What are Leptons? (Classification, Properties etc)
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- Опубликовано: 12 сен 2024
- There is a huge diversity of subatomic particles. To make sense of it all, we need to classify these particles into distinct groups or families. One such classification is based on whether or not these particles experience the strong interaction. The particles that respond to strong interactions are called HADRONS, while those that do not are called LEPTONS. These lepton particles are elementary particles, in the sense that they are not made up of further simpler particles. They are some of the building blocks of our Universe. There are six particles in this Lepton family, the electron, the muon, the tau particle and their associated neutinos. These six particles constitute the Lepton family of particles. In this video, I discuss the properties, similarities and important behavior of these particles.
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▱▱▱▱▱ Elementary Particle Physics ▱▱▱▱▱
1. Four Fundamental Forces
▶ • Four Fundamental Force...
2. What are Antiparticles?
▶ • What are Antiparticles...
3. What are Neutrinos?
▶ • What are Neutrinos? (N...
4. Neutrino Oscillations
▶ • The Mystery of Neutrin...
5. Parity Violation in Beta Decay
▶ • Parity Violation in Be...
6. What are Leptons?
▶ • What are Leptons? (Cla...
7. What are Hadrons?
▶ • What are Hadrons? (Cla...
8. Lepton, Baryon, Strangeness Number
▶ • Lepton, Baryon, Strang...
9. Eightfold Way (in Particle physics)
▶ • Eightfold Way (in Part...
10. What are Quarks?
▶ • What are Quarks? ( Qua...
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▶ • Elementary Particle Ph...
What are Hadrons?
▶ ruclips.net/video/XltiIJYRWFQ/видео.html
8. Lepton, Baryon, Strangeness Number
▶ ruclips.net/video/pRbUfZWyoJc/видео.html
Superb! Can't explain in words. I will reiterate "you have huge potential to simplify physics".
7:24 to 7:40 equations are wrong
@@physicsart9279 its not wrong
I think the beta minus decay where a neutron gets converted to a proton emits an electron and an anti-electron-neutrino, instead of the electron-neutrino as shown. On the other hand, the conversion of a proton to a neutron yields a positron and an electron-neutrino. But apart from that, the video is really superb, so let's not be too harsh on that one thing :)
In my last semester; these lectures helped me a lot and I got 8/10 SGPA with 2nd highest in my class.
Thank you sir.
Sir, we also met there in my practical examination when you was external examiner at Swami Shraddhanand College.
Thanks a lot sir.
Hi Mahavir, yes I remember you. I am happy you found my videos helpful.. Best of luck
I studied a whole other field than psysics, which I did not care for as younger and the same with math. Grown up I can now say that I find both math and psycics a lot more easy to understand. The pragmatic way psysics is taught and understood makes a lot of sense to me now, in a way i did not understand earlier. I study one subject at a time on an amateur level, and your video is by far one of the most relevant and structured lessons I have seen. Thank you for the insight 🙏🏼
Thank you sir this is the best lecturing that I have ever listened that related to nuclear physics . Sir please tell us the book name that we must go through and so that we can easily understand the other topics
Wow. Thank you very much for this video, sir.
Thanks for sharing your knowledge
Great job sir. you are making our quarantine days useful. 😇keep it up sir
oh wow! I am so speechless at how well u explain this. Support from Myanmar.
thanks sir, you are really a blessing to us in the field of particle physics. may God bless you so much
Thank you for the interesting lessons. I have a question: why does a gluon not have mass and a pion-zero does? Both are composed of a quark and an anti-quark.
Well I am no expert but I think any meason (or a particle composed of a quark and an anti quark) may be charge less or even spinless but are not massless. for example the measons exchanged between protons and neutrons in the strong interaction all have masses.
Sir , gluon is not massless , in theory it should have but by the experimental results it has mass less than 1.3 meV/c^2
Sir i have following your lectures from a long time. You are awesome. Kindly also think about covering atomic physics and spectroscopy
Sir very nice explanation
On good topics
Keep progressing sir
Sir please make some videos about spin, how the spin comes into picture? What is the historical view of spin, how it is physically related with particles? And how the spin quantum number is mathematically derived and lot more stuff.........
These are the questions which are very important for understanding particles more deeply and actually
MAN!!! This man is great!!
Delivering knowledge is an art and you're an artist 🙏🛐❤️. Regards from West Bengal 💙
Awesome explanation....sir
Great sir
Sir i have a dout please reply...
Is there any theory to explain why there are only few particle with specific value of mass, charge, etc... and how they are less or more stable ? Why not there are infinite varieties of particles all with different properties..
Two ways to look at it: 1 based on whether there is interaction with strong force -- we have hadrons and leptons
2 then we can classify them as A) Fermions. (1/2 integer spins ) = Quarks & Leptons ,, Quarks are Fundamental hadrons.
B) Bosons with integer spin ,1,2 etc are force carrying particles ....
Now can you make a video which will encompass all these two approaches and the standard model
A Particle Exsist that I call the "LEAPTON" It's Actually a PARTICLE FIELD HYBRID .It Causes All the SUBATOMIC Particles to become Mutually INVARIANT
Sir I have become your Fan from Pakistan. Love u soo much. Ur videos are awesome. Thanku for providing most attractive and beautiful lectures
Sir kya smjhaya apki physics padhane ka toh mai fan ho gya
Thank you..
Sir u have great knowledge then why didn't you go to isro??
Thank you Sir.😇🌸
Thanku so much sir!! 🤗🤗☺☺
Sir at 07:12, u wrote that particle emitted on beta minus decay is neutrino but I think that anti-neutrino should be there in beta minus decay.
Also the particle emitted in second reaction should be neutrino.
Sir in proton and neutrino deacay reactions neutrino and and antineutrinos were interchanged
Useful video
Thank you very much sir. Your lectures helped to qualify my AP SET EXAM 2020 🙏🙏🙏
Awesome Sir
Very nicely explanation 💝💝💝
Great video! I got a better understanding of what leptons are, but I still don't quite understand how most of them interact with the reality we can see (besides electrons and neutrinos) besides the fact that they quickly decay into more stable particles.
I'm also wondering what would be produced in the reaction of a neutrino with its antineutrino, and what would be the cause of the reaction. Handedness of spin? What about the neutralization of the spin causes the reaction?
Either way, amazing work on the video, it was a good explanation!
Make video about radiation and electromagnetic waves
you are awesome . than you so much
Excellent
Very good lesson. Thanks a lot.
Can we exchange particles from LHS to rhs and change them to anti matter to matter which can thechnically balance the equation
Thank you sir
Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together.
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String Theory was not a waste of time, because Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. However, can we describe Standard Model interactions using only one extra spatial dimension?
What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles?
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules:
“We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr
(lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958)
The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics?
When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry.
Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Mesons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other.
Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change.
Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons?
Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension?
Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons
. Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process.
Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves.
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Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. We know there is an unequal distribution of electrical charge within each atom because the positive charge is concentrated within the nucleus, even though the overall electrical charge of the atom is balanced by equal positive and negative charge.
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In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137.
1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface
137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted.
The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.)
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How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter?
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Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles?
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I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist. The model grew out of that simple idea.
I was also trying to imagine a way to stuff the curvature of a 3 D sine wave into subatomic particles.
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Thanks alot sir
Wowwww... 👌👌 Amazing.. 👍
Sir explain about spin spin and spin lattice interaction....dipole dipole interaction
Thanks a lot sir for considering our request u r videos are really helpful sir
Extremely helpful 😊
Awesome videos sir 💯 thank you 😊🙏
Great explaination sir
Thanks a lot for this video.
Thanks Sir for this topic and Please Sir made more videos of the particle physics
Nice video
Sir there is a mistake at 8:27 the decay of neutron to proton , positron and anti eletron neutrino, according to your video on lepton numbers there should be proton, positron and electron neutrino right!!!
Thanks very much for your sewa.
Please add a video on electromagnetic spectrum sir
Sir plz make videos on complete syllabus of csir net particle physics.
Thank u sir i was waiting
Can someone explain me please, how we found quarks if they are pointlike size, they done occupy space. Its like they dont exist, i just dont understand
there is some mistake in an equation you wrote on board about the decay of proton and neutron. you wrote antineutrono in place of neutrino, and vise versa
Sir, plz make a complete playlist of Mechanis.
I appreciate your dedication sir❤❤
Sir plz make a series on elementary particles
Love your style sirji🙏🙏
Do electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos, and tau neutrinos have any properties that distinguish themselves from one another? I understand you can tell what kind of neutrino it is based on the interactions in which it participates, but do the neutrinos themselves possess some unique properties that cause them to interact in these specialized ways?
Sir if muon tau paricles are elementary particles then why they are further splitting?
Sir which book is best for study about nuclear physics
thankyou sir
great work
Sir beta minus decay ka equation wrong lag raha hai....wanha antineutrino hona chahiye
Dear sir, pls some problems worked
Thanks 🙏 for your dedication
Thank you so much sir for this ossom explaination on leptons .🙏🙏👌👌
Sir please also make videos on quark models also
A Particle Exsist that I call the "LEAPTON" It's Actually a PARTICLE FIELD HYBRID .It Causes All the SUBATOMIC Particles to become Mutually INVARIANT
Plz make video on large hadron collider.
Which book is referred to elementary particles in M.Sc.,
Please tell me sir
Thank you Sir.
Can you explain how to understand probability waves and your views on multi universes
Sir with electron their is emission of anti neutrino and with positron it is neutrino right?
In the conversion of neutron into proton and vice versa
Sir, it's an urgent and humble request , please do make video about parity conservation
Good
Is antiparticles are antimatter? If yes then will they not annihilates each others in meson's or in bottomonium and charmonium or in any other quarkonium?
Plzzzzz make a video on guage invariance and how this can be applied on Maxwell's equation...
can you please explain how the mass is conserved during the decay process except proton and neutron?
Please make videos on quantum mechanics
What book you followed for particle physics?
Sir...can you plz explain me about collective model and ground state of deutron.
Thanks again for a great video. You mentioned that the leptons are "point" particles. Yet every book/video always talks about Spin & "Angular Momentum" as though these particles are spheres. They seem to have a Magnetic Moment - another properly of "physically spinning" particles. It is quite confusing as how to visualize this concept. It is almost as confusing as visualizing any subatomic particle as both a particle and wave.
Yes you are right. Quantum world is different from classical world. On top of that. many times we borrow classical ideas to try to understand quantum properties, and spin is one of them. These are point particles with an intrinsic angular momentum. But since, classically we only understand "angular momentum" by visualising a spinning object, so we apply that idea to elementary particles. Sometimes the discussion is helpful, but we do need to be careful about it
Sir when we represent electron as a wave packet it is spread over a small region delta x so is it good to say that electron is a point mass?
Which book is sir carrying in the start of the video
is it only because of their too low half-life that the particles of families two and three are not commonly seen? très bien la vidéo merci
❤
Sir g AoA, sir g neutronio have no charge but they exist anti practical why they have no megntic moment
Please give derivation of Breit wigner single level formula for MSc which is very important for us.
Thanks sir
If photon is antiparticle for itself. Then it is responsible for binding electrons and nucleus with EM force but what is force between a antinucleus of an anti atom and a anti electronic (positron ?
sir which book did you follow for elementary particles and also for nuclear physics
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You said electrons do not occupy any space, but then why do textbooks give us the radius of an electron?
The books provide radius of electron-orbit around H-atom, not radius of electron!!
Please give derivation of Breit wigner single level formula
Can u please tell me reference books
Nice video🤩but what about its internal structure? Does it have an internal structure?
Leptons don't have any internal structure. They are infinitesimal point mass elementary particles
@@FortheLoveofPhysics but tau has more mass than proton. But proton is made up of 3 quarks. Then how can we say infinitesimal
Mass arises as a result of how a particle interacts with the Higgs field. It doesn't mean whether the particle is elementary (tau) or composite (proton). In this case tau is more massive that uud-quark configuration. It's possible..
@@FortheLoveofPhysics okk thank you😊
NYC
Is gravity out at all from standard model?
Standard model does not explain gravity
I am just 11 standard guy...Watching this lecture..
In which college did you teach?
Hans Raj College, DU
@@FortheLoveofPhysics
Sir I. Am. In kmc.
I want to Thankyou for such wonderful lectures.
🙏🙏🙏.
You are to good. Please upload some lectures on waves and optics too
7:24 to 7:40...neutron to proton and proton to neuton conversion ...equations are not correct. neutron to proton antineutrino is emitted and vice versa.
Your interaction for beta decay shows an electron neutrino - it should of course be an anti electron neutrino. And this mistake is carried forward to the next interaction. Great video however