The Battle that ended Arab Conquest in Europe: 732AD Historical Battle of Tours | Total War Battle
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- Опубликовано: 19 май 2024
- The Battle of Tours, also called the Battle of Poitiers and the Battle of the Highway of the Martyrs was fought on 10 October 732, and was an important battle during the Umayyad invasion of Gaul. It resulted in the victory for the Frankish and Aquitanian forces, led by Charles Martel, over the invading Muslim forces of the Umayyad Caliphate, led by Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi, governor of al-Andalus. Several historians, such as Edward Gibbon, have credited the Christian victory in the battle as an important factor in curtailing the Islamization of Western Europe.
00:00 The Umayyad Caliphate
00:51 The Franks
01:25 The Umayyad expansion
01:58 Battle of Toulouse
02:40 The Umayyad raids continue
03:26 Siege of Bordeaux
04:02 The Frankish alliance
04:40 The Umayyad advance
05:31 The armies meet
05:54 Skirmishes before the main battle
06:17 Before the battle
07:36 The Umayyads launch the attack
08:14 Combat begins
10:12 The Umayyads start to break
11:01 Aftermath
"The Battle that ended Arab Conquest in Europe"
With the most popular name in England being mohomad, we need to fight that battle again.
Oh wow I had to look this up. Insane!!!
Don't blame them. Blame your government for being liberal and soft!
Today Europe let the enemy in. Just fuckin crazy.
"Islam shall not conquer Europe by the sword, but by the womb" - Gaddafi
30 years before this battle, the Bulgarians and the Byzantine Empire stopped them from entering from the Southeast, so they had to cross the entire North Africa.
I know that the Byzantines foughted against and stops the Muslim Araps .... but the Bulgarians ? In which battle they foughted agains the Muslim Army ?
717-718 under Khan Tervel .@@gonter875
@@gonter875 Khan Tervel, the saint and savior of Europe
@@gonter875 ruclips.net/video/pXFDP5BQ7No/видео.htmlsi=7k2eN53q_Gg-J54C
@@ivangeorgiev6071 OK very interesting ..why not ?
Seems the battle is still going on if you follow contemporary news.
It is. And it will play out over Millennia. Until islam is defeated UTTERLY.
And.....since 2015 they simply walked in and took over.. 😢
Instead of being protected by world leaders, the leaders opened the doors.
2015?
Well before that.
A nation can survive its fools, and even the ambitious.
But it cannot survive treason from within. An enemy at the gates is less formidable, for he is known and carries his banner openly.
But the traitor moves amongst those within the gate freely, his sly whispers rustling through all the alleys, heard in the very halls of government itself.
Marcus Tullius Cicero
They didn’t just walk in, they were encouraged
Took over what?
It’s more accurate to Martel and his Frankish army ended Muslim incursions into WESTERN Europe. Muslim (Ottoman) incursions into Eastern Europe continued into the late 17th Century, ending with the relief of besieged Vienna by Austrian, Holy Roman and Polish-Lithuanian troops led by King Jan III Sobieski. From that point the Turks were slowly pushed out of eastern Europe.
No, you don't know the power and savagery of the Umayyad empire.
If Philip Augustus, king of the Franks and the French had not won against the Umayyad empire, all Christians would have become sex slaves in Damascus.
ISIS Muslims are infiltrating into northern Europe via Turkey - Ukraine - Russia route if Trump wins in USA , Orthodox Christian armies of Russ will march into Ukraine seal the boarder from ISIS refugees and liberate the Russian Church from Zelensky's corrupt Jewish influence.
And now they are back, listening to their leader Erdohan.
@@geekuyl6942cry about it. Muslims conquer Europe right now one by one without a single drop of blood.
Muslim caliphates and moors controlled the Iberian Peninsula until 1490. The Iberian Peninsula is what now encompasses Portugal and Spain. It is the MOST WESTERN Europe there is.
They're in Europe now.
Unfortunately
@@flaviopitanga65Looks like we need another inquisition.....
Another crusade
We are Europe - history is great - but we aren't living there anymore.
There is no, "they". There is only one people. All people believe the stupid lies of whatever culture they were brought up in. All people are the same, they just grew up with different lies.
And now they are in Europe.
And the USA
And the same for you guys. All your crusades were defeated and yet you have military bases kn our lands. Its only right we get to live as civilians in your lands too.
Just like how Europe is in our lands
@@user-iv6zf1jv7k No, there is a significant difference. In my country with a population of around 17.000.000 people there are over 1.000.000 Muslims now. And they try to shove their religion trough our throats. Before 2000, Jewish people could walk the streets safely. Now they are harassed mainly by Islamic thugs. Especially the fundamentalists want separate areas for men and women. Well, we don't practice apartheid. So there is a difference.
@@jamal22958 BUT CIVILIANS SHOULD BE CIVIL.
I once lived in Tours, and no one there has heard of this battle. They call it the Battle of Poitiers.
Its a misconception that there was a “conquest.” In terms of primary sources the battle of tours was largely described as a church raid gone wrong for the Umayyads. It wasn’t until contemporary historians like Edward Gibbon did Tours become this big deal.
In many ways France was nothing like it ended up to be. This was before the Carolingian Renaissance so really all there was were churches which were largely undefended and perfect targets for raiders. Brian Catlos of University of Colorado has a couple good books about the topic that really dig into the primary sources.
There was another bttle of ""Poitiers ''during onee of the Henry;s reign.
@@darvennej4495 Don't know which Henry, but I think Edward the Black Prince was there. 1356 perhaps?
@@lumanate1493 The battle of Tours was essentially a large scale raid in force. The goal was to pillage churches over a large area, then bring back a massive train of plunder. The Umayyad army saw the Frankish infantry and thought: "this will be an easy win". By the end, many of the Umayyad cavalry were slain and all the loot was recovered by the Franks.
Martel and the Castilian Catholic Kings were the saviors of Europe, and the example to follow today.
do you ask yourself why the Arabs was forced to try to conquer Europe by this long way through nordern africa ? The reason is because the Byzantines stoped them when they tried to invade Europe via Minor Asia and the Balkans. The Forves that foughed with Kartl Martell was only a shadow of the real Araboc forces who foughted the Byzantines. Dont forget it please.
@@gonter875many should not forget the sacrifices of the romans
Its a misconception that there was a “conquest.” In terms of primary sources the battle of tours was largely described as a church raid gone wrong for the Umayyads. It wasn’t until contemporary historians like Edward Gibbon did Tours become this big deal.
In many ways France was nothing like it ended up to be. This was before the Carolingian Renaissance so really all there was were churches which were largely undefended and perfect targets for raiders. Brian Catlos of University of Colorado has a couple good books about the topic that really dig into the primary sources.
@@gonter875I mean certainly the Byzantines by this time were able to survive but the notion this “redirected” the Arabs is not really true. At the the time the umayyads were expanding pretty much anywhere that held economic significance and while they were not able to finish off the Byzantine empire they captured many of the most important parts of their empire including the entirety of the middle east. Likewise, the army that confront Martel was little more than a raiding force which was so insignificant we only have three primary sources on the battle entirely. I mean nothing is technically wrong in your post just wildly exaggerated.
Just because the Umayyad´s never came to Germany....learn you lesson man
I was in Toulouse a few years ago, it's heart breaking, you would think you are in Moroco... Charles Martel would weep if he could see France today..
Serves you right, that’s what you get for invading and colonizing Africa
bullshit man
Well that is not the fruit of Arab expansion, its the fruit of French a French empire
@@bavariancarenthusiast2722 The majority of asylum seekers in France right now are afghans. To my knowledge, it was not under the French empire. What we see today in western europe is the fruit of the EU politics, of capitalism (wouldn't want to pay the french people full wages, better have immigrants willing to work for less money, right?), and of political betrayal. Why do you think the left is so pro-immigration when the Left from the 70's wasn't? Because now, the Left knows that people from an african background vote for the far left.
@@bavariancarenthusiast2722 Malmo, Sweden looks the same but there was no Swedish empire in Africa or Middle East.
All those kings and popes battled for us for centuries and now, in a few years, the battle has been lost, the former christian west is collapsing, already quietly invaded.
Battled for us? Ha! They battled to grab control of as much land and loot as they could.
Sometime, read about the collusion between the Pope and the King of France to exterminate the Cathars in the south of France - the Pope, because they were Gnostics, and the King, because they had a lot of land and riches to loot.
Somewhere between 200,000 and a million Cathars were murdered.
Not in my Europe and place where are you living? The new battle line is free democracies and against authoritarian rulers and countries who want to take away this freedom. Also this freedom is shining like a light over the islam ruled countries, islam is loosing it - they get weaker and weaker, looks like our "western" ideas about freedom are winning.
Just another battle but the west soared, became rich, provided the globe with nearly every modern invention & from there, decadent & freer; up & until 2003. Now the hordes are being allowed in unacceptable levels, without conflict & Charles Martlet would turn in his grave today... Nice video & appreciated history. 😊
Only 2003?
The area around the cathedral where Charles Martel is interred is now a Muslim stronghold. How far we've fallen.
Oh dear!
No its not - we are still soaring - but the threat for us is unfree, is extremists taking away our freedom - or at least they try - in cooperation with the largest authoritarian powers - looking to you China and to you Russia.
@@demarsouthard3620 WTF
"Europe will be an Islamic continent within decades - without swords, without guns, without conquest." - Muammar Gadaffi.
He was not wrong.
Their sheiks talk openly about overthrowing seculer goverment and replacing it with caliphates. If that wasnt treason. I dont know what it is....
Yes
Yes
Long after you have gone europe will be religious free because everyone will know the bs
😊
@@ALBERT2431 Believe that if you like Muslims are Islamic and they are crazy. Young people interviewed want some Sharia Law or do you ignore it?
And they say they are peaceful throughout history
Womp womp
They are only peaceful if you bow, or you are more powerful than them.
just like all european kingdoms
Its called "taqiyya" (deception). This sneaky bastards pretend to be harmless. But start to infiltrate position of power..... and then they start imposing their rule of law......
Islam means submission not peace.
Battle of Tours on 10 October 732 AD was the Frankish Merovingian kingdom (481-751) and Duché d'Aquitaine (602-1453) forces led by Charles Martel VICTORY over the invading Muslim forces of the Umayyad Caliphate, led by Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi, governor of al-Andalus.
The most interesting monument to the victory of Charles the Hammer was the massive mound of skulls the Franks built after the battle. It was a recognizable feature of the terrain for almost two hundred years. Muslim religious requirements stipulated that a corpse had to be buried promptly in order to assure entrance into Paradise. Franks must have been eager to put an end to that kind of thinking.
RELIGION on not "s kind of thinking", its brainwashong,.....no ore no less...chillout
Excellent sense of humour!
What has changed in their nature that they are just let in Europe now? Not much. They just realized they can't beat Europeans by force of arms.
No such thing as European, Most Western European are different from Northern and Eastern Europeans genetically and culturally. You can’t expect to be New age crusaders when you group everyone thru a continent
This battle stopped the Arab invasion in its tracks. Martel the Hammer was the hero in the end. Much like Plataea, changed the course of history.
Wasnt an invasion, it was a raid
@@SmokeDog1871those terms aren’t mutually exclusive. It absolutely was an invasion. You can invade a territory to raid. You can invade territory to conquer it. You can invade to intimidate and extract tribute or other concessions. Whether the purpose was raiding or conquest, or intimidation, they invaded.
When Henry V and his Royal predecessors conducted their chevauchees in France… those were invasions.
@@markseabolt5959 Also, the Vikings first raided the British Islands. We know what followed.
@@SmokeDog1871 The invasion of Visigothic Spain started like this, like a big raid, we see what followed.
Salamis
we need a rerun of this today.
For what? Any Arab army at your doorstep? If not its stupid
How we can stop them now????
We can't, our tolerance tolerates them.
The Great Catholic Monarch will return
ruclips.net/video/mFzKTlXfoJo/видео.htmlsi=Hj-FoFhJWuqZs8kV
need our women give birth to our children for the start - I wonder how long will youtube keep my comment.
Also, some idiots and traitors support them . Still, there will be a backlash at some point of time.@@ScragNath
stop bombing their countries, for starters
The Ottoman Empire be shaking it's head thinking.
"For Allah's sake! We were one of the largest empire's the world has ever known and these people have already forgotten about us"...😡
Nobody forgot. Just nobody likes them but the Turks...
Sim/AI reconstruction of these ancient battles are totally acceptable because there was no video or photo evidence for us to build a visual perspective. That said, it was an apparent blood bath, the distinctive "armor-ments" are very cool to see and the Arab scythe was most sick and wicked. Thanks!
Ended? have you seen France and Sweden recently? LOL
Germany, Ireland, U.K., Belgium, in fact most of Europe.
No laughing matter.
Rise or fall
Thus we Christians owe a bunch of frankfurters led by a guy named Chucky from becoming Mo's mindless mobs of Islamists dining on olives, lamb chops and pita bread without a glass of Chablis 😮
No wine, no pork chops, NO BACON?!? That would have been a fate worse than death!
Yup. Never realized the French were responsible for the stop on the Muslim army since they Germany just steamrolled them in World War 2 so yea.. the Christian world owes the French.
@@R3dp055um amen! I just love me some swine!
They're back 😮
Crazy to think, if this went the other way i'd probably have to go through Ramadam.... stuff that. Pancake day, allllll day 🤤
@@johnzenkin1344 HERE, HERE🙌
The way it’s going you will be in a few years
And Now Islam is conquering Europe and the USA without lifting a SWORD!!!!
@@johnzenkin1344 God's law, yeah would've been better if ruled.
@@zakback9937 If ruled what?
An unknown fact about "Mohamed," is that his real name was "QUTHAM," which means "Human Excrement," that was the name his parents gave him and what he was called for 40 years. "Mohamed" is a title given to him.
A fitting name indeed......😂😂😂
It's "unknown" because it isn't a fact, it's an apocrypha designed to demean. Just like Napoleon being short.
You're not very bright if you believe that. Or maybe you're just a piece of shit. You decide.
Love these little historical nuggets!
It is not mardel...IT IS CHARLES MARTEL!! Charles the Hammer
My apologies the narration was generated using AI
AI voice overs are pathetically bad and do not help conveying the message clearly, nor in providing example for proper language and clear communication. It contributes to the continued decay of our culture and communication overall.
I will NOT subscribe to any channel that is so disrespectful to its audience.
@@davidjaniec3838/ Looking forward to your channel.
And Sharlamagney, or something like that.
The Hammer of Heretics.
Incredible graphics!!! Thank you!
5:25 Just as a side note, the "Mayor of the Palace" is translation of "Maior Domus", which was the title of the second in command of the lord. In other words, Charles Martell was a lot more like a Captain of the Guard and much less like a butler, that's why he was able to quickly organized his forces and command them effectively in battle.
Hey, I would like to offer a suggestion to the people behind this channel-
The AI or digital reader you use is obnoxious. The written content is satisfactory, but you need to use a native English speaker to do the narration. If you get a good one, he’ll be able to help polish the narrative script
A European with English subtitles,
There was no woke bs in those days, we in Europe had real men in charge.
Well hard times, create strong men.
Strong men creates good times
Good times create weak men.
Weak men create hard times.
Europe had accustomed to peace way to long. They no longer can tolerate slightest hardship anymore. I.e, we become to soft for our own good....
Who is we? And Europe is not united there is Western Europe and Eastern which are different
"woke" is a moment in time cultural war labeling - its already so much last year forget it.
@@touijerit shouldn’t be so. Europeans as a continent should be untied and Christian. Constantinople should be the Greek Capital!
I've wondered, what our GREAT WAR will be
Extraordinary. I simply did not know about this episode in history. Its consequences were profound. To this day.
There was previos huge battle Khan Tervel from Bulgaria First Empire played an important role in defeating the Arabs during the siege of Constantinople in 717-718. The Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans states that Tervel belonged to the Dulo clan and reigned for 21 years.
This is very good work. Well done!
Thanks a lot!
Sorry but it's not battle of Tours, but battle of Poitiers ! The exact place is not sure, but it's pbobably between Chatellerault and Poitiers near a place name "Vieux Poitiers".❤
Sorry for mu english language...i am french!
Nothing wrong with your English mon ami.
Spelling, punctuation, syntax better than many native speakers.
@@tedwarden1608exactly mon ami
Umm .. wasn't the battle of Potiers in the Hundred Years War? Not 732?
@@NZKiwiRic no the battle of Poitiers during the 100 years war took place in a small village name Noualle Maupertuis near Poitiers in 1356. It is not the same place.
The attempted muslim invasion of europe that ended at tours seems to get forgotten when talking about the crusades. Its like the crusades happened in isolation.
The Crusades began 300 years after this bro. Should Britain invade the Netherlands today because they were our enemies in the 1700s?
please tell the AI to aspirate the 'T' in 'Martel'
and emphasize the second syllable in Martel.
Irritating, isn’t it?
I have read that the Muslim advance in Gaul was a raid not an attempt to conquer and reside in Gaul. The raiders had their loot stored behind combat. Martel had soldiers raid the Muslim camp. Having lost what they were after, the raiders retreated southward.
The Catholic Church feared Muslim invasion and financed Martel's efforts. So he was able to train and equip a standing army before the Muslim attack. Financing standing armies cost lots of $$$. The raiders were probably surprised when they encountered a large well trained and well armed resistance.
@ rupperl...
The arabs were not soldiers but tourist eager to visit the churches to see if they could take up some golden calyces as week end souvenirs.
The Franks were not an army, but a group of well trained guys in permission.They needed to "se dérouiller les muscles".As they encountered the tourists, they could not resist giving them " une bonne dérouillée" !
This " fait divers" has been excessively exagerated by muslim journalists who spoke of " la chaussée des MARTYRS" for the bunch of tourists having got " une dérouillée" and had some contusions and some bleeding nose.In Franken nobody alluded to this "brève échaffourée."
Going to have to have many such Battle of Tours real soon!
And probably on the streets of European cities.
take to the hills! 😮
@@warehousejo007 there's over a million deer running wild in the Scottish Highlands... good place to go.
Looks like we need reconquista 2.0!!
Are you scared or want to scare anybody? Let me help you, it's not gonna happen, that was 1500 years ago mate.
Hey you should do battle of Little Bighorn. 7th Cavalry and Custers deadliest battle also known as Custers last stand
The world except Muslims breathing a sigh of relief.
We are coming back :)
@@Khattab511 Muslims against the world will be WWIII. Because fences can't keep them out of Christian countries
@@Khattab511 Indeed - history has a way of repeating itself, so without doubt the sand people shall be expelled once again. European hospitality is quickly fading.
Thanks Charles and his men.You did your bit.
Is Islam a world-domination political ideology or a religion?.
Both.
It’s world religion for everyone including you
Its a misconception that there was a “conquest.” In terms of primary sources the battle of tours was largely described as a church raid gone wrong for the Umayyads. It wasn’t until contemporary historians like Edward Gibbon did Tours become this big deal.
In many ways France was nothing like it ended up to be. This was before the Carolingian Renaissance so really all there was were churches which were largely undefended and perfect targets for raiders. Brian Catlos of University of Colorado has a couple good books about the topic that really dig into the primary sources.
did you read the comments? So do as I do: Put a thumb down, "do not recommend this channel" and move on. No point in wasting your time trying to educate that crowd.
@@thornil2231 no point wasting your time telling me what to do lol.
@@lumanate1493 My mistake... I believed you were teachable...
Who do they say are the colonizers?
Thank God
The invasion is back, 2024
No.
which one of thousands?
@@deathdealer312 There is only one God and His name is YHWH.
@@deathdealer312 you'd do best to find out which one and quickly.
You said Tours, but I believe it was Poitiers (732) !
Either is correct
@@citizen4power
No, that was closer to Poitiers, and history has called it "the battle of Poitiers" by Charles Martel !
Tours is 100kms north of Poitiers
It is said that to celebrate the victory the French began to make crescent shaped bread.
The Croissant.
They haven't quit have they ?
They never will. It's right there in their book
Don’t remember any mountains near tours!
nice battles and very nice documentared 👍👍👍
Thank you very much!
The Battle that ended Arab Conquest in Europe ?
NO , Just Delayed it for 1,260 years , the end is near !
Where are you living and it what time zone? It's over since > 1.000 years. If you want re-live the "reconquista" there are great books and movies about it.
What software/game was used to produce this?
Big up Charles
Actually , the true name is Bataille de Poitiers ...
Many battles have two names. Arbela or Gaugamela, Bull Run or Manassas Junction, the list goes on and on. The problem with calling it Poitiers is that you risk confusion with the earlier battle of that name.
@@R3dp055umor the later battle of that name (the more famous 100tears War battle)
I think it was named by historians to avoid the confusion with another battle in 100 years war fought between england and france in 1356.
This video feels exactly like a spoken version of the Wikipedia article on the Battle of Tours -- spoken, that is, with an AI voice!
Martel is not normally pronounced "Mardle" but "marTEL".
Char la mag nee ! Aka (sp for pronunciation) Sharlah-main
You didn't mention the Franks attacking the Muslim camp, which caused further chaos and confusion with the Muslim army on the field.
Second Battle of Tours is in the post.
As far as I readed the books of that battle youre history is kind of correct ! To counter the big numers of cav the franks had verry big shields who where verry heavy and big battle axes ! with succes . This moslim invasion courding the books was one big cav force of pm 30.000 light and heavy cav. Charles martel had only 8a 9000 well trained infantry men ad his disposal. But he had also a small anquitane cavalery force . This cav he used the last day while the battle was going on to attack the muslim camp. So lots of muslim riders turned there back to the battle and where in a hurry to ride to there camp to save all things they had plundered the last months ... Once Rahman was killed a panic broke out and all muslim riders where fleeing to save there lives. If you saw lord of the rings the charge of the rohirrim the where with 8000 horsemen. The arab invasion had almost 4 times more cav... Charles martels inf was very heavy inf and the light can was no match for the franks.
indeed the Muslim sources are emphatic that the Arab lack of discipline over the loot was what did them in, although they were also surprised by how well Frankish armor stood up to their arrows
Crossbows? in 732AD?
The captioning unable to read...
It s called Poitier not Tours. La bataille de Poitiers.
It never really ended. Continues today
You’re pronunciations of the key Frankish leaders is incorrect!
Umayyad guys had the better eye shadow.
Great Video!
Ah yes Charles "The Hammer" Martel
This narrator keeps mispronouncing the name of the chief Christian ruler.
He calls him Charles “Martle”, to rhyme with “startle”.
The correct pronunciation is Charles “marTELL”. (Rhymes with “cartel”.
Charles martel is not pronounced Martle
3.10 "Munuza killed the bishop of Urgell, and detached himself from his Arab masters." Does this not suggest that the Arabs were Christian? I ask because of the work of the German Inaarah school of historians, which has tried to rewrite the history of Moorish Spain on the assumption that Islam was of later origin than commonly supposed.
Was El cid knocking about here? Anyone?
He is a few hundred years later in Spain.
Mar-tell!
Imagine if the pope has not granted Charles request for a loan
Not Tours but Poitiers
You mean Flse phropet
You mean Paul
@@zakback9937 Paul was no prophet but an apostle.
@@catholiccrusader5328 No, just a false prophet. Not an apostle but an apostate who never met Jesus.
Not to be to picky but wasn't the throwing axe a main weapon of the Franks.
Nowadays they just enter in little rubber boats and they locals just hand the country over
Definetely not because of the Battle of Nobles and Bagdoura which cut the Umayyads off from Al Andalus when they were still ruling from Damascus... 🙄
I've seen you commenting multiple times already, are you perhaps a little mad brown boy?
seems Europe is going to have to do it again...
"Reconquista" "Navas de Tolosa" "Lepanto".
if the outcome of the battle went other way around, perhaps I might be writing this comment in Arabic or something
profound analysis, amazingly profound
female bow militia 6.44 , about time their forgotten importance is finally remembered-LOL
Charles Martle?
That was in his past life who later became Charles Manson?
The accent is on the second half of his surname! Also the extreme blood fountains are in very poor taste.
They conquered now with out any🎉 battle
What they cant achieve with guns, knives, or bombs..... they achieve by wombs... simply by outbreeding the native population....
👍
This is Wikipedia almost word for word.
A great book is " the decline of the ottoman empire" for more information. Thanks for the post. I love reading history.
Didn't realise the muslims ventured so far north into Gaul.
...briefly
d'après un chroniqueur arabe les francs étaient vêtus de peau de loups, ils portaient de longues tresses. Leurs chevaux étaient plus lourds que ceux des arabes.
Francs power :)
The name is MAR-TEL, not Martle. The narrator continually mispronounces the name. By the way, he is my 43rd great-grandfather.
That's awesome
My Grandpa, too. He's well before the genetic isopoint for European ancestry, so he's everyone's greatX grandad.
Best total war historian ❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤
Big words! Thanks a lot 🙏😁
DEUS VULT. R-E-C-O-N-Q-U-I-S-T-A