrients it needs - provided it is fueled (water, a carbohydrate, minerals, sunlight and oxygen). B12 is synthesized not just in the gut but elswhere through out the body - a common misunderstanding. When u speak to "dietary fat" what is the molecule state? What condition is this molecule u and others hang their hat on. The fat molecule in a live cow say, is not at all the same after the cow dies, decay dynamics break it down. If the cow is rushed, soon after death to a freezer then decay dynamics are suspened. However, thawing out the meat will once again expose the molecules rendering them altered. Further, cooking will againg alter (destroy) the molecule. And then we have human digestion which seals the deal on this once intact molecule, in the live cow, no longer being intact. So when u speak to dietary fat - tell us about the state of the molecule - that matters a whole hell of a lot. A molecule altered in any way shape or form is useless (physics and chem 101) - or not the same as it was before altered - no longer with the same functions. Dietary fat in know way shape or form - thus - is providing any kind of fuel. The fat we make, from dietary sugars can do this, bit still the fat will end up as a ribose molecule once again (ATP) We cannot use dietary fats. They can pass right through us, rendered down further by digestive enzymes ending up in the toilet - or harm us as rancid and oxidized fats and oils can do. Dietary sugars make human fats and any kind of fats in the body - all have their origins in a ribose molecule - including ketones. If any exogenous molecule is that stable and hardy, impervious to much criteria - then it will pass on right through to the toilet like so much corn and or peanuts"
What is he talking about?
1:20 saturated means complete symmetrical chain and un saturated means broken chain........??
are lipid and fat considered the same thing?
Yes, they are the same.
omg