Tape Bias - What Is It?

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  • Опубликовано: 3 фев 2025

Комментарии • 225

  • @Bassotronics
    @Bassotronics Год назад +8

    Glad you were not biased about the bias.
    Cheers! 👍🏻

  • @G14271
    @G14271 3 года назад +6

    I've been trying to learn about Bias for a little while. You nailed it for me. Nice and simple to understand. Thank you for your time to explain.

  • @ChiCan76
    @ChiCan76 4 года назад +31

    That was a great presentation...the visuals helped too.

  • @MrDiamondFlyer
    @MrDiamondFlyer 3 года назад +11

    Thank-you for this very good explanation. After so many years of using my cassette deck when I was a teenager and calibrating it each time I would record, I finally get a chance to understand what the bias setting was actually doing ! Back then, I had no clue, I just followed the procedure described in the manual.
    I loved Maxell XLIIS too, they sounded fantastic... just by looking at them ;-) (I loved Sony UX-S and TDK SA-X too)

  • @AVUM47
    @AVUM47 4 года назад +19

    Love you dude. Your videos are awesome, educational, and oddly relaxing. You seem really easy to talk to, and you know your stuff. You’ve helped me a lot. Hope you’re staying safe!

  • @lavitroladeldiablo
    @lavitroladeldiablo Год назад +11

    That was the very best explanation ever of what the Bias does for cassettes I ever heard in my life! Thank you so much and hat off on you,
    sir.

  • @2574mcu
    @2574mcu 4 года назад +17

    I would recommend finding a tape deck with adjustable bias. It made things so much easier for me. I was able to use tapes that didn't sound quite right on my other deck.

    • @allaudione
      @allaudione 23 дня назад

      HX pro does this automatic

  • @salvadorpneri
    @salvadorpneri Год назад

    Keep those graphs coming. This is truly one of best intro tutorial videos on tape bias. I like it.

  • @Broxine
    @Broxine 3 года назад +5

    That was a REALLY good explanation!
    I teach people how to program industrial optical measuring devices and it is very important to make it easy and relatable to the people.
    You did a really great job at that.
    Hats off to you Sir 👍

  • @zacm6173
    @zacm6173 Год назад +6

    broke out my old Tascam Portastudio and was curious about the different types of tapes - thank you! the way transducers work at all is mind blowing, movingly beautiful and so sad humans are so smart but often use it for destruction

    • @RUfromthe40s
      @RUfromthe40s Год назад

      normally are happy if sad they would stay home looking to a wall

    • @GeirRssaak
      @GeirRssaak Год назад

      My experience is that good tapes from agfa, basf, ampex, Scotts, maxell etc.are good!

  • @bobmcphee6442
    @bobmcphee6442 4 года назад +4

    Hi Craig! I enjoy your videos and look forward to more. This one about cassettes was very informative. Thanks for taking the time to make them.

  • @Palosrob
    @Palosrob 4 года назад +13

    Hey Craig, your longer hair looks cool don't sweat it! maybe sometime when you have a chance show us just where you sit and how you experience your music listening. I'm always interested in seeing how people who make RUclips videos about music actually listen to it. Like where they sit, lighting they use, do they have some alcohol next to them or just a cup of tea etc.

    • @muthuvelayuthamvelayutham5159
      @muthuvelayuthamvelayutham5159 4 года назад +1

      Palosrob .MaKaElectric Rebuttal Channel . Amused with your question . Nostalgic. I very much like the right setup of an ambience for listening pleasure.

    • @Palosrob
      @Palosrob 4 года назад

      @@muthuvelayuthamvelayutham5159
      Exactly! Either do it right or don't do it at all!

  • @djtrishm
    @djtrishm 4 года назад +25

    Maxell Hight Bias 90 minute cassette were my fave back in the 80s and 90s

  • @Edubarca46
    @Edubarca46 4 года назад +4

    Excellent video and explanation. I want to tell you that I used to record my vinyls to cassettes only to listen through my Walkman or through my car cassette player. Not because my vinyls would deteriorate by too much playing on my old turntables. In my opinion, my old Thorens or Empire were as good or even better than any other TT of similar price purchased today. I still have some vinyls purchased some 60 years ago in perfect condition and after thousands of plays. Best wishes!!

  • @richardmorgan1588
    @richardmorgan1588 4 года назад +2

    Very informative video. I used to record my records on tape in the 70s and early 80s. I did it so I could get an entire album on one side and have the ability to play them in the car! Now that I have much better equipment at home, I prefer to do my listening on records and occasionally CDs... but mostly records! Never judging on the hair! Keep it long! I'm 66 and I've decided to go full Gandalf! I get compliments on my beard. Remember that line from Ricky Nelson? You can't please everyone so you gotta please yourself!

  • @connordean
    @connordean 2 месяца назад

    Thanks for the extensive explanation in detailed layman's terms. Your diagrams were marvelous!

  • @kenp1508
    @kenp1508 2 года назад +10

    Cassette tapes have always been my favourite media and although I have embraced digital and moved over to it. I Still wouldn't be without my cassettes and many tape decks, seven, so far. I hope there will always be people like you around to talk about the compact cassette and the cassette players used to play them. Though I do think the format, along with records,reel to reel, CDs and all kinds media, is dead, as far as the mass market is concerned. For me cassettes, records, CDs, mini-disks, FM radio, will never die.

  • @mariodesmo
    @mariodesmo 4 года назад +1

    That was a very nice explanation of bias. I'm moving after 20 years in my present house and discovered my old analog equipment, along with all my vinyl still in like new condition! I stored them properly many years ago I guess. lol So, I've been enjoying those beautiful songs all over again. Anyways, your hair look fine! Mine is not quite as long but I'm thinking all old guys should let our hair grow out like the old days to show our solidarity! Looking forward to more videos!

  • @codigomx
    @codigomx 4 года назад

    I came from a video that explain this with fancy graphics and very good samples, but certainly I'd had understanding more clearly with your very clever explanation and your simplified graphics. Thanks for take the time.

  • @ee_li
    @ee_li 10 месяцев назад +1

    fascinating history and makes me more appreciative of my little cassette player. Thanks!

  • @debarshichoudhury1779
    @debarshichoudhury1779 4 года назад +3

    Thank you for this lovely explanation, wish they taught so simple in college.
    You deserve a ton of likes

  • @BobMellor1954
    @BobMellor1954 4 года назад +2

    Craig, great video and clearly explained, it brought back some memories of back in the days when I used tape at home and repaired them at work. As for your hair, don't fuss, I wish mine grew as quick. Regards Bob

  • @colloidalsilverwater15ppm88
    @colloidalsilverwater15ppm88 2 года назад +1

    Good work. It is so nice when someone spread his knowledge.

  • @johne5543
    @johne5543 2 месяца назад

    Excellent explanation regarding tape bias!

  • @lostintransfers
    @lostintransfers 4 дня назад

    Great and clear explanation and excellent video. Thank you, Sir!

  • @neilsherman3483
    @neilsherman3483 Год назад

    I needed a little refresher on this before I talk to a student. Thanks!

  • @abletenor
    @abletenor 8 месяцев назад +1

    Thanks a lot for your time to explain bias

  • @souravbhattacharyya3392
    @souravbhattacharyya3392 2 года назад

    Thank you uncle...your explanations are very clear and helpful....people might not agree,but the depth and originality comes only from analog music.....love from India.

  • @SynthTweakscom
    @SynthTweakscom 3 года назад

    Great video Craig and great channel! I've just watched a few of your videos and have subscribed.
    Like you, I cut my engineering teeth on multitrack tape (mostly Ampex 456). I've recently gotten back into cassettes and records too. I still have all my cassettes going back to the mid 70s and some of my records.
    I have decks now that I dreamed of back in the day which is a real nostalgia trip for me. I have two Nakamichi decks (a 582 and a 582Z) and a Harman Kardon CD491. I've fully restored and calibrated these decks and they sound incredible even on type 1 tapes! They're all three head, closed loop, dual capstan decks and the CD491 has a direct drive motor for the capstans.
    I also recently purchased an Audio Technica LP140X and am planning to buy a VM540ML cart for it. I'm living it so far!
    Keep up the great work with the channel.
    Oh, we're very close age wise too. I'll be 50 in June.

    • @SynthTweakscom
      @SynthTweakscom 3 года назад

      Living it was supposed to be loving it. Stupid spell corrector strikes again!

  • @HDaudioEnhance
    @HDaudioEnhance 4 года назад

    Thanks Craig for making these videos. Yes you are right about how we used to record our records onto tape. I mostly used the TDK normal bias ones. I think I have only one chromium tape.
    Recently I bought one of those Pro-ject Debut carbon recordmaster hi-res turntables so I could start archiving my records again.
    I watch all the videos & they are very helpful. Cheers & take care!

  • @AntoPandeth
    @AntoPandeth 3 года назад +1

    I liked your presentation.

  • @PataPoufFrance
    @PataPoufFrance 4 года назад +1

    Love to see you come back on this channel !
    Btw still waiting for "VC archiving your vinyl records part 2" !!!
    Part 1 was very useful for me when i started digitalizing my rare LPs !

    • @SDsailor7
      @SDsailor7 2 года назад

      By digitazing you mean recording them to CD?

    • @PataPoufFrance
      @PataPoufFrance 2 года назад

      @@SDsailor7 nope put it on FLAC files ;)

    • @SDsailor7
      @SDsailor7 2 года назад

      So Flac files have better sound than reel to reel?

    • @PataPoufFrance
      @PataPoufFrance 2 года назад +1

      @@SDsailor7 no rtr in a car 😎

    • @SDsailor7
      @SDsailor7 2 года назад

      @@PataPoufFrance true

  • @cazeferino
    @cazeferino Год назад +1

    Great class!!! Thank you very much. Cheers from Brazil.

  • @josedurao8906
    @josedurao8906 6 месяцев назад

    What a wonderful and great explanation. Very clear to understand this particular issue in an easy way ti understand. Just GREAT.

  • @josephrobertmah3438
    @josephrobertmah3438 4 года назад

    I really do enjoy your video presentations - your self deprecating sense of humour, your knowledge, and friendly demeanor makes for time well spent (PLUS you are a fellow Rush fan!). Thanks for the time that you take to make these videos. Your timing couldn't be better - I just got my Nakamichi CR7 back from my technician and it sounds so good (except when I play the music that I recorded on that Nak on my $200 Technics, which sounds awful - but that's another story). I use the Nak now to get most of the fidelity of my audiophile 2 LP, 45 rpm pressings - most of the sound, and a small fraction of the "flipping over." Anyway, thanks for your presentation - you didn't actually state an opinion as to which "type" of tape that you prefer - I am still experimenting, but the Type II, which are the most popular, seem to cut off some of the low end (maybe it's the age of the cassette).

    • @VinylTV33
      @VinylTV33  4 года назад

      Thanks! Ya, type II tapes are known for lacking low end. That's why they came out with Ferric-chrome, which were a hybrid of type I and type II, but they never lasted far for some reason. They were my favorite tape type (type III) I remember having Supertramp - Breakfast in America on one, and boy did it sound good.

    • @josephrobertmah3438
      @josephrobertmah3438 4 года назад

      Thanks for the response, Craig. I have zero chance of finding reasonably priced Type III, so I won’t even try. What would be worse than not finding any is finding one!! Breakfast in America is a brilliant sounding record so that tape must have sounded incredible. I look forward to your next post! Thanks again! By the way, the hair looks great!

  • @gretschludwigdrummer209
    @gretschludwigdrummer209 4 года назад

    Love your video's...something to look forward to in these troubled times !

  • @DuggysReviews
    @DuggysReviews 4 года назад

    Thank you for this video Craig, cassette tapes were way before my time so this topic is incredibly interesting to me.

  • @moonshiner2977
    @moonshiner2977 2 года назад +3

    Sony once made cassette decks with automatic biasing, all you had to do was press the calibration button and it really made a difference. Even the low noise normal bias tapes sounded really quite good :)

    • @who_cares848
      @who_cares848 Год назад +2

      I have one, sony tc-rx311. Its a lower end deck so the flutter is kinda high but as far as bias calibration its perfect.

  • @OdoSendaidokai
    @OdoSendaidokai 3 месяца назад

    Absolutely brilliant explanation! Thank you so much 🌻

  • @shaun9107
    @shaun9107 4 года назад +19

    Records & tapes win the format war in my eyes .
    They LAST !!!

  • @datsunmadman
    @datsunmadman 3 года назад +2

    I recently got back into cassette. As a teenager I always had a decent deck. Now I own a few 3 head deck love them.

  • @endoplasreh
    @endoplasreh 4 года назад +1

    Great video and good analogies. Thanks.

  • @manolokonosko2868
    @manolokonosko2868 3 года назад

    EXCELLENT presentation. I learned something new. Thank you!

  • @WindowsOnWindows
    @WindowsOnWindows 4 года назад

    A really good explanation. Thank you, Craig!

  • @mikeseba7817
    @mikeseba7817 2 года назад

    👍👍👍
    That was a great presentation! Excellent, clear and helpful explanation!

  • @BMWHP2
    @BMWHP2 3 года назад +1

    Thanks for the clear info on bias.

  • @northlake732
    @northlake732 4 года назад

    Love your videos Craig. Keep up the good content.

  • @mitchjust6688
    @mitchjust6688 4 года назад +3

    Those two black Maxwell tapes (from the picture) were most frequently used in my home, because my father would get them from work. :D

  • @RichGoyetteMusic
    @RichGoyetteMusic 4 года назад

    Long awaited and worth it. Nice job.

  • @andreybiryukov6492
    @andreybiryukov6492 4 года назад

    Craig!!! You’ve back!!!!!!

  • @antoniomontes1201
    @antoniomontes1201 3 года назад

    Excellent explanation, I wish I knew this back in the 80's when I was in high school. Boy, did I screw up some tapes!!
    Love your videos, very honest.

  • @MarcusVinicius-xz5to
    @MarcusVinicius-xz5to 2 года назад

    Watching you from Brazil..may 22. Good content !

  • @darwiniandude
    @darwiniandude 6 месяцев назад

    Great video, thank you. Nice explanation of this. Would love to go back to when I was young and Chrome and Metal tapes were readily available and grab half a dozen of each :)

  • @landonmatthew
    @landonmatthew 10 месяцев назад

    awesome lesson!!! thanks so much

  • @ssnoc
    @ssnoc Месяц назад

    Great explanation - It helped me understand something I never understood 👍

  • @fabricioguzzy8343
    @fabricioguzzy8343 11 месяцев назад

    absolutely amazing explanation!! Thanks for sharing!!

  • @RUfromthe40s
    @RUfromthe40s Год назад +1

    the cassettes were desined for music by philips in early 60´s but yet to be the favorite way of recording music, the 8-track was more used but since mid 70´s it started to grow on people, allthough i only bought a cassette deck after having a car that came with cassette player, and because i had a reel deck from akai with exceptional sound i went for the GX something in horizontal position ,after i bought a pioneer CT-F4141 that seemed better but was only recording good not as great as the older akai ,i remenber buying a CT-200 from pioner and made very good recordings allthough i had bought a second hand philips that was kind of more dynamic in sound, but the pioneer was already very good and well built but the lower reference in the catalogue from 79 pioneer, later that year i received from my father is top system from 76 pioneer catalogue ,that´s when i started to use the CT-F1000, which i recorded there lot´s of maxell and sony cassettes not because it was my choice but because i had them for free at home(my parents home)but having a job with more money each month i bought paid in 3 monthes a SA-9700 and a CT-F1250 all in the same year ,i almost forget i also bought a PL-560 turntable ,still in use and with the 76 system came a PLC-590 turntable but i wanted 3 systems at home, that´s when i started my colection of hi-fi components

  • @MrSlipstreem
    @MrSlipstreem 6 дней назад

    There was a time when cassette recording no longer had a "sound". Dolby Labs came close with the introduction of Dolby C in 1981 with its anti-saturation and spectral skewing techniques. This vastly reduced the effects of tape saturation making tape behave far more linearly reducing distortion and significantly improving high frequency response at high signal levels as well as ~15dB of noise reduction at high frequencies. But 1989 saw the arrival of Dolby S where a group of audiophiles couldn't distinguish a cassette recording from an original CD at normal domestic listening levels. This filtered down to many mid-tier decks by the mid-90s and blew the doors off anything else that had come before.
    Some people refer to Dolby S as the poor relation of the Dolby SR professional system from 3 years earlier, but it was specifically designed from the ground up for slow-running magnetic media. Clever design led to a significant drop in complexity whilst maintaining broadly equivalent performance that was far cheaper to implement. As with Dolby C, it was aimed at linearising the behaviour of magnetic tape but also provided improved noise reduction of 24dB at high frequencies and 10dB at low frequencies in the process. An approach of making Dolby S far more tolerant than Dolby C AND demanding tighter specs during deck design and manufacture also led to a system that far more compatible between decks.
    An estimated 30 million pre-recorded cassettes were released encoded in Dolby S, many of those using the Digalog system where every tape came direct from a digital source rather than degraded analogue copies of analogue masters. No matter how early Dolby S would have arrived, it wouldn't have saved the compact cassette as a format as it was left behind by digital replacements, but it was a great farewell showing that analogue recording on 0.6mm wide tracks running at a snail's pace could come very close indeed to matching the sound quality of compact disc. What's even crazier is that you can now buy mid-tier Dolby S decks secondhand for well under $100 if you don't mind doing your own basic servicing.

  • @wasiuuu1
    @wasiuuu1 3 года назад

    thank U ,
    that was best explanation about BIAS and how it is related to
    different types of tapes and what it dose to improve audio signal. :-))))))))

  • @soo-inoh2122
    @soo-inoh2122 3 года назад

    Thank you for your great tutorial. Very easy to understand.

  • @VMX1.
    @VMX1. 4 года назад

    YAY...Craig is back!!!...WOOT!!!....I still use my Reel to Reel....love it...XD....I have a Technics RS-B78R Cass deck that has DBX...I find that works really nice.

  • @AdnanANasir
    @AdnanANasir 3 года назад

    Wonderful lecture with the help of sketches..

  • @olebjrklund8648
    @olebjrklund8648 4 года назад

    Great informative video Craig , thnx. Stay safe and regards to you and your family. Keep those videos coming to us :) 17.

  • @leo_brum
    @leo_brum 4 года назад

    Thank you for the explanation, Craig!

  • @juaniti69
    @juaniti69 3 года назад

    Me has enseñado mucho. Me encanta la manera de explicar que tienes. Muchas gracias.

  • @djtrishm
    @djtrishm 4 года назад

    I'm not at all tech savvy but you make its easier to understand. Thank you! Thumbs up!

  • @othmanekaidi8
    @othmanekaidi8 6 дней назад

    God bless you sir. Very finely explained. Thank you very much

  • @ianwatkins5880
    @ianwatkins5880 3 года назад

    as i've said before, your video's are amazing i'm alway's looking forward to new ones keep it up mate. CHEERS.

  • @SergioZingale
    @SergioZingale 10 месяцев назад

    Excellent explanation, thanks.

  • @complice_de_satan
    @complice_de_satan 3 года назад

    hey! thank you, very simple explanation of a complex theme

  • @ACommenterOnYouTube
    @ACommenterOnYouTube 3 года назад

    That was an AWESOME explanation ... !!!

  • @stevesimek7588
    @stevesimek7588 Год назад

    Thanks for the good explanation!

  • @kennyglod7
    @kennyglod7 3 года назад

    You’re awesome , Sir.

  • @Shadow_of_Light
    @Shadow_of_Light 4 года назад +1

    Out of all the cassettes I owned, the Maxell shown towards the end of the video in the middle on the top row with the gold label was by far the best sounding one I've ever owned. The Sony Metal Master Ceramic couldn't hold a candle to that one even though it was about 7x more expensive!

    • @kennynvake4hve584
      @kennynvake4hve584 2 года назад

      Mine was the Maxell at the bottom right....the UDII 90.

  • @itgrog
    @itgrog 2 года назад

    this was amazingly helpful, thanks!

  • @LeonStax
    @LeonStax 3 года назад

    Nice video. Well explained. And you have a bit of a laugh with it which is always good!

  • @metastaticmince2386
    @metastaticmince2386 4 года назад

    thanks...very cool video...like your explanation, drawings...never knew what this Bias thing is....

  • @berlewi
    @berlewi Год назад

    Thank you So much for posting such an excellent and really well explained video! Well, I thought your drawings were brilliant! 😀👍

  • @jake105
    @jake105 Год назад

    I did a lot of recording in the 80’s and 90’s not for the reasons you mentioned. I was always borrowing records from friends, girlfriend’s particularly in the 80’s. I was a good doobie
    And always returned them🤗

  • @brantisonfire
    @brantisonfire 3 года назад

    What really got me was during the compact cassette documentary, the guy from Philips who was instrumental in developing it disregarded it and didn’t understand why people in the 2010s were still using it. Probably because he also helped develop CD technology and thought of that as more significant.

  • @KYIMGMG
    @KYIMGMG 2 года назад

    Your videos are awesome, educational Thanks

  • @JohnDoe-tr2es
    @JohnDoe-tr2es Год назад

    Ohh u good man! Really, love your calm speak and your explanation. I've always had a hard time to grasp BIAS but after this its just an added tone like an added divemask! Great! I would though love a demonstration on your deck where u show how its done in a few steps. Would that be possible?

  • @simonliew9728
    @simonliew9728 2 года назад

    Thank you for sharing this great information. You're the guru 👍👍👍😂😂😂

  • @gixxerboy555
    @gixxerboy555 3 года назад

    My Maxell XL II's sounded very good ,recorded on my 'new' Denon DRM800A deck..back in 1990 :)

  • @tautliners
    @tautliners 4 года назад

    'Thats FX' are great tapes on a good recorder. Take your time setting up the bias and cassette tapes still sound amazing. I've tried all types but 'Thats' are certainly my favourite.

  • @socksumi
    @socksumi Год назад +1

    Tape bias is something you don't need to worry about with VHS hifi which was and is a much superior format for recording analog sources than cassette or even open reel.

  • @sgupta301
    @sgupta301 4 месяца назад

    Sir, It was very informative useful.thanks

  • @chazmechenbier
    @chazmechenbier 8 месяцев назад

    Loved this explainer. Now I get bias! You mentioned something and then quickly moved off the detail. The gap in the electromagnet -- I will assume that the "charge" is jumping over the gap and being captured by the magnetic compound (rust, ha). Correct?

  • @GalacticSmokeHouse
    @GalacticSmokeHouse 4 года назад +1

    Thank you for this video, learned a lot! Hope you're gonna make more tape related :)

  • @chrislee8343
    @chrislee8343 2 года назад

    Man I have always calibrated tapes and used tape machine plugins with bias switches and stuff and never understood the actual reason or function behind em. Thanks for the explanation

  • @audiomule1976
    @audiomule1976 4 года назад

    Keep up the great work I am learning a lot.

  • @jambam6176
    @jambam6176 3 года назад

    *GREAT INFORMATION... Thanks!!!*

  • @VernSwift
    @VernSwift 5 месяцев назад

    Great video!

  • @ProbeRoket
    @ProbeRoket 3 года назад

    great video. best all week.

  • @kbeast98
    @kbeast98 4 года назад +1

    I literally havd every single one of those tapes in that photo you show. Those darker colored cassettes had great sound compared. They were more expensive though compared to the transparent ones though

  • @kingech_B15
    @kingech_B15 4 года назад

    That shirt is everything

  • @halitmarmaris
    @halitmarmaris 3 года назад

    Thank you 🎵

  • @pecktox
    @pecktox 2 года назад

    Enjoyed this video. The only other thing would have been showing how to adjust bias and level on some decks. But yes pictures were helpful and analogies.thanks

  • @sufsanin1917
    @sufsanin1917 4 года назад +3

    Hello Craig want to apologize for asking you to compare two turntables with the same cartridge. Now I know better. Also I just moved to Canada as my mom is doing pHD at queens. So (just curios) which city or state do you live in? I am planning to buy a RT83. But what do you recommend, the vm540ml (at440mla) or the 2m red/blue? I always enjoy your videos as they are "audiofoolery" proof.

    • @VinylTV33
      @VinylTV33  4 года назад +1

      On my system, I doubt I would hear any difference between two turntables with the same cartridge. I like the sound of my system, but unless one turntable was thousands of dollars more than the other, I can't see how there'd be any difference. As for the cartridges, they are both very nice sounding, but the Audio Technica has a slightly more microline stylus, so it really handles the sibilance and inner grooves very well. If you can afford the vm540ml, go for it. I love my 440!

    • @sufsanin1917
      @sufsanin1917 4 года назад +1

      @@VinylTV33 Yeah I know, but one video you said the LP120 had motor noise on DMM LPs. Oh and I know you love the 440 I have been subscribed for quite a while now. Maybe almost a year. Keep making great videos 😉👍

  • @Mr_Meowingtons
    @Mr_Meowingtons 10 месяцев назад

    So you can think of tape bias as injecting a carrier? Like AM radio?