DEATH OF NEUTRON STARS
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- Опубликовано: 28 июл 2024
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In this video, we will talk about
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Mountains on neutron stars are measured in millimeters.
Yup graviys to hight
@@skorch_styptic6550 Neutron Stars do.... kinda.
@@skorch_styptic6550 U don't get much. . . . . . right? That's because you're the stupid one! :-)
@@skorch_styptic6550 neutron stars do neutron stars are more planet like than they are star like idiot...
@@skorch_styptic6550 how does your foot taste? Next have some respect and not make yourself look like an ass and now and idiot.
In the documentary series 'How The Universe Works' Neutron star episode (available on youtube) they have a great way of describing the weird interior of Neutron stars. They use different types of pasta to explain, with one area being like Penne, one like Spaghetti and one like lasagne sheets. The core being a fluid state that's still up for debate.
Audio at intro got copyright strike ? Anton strikes his own video. 😱😱
Just got home from work... so happy to see as soon as I walk in the door a video from you is out. Thanks for the time you put into your content ^.^
Great info on Neutron Stars. I knew a lot but you always seem to teach me more! Plus using Space Engine and Universe Sandbox as a visual tool really keeps me engaged.
Wow, that limit has gotten smaller- I remember in an Astro Biology course (7-8 years ago) the mass amount that was thought to determine if a star became a black hole or neutron star was thought to be 5 sol masses.
Thanks for the videos!
SkyScorpions Density also plays a large factor
It can have all the masses but as long as it is not small it will not become black hole. Which means "density".
Great Info, really enjoyed 'Dragon's Egg' as well as its sequel, 'StarQuake' where we helped 'them'
Along with the Rest of Forward's book
Where's the audio in the intro?
NecroToxinGaming - nobody will know
no, that audio just went past the event horizon of a black hole.
I am indifferent to it...kinda miss it its a staple of his videos now like his hello wonderful people intro kinda jarring without it.
There is no sound in Space.
I turn my tv down for nothing
Really nice video. From the numbers you are throwing out as being the presumed total lifetime of the universe: I think you'd be absolutely thrilled with a book named "The Five Ages of the Universe".
Plasma-based super small (μm) aliens living in the 2-3cm thick neutron star atmosphere who think their planet is massive: confirmed {(in my head)}
Sounds like a sci-fi book I read.
The new Flatland.
Cheela? They rock.
I think such an alien will be nuclear-matter based. Just like our body cells are made of atoms, their body cells will be made of quark matter.
It smells like Pym-particles in here
Dragon's Egg! G R E A T Book! Probably my favorite Sci-Fi book of all time. Cheelas kick ass!
Enderle Property Service , I couldn't tell you how many times I've read that book. It's one of my favorites.
If rotation of the neutron star is holding back collapse, how long does the full transition to black hole take?
It depends on how massive, how big (volume), how much centrifugal force and how much force does it lose over time. And you probably can calculate how long does it take to reach the limit dense to become black hole.
You can assume black hole is same as neutron star but it is just little bit dense and massive that it happen to trap light inside. Neutron star's core is probably what black hole is made of.
@@MGZetta I don't think that's accurate. A neutron star is way over the radius of a black hole of the same mass IIRC. Once it gets too far beyond the limit, the insides of the star can't hold back the gravity anomore, and it starts collapsing further untill the escape veloctiy on the surface reaches the speed of light. We don't know what happens after, as this would most likely require a theory of quantum gravity to explain (since GR just spits out infinities, and QM doesn't play nice when there's no absolute frame of referance).
Zetta once a star fails to become a black hole due to its small mass, it will probably eventually cool and becomes a true dead star. It doesn’t have to energy to even collapse onto itself to squeeze itself into a black hole.
The core of a black hole would more like be made up of a new material because of its atom crashing gravity. Gases like helium and hydrogen are what star cores are made out of so it’s impossible to be what black hole are made up of.
Neutron stars are more like black holes than anything else. They’re basically the same but literally black and white opposites. One is powerful enough to capture light, the other is too weak to even crush atoms.
Alfonso Solorzano ok so you’ve explained in more detail what a neutron star is. Either way a black hole is the more extreme version of a mass and a neutron star is a failed black hole.
Great video. Neutron stars give us a glimpse of what a black hole is like before the veil goes up.
I've read _Dragon's Egg._ It's by Robert Forward. It was recommended to me by Isaac Asimov, in a letter he sent me in the 1980s.
What, Isaac personally sent you a letter? And in that letter he recommended that book?? That is some crazy stuff. I hope you're not lying or kidding around because I'm impressed! I'm going to visit my library tomorrow and find that book! L
@@amandahugginkiss55 Yes, he did. Asimov actually did answer fan mail.
If gravity at the quantum mechanical level is an exchange of subatomic particles, how do those exchange particles escape the event horizon to interact with the matter surrounding the black hole?
Thanks Anton for another informative video. Keep up the good work.
Anton to make the life easier for you, I studied a lot in radioactive decay and the type of decay you are talking about in the third type of neutron star “death” is called negative beta decay, which involves a neutron becoming a proton through the release of an electron and an electron anti-neutrino. Positive beta decay is also interesting as it involves positrons so you might want to check it out.
For that to happened, the neutron needs to quantum tunnle out of the inner bits of the neutron star first.
I love any discussion about neutron stars
1:47 crab rave intensifies
Since we do not know the equation of state inside a neutron star these beasts have been observed up around 2.45 solar mass. As these objects get more massive they do not grow in size but seem to get even more dense and in their cores the pressure is so great even neutrons and protons become unbound since they have already changed shape and then quarks are freed and the end is near. It has been observed that these beasts above 2.16 solar mass have a higher spin which seems to counteract the collapse. Spin angular momentum only serves the outer 1/3 of the star because inboard of that the speed becomes less and less. These objects are both super conductive and super fluidic. Richard Feynman said his most thorny mental simulation was to observe these two states with a bucket swung around what would be the result. He observed that magnetic flux pin lines extended through the object and other radical effects were to be observed.
One of the neutron stars in the start of the video was the size of the metropolitan area of Tokyo
A neutron star has a mass of about 1.4 times the mass of the sun, but is not much bigger than a small city, about 15 km in radius about the same size as the island of Manhattan
This means that a neutron star is so dense that on Earth, one teaspoonful would weigh a billion tons!
The gravitational field is intense; the escape velocity is about 0.4 times the speed of light
Hope this helps Francis Joseph Underwood
And the escape velocity becomes 1 times the speed of light it becomes black hole.
i...am...tetuso...
This channel is forever awesome.
Your videos are awesome dude
You make me love astronomy even more than I ever have!😄
What keeps the plasma hot on the neutron star's outer shell? If the shell is in a plasma state, then the star is still giving off energy. Maybe in the form of gamma Ray's. Or maybe energy from the magnetic fueld.
The plasma stays hot because the heat is radiated away very slowly. No conduction or convection only radiation. It would take trillions (probably hundreds of) of years for a white dwarf to cool off, neutron stars are probably rather similar. However, this doesn't mean that the initial cooling is that slow as the amount of energy radiated goes up with the fourth power of the temperature in Kelvin.
@@boring7823 they are so dense that the gamma rays take 12 millions years to reach the surface and escape, so it keeps all the heat until the gamma ray escapes
@@morocco622 Initial cooling, for the first thousand years or so is from temperatures of the order of 10^10 C. This happens a lot faster because the energies are high enough to create neutrinos which don't get blocked (much). After that the rather slow transfer of energy within the body you mention is plenty fast enough to keep the surface temperature in the hundreds of thousands to millions of degrees because the heat transfer away from the surface into space is so much slower. It's unclear how long the surface temperature would stay above, say, 10000K but it's probably many billions or trillions of years.
Hi Anton, will you talk about strange stars / quark stars ?
What color and brightness does a neutron star emit? Any visible light or more like x and gamma rays?
I think the last mechanism you gave is reversible (beta decay of neutrons that
get moved near the surface).
n - > p + e- + electron antineutrino
Protons can also get transported toward the core and combine back with the electrons
p + e- - > n + electron neutrino
So the matter is recycled but the neutrinos escape. This kind of neutrino
cooling is much more prevalent in young neutron stars that are still extremely hot.
Due to the strong gravitational field. Do they look red, and would they actually emit visible light, if was not a pulsar.
The stable minima in relation to their zero point temprature changes over time, this is related to dark energy
The neutron star in the thumbnail looks like the old version of netherrack.
Why is it that the acceleration of adding more mass only speeds up the neutron star, and doesnt change its axis, or slow it down?
And neutrinos might in response to the change in induction rate in the vacuum change into more electron/quark like particles, the black holes created by stars and large masses would essentially radiate their energy away very fast, creating conditions similar to the big bang, but at a diffrent spacial scale. these things are very speculative, but I personally belive such things will happen, by coinsidence this is a variation of penroses eons pictures, but with very diffrent arguments concretely.
Awesome video Anton!!!
Keep up the good work!
How are these amazing compositional details determined? Are you referring to a particular theoretical model, or are these from observational data?
What would the transition from the star to the black hole look like? It obviously wouldn't just instantly happen. Would even more energy be released at the second of the transformation, or would it just be smooth and relatively uneventful?
In other words, a neutron star is also a planet and a super-atom. Got it.
What happens to nukleons in the future depends on the exact dunamics of the vacuum that is related to this effect, the strong interaction might change drasticly, they might turn into more macro black hole like masses or they might do somthing else, my guess is that when this happens this phase transition, stars and neutronstrars will collapse into black holes
YES!!!! MY FAVORITE EVER!!!!!!!!!! This will blow your mind more than anything else will. Neutron stars are like unfathomably amazing! No better person on this planet to explain it. Double thaank you@!
glad you liked it!
I'm not entirely sure about the possibility of a neutron star becoming a black hole if it slowly accretes material over a long time. Because you see, when it is near that limit, the energy released when matter falls onto it gets closer and closer to the mass of the matter times the speed of light squared. Which means that if it has time to radiate that impact energy as heat, the impactor will barely increase the mass of the neutron star. Near the end, you drop 10 kilograms of mass onto the neutron star, and it increases its mass by 1 gram, in other words. But that heat energy itself has mass, so if you pile new matter onto it in a hurry so it has no time to radiate off the impact energy, it will be pushed beyond the limit, in other words the 9999 grams of mass that were converted into heat on impact, they will still be part of the neutron star. But if you add the mass slowly enough, there shouldn't be a limit to how much you could add to it. In other words, you've got to add mass at a certain rate as well or else it will never get there. At least that is what I would expect.
this is not correct. The heat energy comes from the gravitational potential energy, not the mass of the object.
Anton you actually make me feel less bad idk how legit
Can I charge my iPhone off a Neutron Star, and if so, how many charges can the star provide? I want a big battery bank, tired of always running out of power and being unable to charge up.
Theoretically a signle cup of water can provide enough charge to last you for your lifetime, tenfold.
Yes you can,it's call an iStar charger and you get infinite charges
I learned so much with you...☺️
Eagerly awaiting all things sc fi back then. Got it when it came out, and loved it.
Perhaps we should rethink our search for life in the universe. We talk about dying stars, about life of stars, but rarely we talk about stars being actually alive. How could a dead object support all the life on our planet? Well, it simply couldn't...then if so, the universe is full of life and alive as hell
2:27 - A neutron star's atmosphere is 2-3 CENTIMETRS?? How can astronomers measure something so tiny from thousands of light years away??
They don't do it through direct measuring, it is done through extrapolation, You can tell what a star is made of just by the light it emits, Just hold a prism up to sunlight, and that rainbow of colors you see is all the frequencies from the chemical make up of the star, It is technology that has been around for literally centuries. Just imagine what they can do with the advanced telescopes and computers they have now!
First of all, he's wrong, he doesn't know what he's talking about, it's not nearly that much. The thickness is microscopic. They don't measure it. They calculate it based on physical principles. Obviously. It is easy to calculate the constant of exponentiation of the differential equation defining the density of the atmosphere as a function of height, it is determined by the gas law, the temperature, the atomic weight of the gas and the gravity. With gravity at 100 billion times Earth's, while going up 3 miles may decrease the density of the air by a factor of 2 here on Earth, the atmosphere getting half the density only requires 1/100 billionth as much rise in altitude, or 1/500000 inch or 50 nanometers, at the same temperature. This means if you go up 50 nanometers in altitude, the thickness of the atmosphere must decrease by a factor of 2. How thick do you think the atmosphere can even be, with this property in effect? Or it would be, if it was the same temperature. It's of course going to be much hotter than the atmosphere here on Earth, so that makes the constant more like 10 micrometers instead of 50 nanometers, or it would, if it was obeying the ideal gas law, which it doesn't of course. But bottom line, it is calculated, not observed.
Have you mentioned that a neutron star is a Core of a star that is pack with neutrons?
Are black holes actual holes or just a super dense planet type thing that has massive Gravity so light can’t escape and just look like a black hole?
Good video because it does not have background music and it does not display a person in the lower right corner. Also has a good subject and content.
If the collision event is not in the sim at the first of the video where we just see a supernova then I would say this is telling us it happens more like an accretion disk idea, just my common sense analyzing a sim, really REALLY great video!!!!!!!! Sub for life!!!!!! I love all your videos, just positive feedback!!!!!!!
I love space stuff
Dragon's Egg is a great book. As is the sequel "Starquake" both by Robert L Forward.
I think, there is a black hole like activity within the core. In my oppinion red giants, white dwarfs, and black holes are all connected together in a successive manner.
we have observed masses from 2.2 to around 2.7 solar masses. It all depends on the equation of state and spin angular momentum. As it gains mass, it spins up. It can only spin so fast so the limit seems be reached around 2.7 to 2.8 solar masses depending on spin. I would assume this is also time limited. The decay rate of spin depends critically on magnetic field particle acceleration thus over time as it slows its spin it will come to a point of tollman-oppenhiemer equation of state collapse. It can momentarily become a quark star, as normal neutron stars have this in their core already. These are unknown realms because we have no way of modeling this much pressure and component heisenburg uncertainty and quark interaction force. The neutron itself becomes deformed in shape thus the star size is not presently know at the upper limit. Imagine the atmosphere being only 1" deep at 3 million gravities of gradiation pressure. And even 2 or three inches deep in the crust means it is mostly iron at the surface and incredibly rigid going immediately to heavier elements that in a few feet becoming way way more neutron rich per element.
do you have a reference that you used for this video I'm writing an essay on neutron stars
empirical observation i believe.
just hours and hours "playing" with neutron stars!
lol
What element would a spoonful of a neutron star turn into if you could scoop it up and put it in free space?
a neutron pulse so intense it would sterilize anything for tens or hundreds of miles around and create a miniature nuclear explosion that lasts 5-10 minutes.
@@km5405 Thank you but what element would the debris become? free hydrogen ?
@@anoopsahal1202 I believe the explosion would spread all the neutrons around creating a swarm of free flowing neutrons. Not sure though
The desc says "Hello and welcome to What Da Math!
In this video, we will talk about "
And what more do you need to know?
Can plasma be a solid do to gravity and if so would you classify it as a new state of mater ( solid ,liquid ,gas ,plasma ,solid plasma?)
Maybe under universe destroying pressure, highly doubtful though
How do you get the accretion disk and jets?
Can you look into the different theories of Jupiter's core material??? I've been wondering a lot about the core, and what it is made up of.
Also if said wierd quantum effects occur and neutrons manage to escape into the outer atmosphere and decay, this would by necessity involve more or less "evaporative cooling" of the star.
It also should preserve baryon number so your neutron star is colder, not less massive.
When neutron stars collide, there is a concept that I didn't know existed, called "neutronium decompressing". Unlike in science fiction, neutronium cannot exist outside of the high-gravity environment of a neutron star, so when two of them collide, the neutronium decompresses into heavy elements like gold and uranium. That is likely where earth got its heavy elements.
If a free neutron will day in about 15 minutes will a neutron in a group of neutrons (a neutron star) decay ? If it does decay, will the proton, electron and neutrino be rapidly crushed into a neutron ? Is it conceivable that the (almost massless) neutrino could escape the neutron star ?
cheers (from an obviously non physicist)
Why do Neutron stars spin so fast? What causes it to spin?
I thought neutron stars are always either pulsar, magnetic field type, or both.
No..
They are all very magnetic, but the super magnetic ones are called Magnetars, and Pulsars have the jets coming out the poles and then you get a 'normal' Neutron star.
Where the what tha math music
What happens in the time during the transition from a neutron star to a black hole? (I mean there has to be a very small amount of time during the transition, what's happening during that time?) What about the mass makes it do that? Also, when we talk about black holes, some of them are millions of the mass of the sun... what did they look like as stars? How big were they?
the supermassive ones almost certainly did not form from a single star .... they likely grew over time. although the early stars are theorized to have been massive so they would have formed very large black holes upon their deaths.
I'm just wondering but what happens if a massive star goes supernova but fails to make a black hole
Has anyone else been dazed and all of a sudden you thought you figured out something huge about life, and you try to remember, but you can't remember what you were just thinking about?
Think our brains are programmed not to figure something out?
Does anyone know if neutron stars ever stop spinning? Do they even slow down during the course of their life? Even when they decay and eventually explode, are they still spinning? Does that decay slow down their spin? Does anything slow down their spin? I've sent this question to numerous astrophysicists now and haven't gotten an answer so it might be one of those things that nobody knows for sure.
Anton 😍
I love to learn with you.
Crystal Boy Get a life dude and stop the disrespect and harassment. Leave the girl alone. Respect yourself and make worth meaning what you have between your legs.
nnn n I’m lost right now :|
Trizzdebos s Why?
nnn n whos crystal boy
Trizzdebos s it's a rude guy who disrespects and was saying bad words to the girl above. It seems he deleted his comment. This looser. 👍
Does neutron star eject flare's or cme
I lost count of how many times you've said 'basically'
I doubt neutron star re-expansion gives much of a supernova. The lower limits on neutron star stability and their imverse relationship of size and mass mean that's probably not important.
where is the song in the intro
If two neutron stars collide and in the process throw off part of their degenerate matter in a 'spew', would that degenerate matter, now freed of the intense gravitational field of the original neutron stars, now be able to 'snap-back' to conventional matter, where electrons orbit nuclii again?
they straight up NEUTRATE.
in the 3rd case: would the material ejected from the neutron star going supernova at the end of the universe be enough to create another few new stars...
and if so... would that be the last "batch" of stars way past all the galaxies die...
and if so... would there be planets and maybe just maybe life... in the empty universe... at the end of time...
look at isaac Arthur's channel.
seriously!
Robert L Forward wrote Dragons Egg and I had to look this up, Starquake. Sadly, he's no longer with us.
Hey anton can you talk about our solar system entering a interstellar cloud in the next 20 - 50000 years that would be cool
7:40 Stopped the Mass at 4.20
My G
Oh yea 😏
I don't buy the black hole evaporation mechanism. If one member of an electron-positron pair formed (presumably due to normal vacuum fluctuations) on the periphery of a black hole escaped (constituting radiation), there is still the other half that falls into the black hole (or maybe it escapes too). Hence, while you could say that radiation from the black hole occurred (actually it wouldn't even be that since it is originating from outside the event horizon), you would also have to say that the mass of the black hole increases as a result of the other member of the pair falling in. So how is this evaporation of the black hole? Have I missed something here? The only thing I can reckon that would make it work is that the formation of the pair results directly from a quantum mechanical interaction between the space outside of the black hole and the material inside in which sufficient energy is transferred to generate the pair (outside the event horizon) in the first place. What is the nature of such an interaction?
Also, I can't see how radiation of one member of an electron-positron pair outside the event horizon constitutes radiation from the black hole itself. Under that logic you would have to claim that the high intensity x-rays from the excited gas/plasma swirling into the black hole is also radiation from he black hole itself. But it isn't. Both types of radiation are originating from outside the black hole and outside the event horizon. In the case of the gas and plasma, the radiation energy comes from them losing gravitational potential energy as the fall into the black hole (and as the atoms collide with each other). In the case of the electron-positron pair, it comes from the energy of formation. The only other source of energy available that I could see is transfer of rotational energy via gravity from a spinning black hole to the plasma, gases, and particle pairs surrounding it. But that wouldn't cause evaporation either. It would just cause the black hole to slow down in its spin over time.
If somebody has a better explanation, or if I have missed something here, please let me know.
Maybe you could claim tunneling, but the the probability would be absurdly low. And that wouldn't be the proposed mechanism of Hawking radiation.
How hot is the center of a neutron star? Thanks
Hot enough to tear atoms into subatomic particles.
Which app is that u are using for all that staff
Giant stars Never have a boring ending!
hello anton i realy like your videos keep going, But how we explain this extreme fast spin of a neutron star?
GRspartakos I believe the energy from the supernova causes extreme rotational acceleration, don’t quote me on it, I’m not sure.
I believe it originates from the rapid rotation of the progenitor star seconds before explosion.
I wondered what would happen at the end of a neutron star that died from old age. I know it is only theory, but have astronomers/theoretical astro physicists looked into that, or is it difficult to know as it is dealing with neutron stars, and not a lot is known about them?
Could a black hole simply be a neutron star whose mass is massive enough to stop light from escaping its gravity? As you said, the center of neutron stars are not understood. Could the center be basically the same as a black hole, but the forces acting against gravity let it keep its form. Similar to how you said a black hole could form if it slowed down.
Yes, that's essentially true. A black hole would result from a neutron star that acquires enough mass to collapse to less than a critical radius. The other way this could happen is if a neutron already having sufficient mass collapses to less than the critical radius as it cools (and therefore can no longer sustain its own gravitational pull). The key here is that any body that has enough mass to cause it to eventually collapse to less than the critical radius will become a black hole.
As for the center of a neutron star being a black hole. I seriously doubt it. If the center was a black hole there would be no outward pressure maintaining the spherical structure of the neutron star. It would simply collapse into the black hole core. But maybe the black hole forms in the core of a neutron star first as the star is dynamically collapsing on its last leg of life. That would be a very short transition period though.
The inner core is 10 to the 15 g per cubic cm, that’s 1 billion metric tonnes per cubic cm. That’s insane!
What happens when a black hole runs out of material to consume?
hey how do I make a barycenter
Can no star say just run out of fuel and turn into a big huge black ball of what? Carbon? Or what would it be? Something super dense? Guess it's gravity would be so strong no spaceship could ever land on it? Or does that even happen?
...that's cool, i beep-boop the intro anyway
Where is the intro song?
The reason this happens is because the schwartzchild radius exceeds the diameter of the star, therefore, it gets an event horizon, therefore, it must be a blackhole.
Perhaps you speak of the book, "Childhood's end" by Arthur C. Clark in which Earth is re-visisted by an alien race that resembles the Devil, or Spock?
Nope: Dragon's Egg by Robert L. Forward. He's a physicist so the science part of the science fiction is very hardcore yet he still makes a great story.
One off my top ten books.
The death of neuron stars might actually be stranger than we thought.
If we discover neutron stars and why not add a strange new theoretical type of star called a proton star, an unstable variant of a neutron star,
And the proton star will be the end result for the neutron star’s life cycle,
As the neutron star ages with out being fed for trillions of years,
The neutron star will emit beta particles, as the neutrons get converted into protons,
First the outer layers and then the inner core will become converted into protons.
And over time the neutron star will be converted into a proton star,
And what we know from radioactive atoms, they are unstable.
And the protons star will ether evaporate protons, or the proton star will explode in a supernova like event and leave only rogue protons behind.
This is a baryon star theory that will determine how neutron stars will die out in the future.
And this process will happen earlier than the black hole evaporation stage.
Wow! A star and a planet thats wild!!!!
Sit on it Richard.
So, a neutron stars crust is essentially semi solid electrons?