Hand-Binding 'A Christmas Carol' - Part 3 of 3 - Leather Cover & Genuine Gold Tooling

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  • Опубликовано: 22 дек 2023
  • Hello once again everyone! It has been a marathon of bookbinding and video editing these past few weeks, but the book is finished, and the video too, both just in time for Christmas.
    In this final installment I not only cover the book in leather (which some of you may have seen me do with other books in the past), but I take on the additional challenge to do some genuine 24 karat gold tooling as well. I’m not sure what possessed me to attempt this for the first time on a gift book and on a deadline to boot, but it’s something I’ve always aspired to, so I went for it. To give myself any chance of success, I chose to keep the tooling design fairly simple, which frankly was very typical for the period. Any success I achieved is credited to Trevor Lloyd ‪@auriflex‬, whose video tutorial was invaluable; anyone interested should check out his channel and website.
    All in all I’m very pleased with how this book has finished up, and I’m delighted to have been able to share it with you. Wishing you and your loved ones all the very best of the holiday season, and a Happy New Year as well! I’ll be back in 2024 with more content!
    Cheers!
    Dennis
    ________
    If you'd like to support me directly:
    You can buy me a coffee here: www.buymeacoffee.com/fourkeys...
    Or you can drop a tip in my PayPal account: paypal.me/FourKeysBooks?local...
    ________
    Follow me on social media:
    Instagram
    / four_keys_books
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    / fourkeysbookarts
    ________
    My Wheat Flour Paste Recipe
    2 tbsp (18 g) white flour (strong flour or bread flour preferred)
    1 cup (250 ml) water
    Combine the flour and water in a double boiler or bain-marie and cook over medium heat for about 10 minutes, whisking constantly until thick and smooth. Transfer to a clean jar and cool completely. When cooled the paste should be solid, with a jelly-like consistency. Force the cooled paste through a sieve 2-3 times until smooth. Add a bit of water to thin to the desired consistency if necessary. Store in the refrigerator and use within 2-3 days.
    ________
    Deck the Halls by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/...
    Source: incompetech.com/music/royalty-...
    Artist: incompetech.com/
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Комментарии • 168

  • @gregsquires6201
    @gregsquires6201 6 месяцев назад +81

    The book turned out beautiful, and the video is a joy to watch. Everything about this series of videos, from the pacing, the editing, the soft Christmas music, to the craftmanship displayed, has been perfect. Thanks for making them!

    • @OdeInWessex
      @OdeInWessex 6 месяцев назад +4

      Beautifully put, I couldn't agree more. 🥰

  • @sarahlongshore2605
    @sarahlongshore2605 День назад

    This was literally like watching Santa in his workshop!!!!❤❤❤❤❤❤

  • @rivertalesien1321
    @rivertalesien1321 25 дней назад

    It is comforting to know this kind of craftsmanship is still around and a joy to see the work from start to finish. Thank you. 😊

  • @susanc2280
    @susanc2280 4 месяца назад +14

    This is just amazing. I'm sitting here watching you create what will probably be a treasured heirloom of someone's family. Sir, you are a true artist.

  • @Louise_Moura
    @Louise_Moura 6 месяцев назад +15

    Imagine being gifted this for Christmas. I would cry on the spot

  • @OdeInWessex
    @OdeInWessex 6 месяцев назад +26

    Watching these video's has made me appreciate all the times this process could potentially go wrong and how easy you make it look, even though it's not. Thanks for your efforts, I'm looking forward to more of your beautiful work in 2024. In the meantime, I wish you a very merry Christmas and peaceful New Year!🍧🍾🥂🍻🗝🗝🗝🗝🎄🎄🎊

  • @bobe.collins7235
    @bobe.collins7235 4 месяца назад +21

    Good to see some of us are still at it Denis. I’m a 3rd generation Hand Bookbinder in Australia & although my day to day varies from restoration to new corporate binding, I still love doing it the old time consuming way, which I was taught. I loved the series, thanx. Bob E. Collins Hand Bookbinder. Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.

    • @FourKeysBookArts
      @FourKeysBookArts  4 месяца назад +6

      Thank you Bob! Being self-taught, it means a great deal to me to get positive feedback from someone with your experience. All best from Canada!

    • @bobe.collins7235
      @bobe.collins7235 4 месяца назад +2

      It’s hard to believe you’re’ ‘self-taught’ with the knowledge & expertise you possess. I note that some of your work methods are different to what I was taught in Australia, but still very excellent.
      Bob E.

    • @FourKeysBookArts
      @FourKeysBookArts  4 месяца назад +3

      That’s very kind of you to say so. I’ve picked up what I can from books and videos, with an eye to using traditional techniques. There’s plenty more I don’t know, but I’m always trying to learn!

    • @wildcaterpillar4825
      @wildcaterpillar4825 3 месяца назад +1

      @@FourKeysBookArts I'm also Canadian and starting out my bookbinding journey, self-taught as well. I don't have some of the necessary tools yet, (trimming by hand with an exacto isn't fun) but I'm getting there. It's inspiring to see this art having a resurgence in the face of mass-produced, poor quality books

  • @jcortese3300
    @jcortese3300 6 месяцев назад +20

    This was a joy to watch from start to finish -- thanks so much for this series! You've made a family heirloom!

  • @inkland2003
    @inkland2003 2 месяца назад +3

    so beautiful. Currently, the mass bookbinding is terrible, most books become unusable after a short period of time. I hope this kind of bookbinding becomes more popular in the future.

  • @negotiableaffections
    @negotiableaffections 6 месяцев назад +5

    Your skills go to show just how much we revere thoughts, ideas and words when in written form. The digital age may have brought the art of dissemination to a whole new level but the power of knowledge is truly, only evident in the way we chose to archive the written word. Cheers Dennis, you stand on the shoulders of some illustrious giants.

  • @horusfalcon
    @horusfalcon 6 дней назад

    Magnificent! The gold leaf gave you some trouble, but you persisted and got there. So very well done!

  • @dmvtrekscifichick6505
    @dmvtrekscifichick6505 6 месяцев назад +12

    This was a lovely Christmas gift for your wife as well as all of us. Thank you so much, your videos are beautiful as well as educational. I can't wait to see what you do next. I hope you and your family have a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!

  • @razorsitch9882
    @razorsitch9882 2 месяца назад +1

    That’s not a book, it’s a work of art.

  • @nickscott6139
    @nickscott6139 6 месяцев назад +4

    Those three videos were the most lovely gentle run up to Christmas and encapsulating the true spirit of the season. Thank you..

  • @rattapan9552
    @rattapan9552 Месяц назад +1

    I cannot count all the times I just burst out in laughter watching these 3 videos. This Is just the most beautiful and inspiring thing I have seen on you tube. I swear to god.

  • @brettcody76
    @brettcody76 6 месяцев назад +8

    Absolutely sublime! Dennis, you are an artist of the highest caliber. Thank you so much for this series.

  • @Sintanity
    @Sintanity 2 месяца назад

    Just gorgeous! I absolutely love the way you decorated the edges of the papers. Just lovely. Really enjoyed all three videos.

  • @daveturnbull7221
    @daveturnbull7221 6 месяцев назад +6

    Thank you so much for sharing this with us Dennis - it turned out absolutely lovely. I particularly liked the labels, the different colour leather really sets it off.
    Wishing you, yours and all your viewers a happy holiday season and hoping for a prosperous and peacefull 2024 from Scotland.

  • @ElisaShaffer
    @ElisaShaffer 6 месяцев назад +3

    First of all, I love watching your videos. Second, I had always assumed the two colored bands on the spine of the cover was just for decoration, as I had seen it mostly on fabric book covers, but I had a huge “aha” moment watching today. Such a little thing brought my nerdy fact loving heart joy.

  • @reinapearse9111
    @reinapearse9111 5 месяцев назад +2

    Gosh I hope whoever becomes the owner of this watches this series to appreciate what an absolute piece of art this is. Love it. Thanks for posting

  • @susankahil1178
    @susankahil1178 6 месяцев назад +7

    Beautiful work and I love the silence throughout xx

  • @lollyhamilton1710
    @lollyhamilton1710 6 месяцев назад +4

    I really enjoyed seeing the completion of this project. The book turned out wonderfully, the simple design did seem very fitting. I am sure your wife will get many hour of pleasure from it. Thanks so much for sharing.
    Merry Christmas to you both.

  • @mikastu
    @mikastu 2 месяца назад

    This is my favourite Christmas Movie!!

  • @amandamcvay9811
    @amandamcvay9811 6 месяцев назад +3

    This was so cozy and warm that my anxiety was cured for at least fifteen minutes. Thank you for making such a beautiful book and video.

  • @richardcary978
    @richardcary978 6 месяцев назад +5

    Wonderful video. A museum quality edition for certain! Thank you for sharing your work.

  • @michaelhinkson6038
    @michaelhinkson6038 6 месяцев назад +5

    Masterfully done! Thank you for this journey through the bookmaking process.

  • @robinmartin4464
    @robinmartin4464 6 месяцев назад +2

    The amount of care and attention to detail always amazes me. Thanks.

  • @beagru5706
    @beagru5706 6 месяцев назад +4

    🤩Extraordinary 🏆thank you very much for sharing 📚💖📖🎄✨

  • @natepetrie1216
    @natepetrie1216 3 месяца назад +1

    I'm impressed and appalled at the amount of gold leaf you went through to make this. This must cost you a fortune! Stunning result though!

  • @arabellachampaq689
    @arabellachampaq689 6 месяцев назад +2

    I have really enjoyed this series. Especially the quiet attention to perfection. Thank you.

  • @mexlemax3307
    @mexlemax3307 5 месяцев назад

    The Christmas book has also turned out beautifully.
    It takes a lot of effort to finish such a handmade book.
    The spine alone requires so many steps.
    It's almost madness.
    If you've never seen work like this before and then hold a book like this in your hand, you wouldn't believe that so much work went into it.
    The leather cover is also very good.
    You can see from all your work steps that you have been doing this for a very long time.
    Are you a bookbinder by profession or is it a hobby?
    Very good, excellent work indeed.
    Thank you very much for showing it to me.

  • @lynnettelopez6261
    @lynnettelopez6261 6 месяцев назад +4

    Amazing Masterpiece and Epic work of LOVE!! I even hold my breath during the gold pressing part...a stressful moment for me...😂 Wishing you and your family a Wonderful Christmas.

  • @marpl1979
    @marpl1979 6 месяцев назад +6

    И всего лишь 30 человек сумели дойти до конца. И увидеть всё волшебство и таинство рождения чуда. Невероятные приключения, при свече и золотых руках Мастера. С Рождеством!!

    • @aKAP7681
      @aKAP7681 6 месяцев назад

      Да ладно, я потом ещё три раза пересматривал. Снято классно, смотреть приятно.

  • @TheMimzez
    @TheMimzez 6 месяцев назад +2

    it turned out super pretty! I can't believe how warped the book boards were and how they were completely fixed
    I wanna make my own book like this someday

  • @NorthlightsStudio
    @NorthlightsStudio 6 месяцев назад +3

    A wonderful heirloom addition to the season! Thank you for sharing! Merry Christmas!

  • @HattisFnattis
    @HattisFnattis 6 месяцев назад +5

    I just LOVE the way you work with the gold foil! I've been wanting to use it in basically all my hobbies, but I can't stand something that's so messy. Your technique looks way more manageable than the ones I've seen where people just brush it away and leave a huge mess.

    • @FourKeysBookArts
      @FourKeysBookArts  6 месяцев назад +4

      Yes it’s delicate stuff, and expensive too! The gold rubber is the key; it not only removes the excess gold, but traps it as well. In time it will accumulate enough gold to actually recover for $$$.

    • @HattisFnattis
      @HattisFnattis 6 месяцев назад

      @@FourKeysBookArts That's amazing! It looks similar to a regular kneadable eraser too. I'm actually going to look around for some gold foil and try it out. Thank you so much!

    • @saifrahman8782
      @saifrahman8782 6 месяцев назад

      ​@@FourKeysBookArts make a video on glue . We need to know the best one for bookbinding. Also can made in home.

    • @gregsquires6201
      @gregsquires6201 6 месяцев назад +1

      @@FourKeysBookArts I know close to nothing about gilding, but I've never seen anyone use Vaseline after the glair - and I've also never seen as much trouble with the gold sticking. What is the purpose of the Vaseline?

    • @FourKeysBookArts
      @FourKeysBookArts  6 месяцев назад +1

      It holds the gold in place just enough to do the hot tooling.

  • @chaoshead87
    @chaoshead87 6 месяцев назад +3

    Lovely book sir. Great skill and craftsmanship.

  • @LyraLyraPantsOnFyra
    @LyraLyraPantsOnFyra 6 месяцев назад +4

    Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year Dennis. Hope it's a good one.

  • @amandareicha5065
    @amandareicha5065 6 месяцев назад +2

    I enjoyed the videos making this book! It’s a beautiful gift ❤

  • @industrialtumbleweed3849
    @industrialtumbleweed3849 6 месяцев назад +4

    What a beautiful book! The love and care put into creating this is very evident. Merry Christmas to you and your family.

  • @mags8014
    @mags8014 6 месяцев назад +1

    Dennis, that was absolutely beautiful and the finished book is a masterpiece. Whoever is receiving this for Christmas is very lucky. Thank you for sharing your skill and mastery of the bookbinder’s craft. Happy Christmas!

  • @auntielaura5
    @auntielaura5 6 месяцев назад +4

    Thank you for the Christmas present - this beautiful video. The book is amazing. In this world of mass production it is good to be reminded of the patience and artistry that goes into the making of one very special object. I found just watching you tool the leather to be nerve-wracking - one tiny slip and so much work would be lost. 😳 And thank you for including the part that didn’t go right the first time - that’s the reality of craftsmanship. Merry Christmas and Happy New Year. ❤️

  • @soropodo7918
    @soropodo7918 6 месяцев назад +2

    I can't wait to see you do more of this to more books you love!

  • @jakemeyer8188
    @jakemeyer8188 6 месяцев назад +2

    I love your videos, man. I don't go for those ASMR videos, but I've come to the conclusion that I think yours are both interesting and educational to me as well as possibly slightly ASMR-ish...if that's even a thing. I'm completely fascinated by your work and tools.

  • @lightbulbnirvana
    @lightbulbnirvana 6 месяцев назад

    Great job! The patience ! The patience! And it could go wrong at anytime! I feel humbling awe of all the anonymous bookbinders through the ages! Thank you! ❤

  • @lepenx
    @lepenx 6 месяцев назад +3

    This turned out beautifully, thank you! Keep up the good work!

  • @Helen_kittycat_crafts
    @Helen_kittycat_crafts 6 месяцев назад +2

    wow so beautiful xx i really found this captivating

  • @gemmi1
    @gemmi1 6 месяцев назад +3

    Oh what a perfect video ❤️🌲

  • @rogerg5681
    @rogerg5681 6 месяцев назад +1

    Amazingly well done by a true craftsman.

  • @lafrancemeyers7728
    @lafrancemeyers7728 6 месяцев назад +4

    Beautiful ❤

  • @XyerDark
    @XyerDark 6 месяцев назад +3

    Honestly wonderful serie of videos.
    Merry Christmas.

  • @jessicamadrid1006
    @jessicamadrid1006 5 месяцев назад

    Wow! What a craftsman you are!

  • @252Maplehurst
    @252Maplehurst 6 месяцев назад +3

    I love it!!!!! Thank you for posting.

  • @candelariaatalaya5709
    @candelariaatalaya5709 6 месяцев назад +3

    It looks amazing beautiful work you are a genius ❤❤❤❤

  • @dirk4926
    @dirk4926 6 месяцев назад +1

    So enjoyable to watch as I sit by my Christmas Tree and drink a Christmas cocktail

  • @vivsalittlebitcrafty4854
    @vivsalittlebitcrafty4854 6 месяцев назад

    A work of art! Every second of the process made me appreciate just what goes into this craft. Extremely pleasant to watch. Knowing someone had made this book just for them, a wonderful gem of a gift, to be read and appreciated by generations.

  • @SusangDaddy
    @SusangDaddy 4 месяца назад

    My small dream is to create my own book. Your video is such a great lesson and hope to me.

  • @liquidwombat
    @liquidwombat 9 дней назад

    Its so beautiful, but I was really hoping you would cover it with dark green leather, it would look amazing with the red edging on the pages and the red labels

  • @Lorddanielrushton371
    @Lorddanielrushton371 6 месяцев назад +1

    Beautiful job. Very elegant.

  • @rankinstudios5342
    @rankinstudios5342 6 месяцев назад +2

    Gorgeous! Merry Christmas and Happy New Year 2024!!!

  • @patriciasellers4779
    @patriciasellers4779 6 месяцев назад +1

    Beautiful book . Thank you for sharing.

  • @stephanieparker1250
    @stephanieparker1250 6 месяцев назад +1

    Three mins into the video and I can already feel stress melting out of me.. thank you for being on RUclips ❤

  • @nightfan1983
    @nightfan1983 6 месяцев назад +3

    What a gorgeous book. I'm sure your wife will love it. Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to you and your loved ones :)

  • @kellyro77
    @kellyro77 6 месяцев назад +4

    So beautiful! Great job, and your video production quality was amazing, too! You're a man of many talents! Merry Christmas!

  • @Fashionetta1
    @Fashionetta1 3 месяца назад

    Dennis, with your handmade tools, and your remarkable skills, I am convinced that you are Santa Claus because only he could make A Christmas Carol this beautifully bound. I’ll be looking forward to seeing whatever gorgeously hand bound book you bring me for Christmas!

  • @richardandjanjarvis3861
    @richardandjanjarvis3861 4 месяца назад

    How beautiful. Thank you for sharing.

  • @supremenain7006
    @supremenain7006 6 месяцев назад +1

    I loved everything about this. Making someone a present is just so thoughtful and special, and the videos themselves were so soothing and comforting, perfect Christmas watch with a hot chocolate. It is truly special when all platforms want creators to make 30 seconds long videos full of cuts and music and cringe AI voice, that 3 videos of a full half hour with barely any music or sound and nobody talking is just what people want to watch ❤

  • @WelshIron
    @WelshIron 6 месяцев назад +1

    Beautiful work! A merry Christmas to you.

  • @tonyc3858
    @tonyc3858 6 месяцев назад +3

    Epic Work!

  • @richardcorwin1828
    @richardcorwin1828 6 месяцев назад

    Beautifully and masterfully done sir. This edition is my favorite of this old classic. Have a better New Year and thank you for sharing.

  • @phranerphamily
    @phranerphamily 6 месяцев назад +4

    Why was it necessary to trim the turn-ins? Also I enjoyed watching this entire process immensely. Thank you for the wonderful Christmas present 🎄⛄❄️

    • @FourKeysBookArts
      @FourKeysBookArts  6 месяцев назад +3

      I wanted to have enough surface area for the infill paper to apply enough pull to correct the warping. Otherwise I was pretty happy with how evenly they turned out, but I was worried if the infills were too small they wouldn’t be able to pull the boards back. Thanks for the question!

  • @jakemeyer8188
    @jakemeyer8188 6 месяцев назад +2

    It's worth me leaving a second comment to say that you have incredible patience and skill to deal with that much gold leaf. I'd have been cursing and flailing about with gold leaf everywhere except where I wanted it to be.

    • @FourKeysBookArts
      @FourKeysBookArts  6 месяцев назад +2

      I did have a few mishaps but I edited those out. Maybe I’ll put together an outtake video someday!🤣

  • @poepiebuitendijk3988
    @poepiebuitendijk3988 Месяц назад +1

    Awesome !!!

  • @williamwallace9427
    @williamwallace9427 6 месяцев назад +3

    Pure RUclips gold

  • @MariaJose-lt8ko
    @MariaJose-lt8ko Месяц назад

    A beautiful job and dedication ❤

  • @Fragkogiannakis_Vasilis
    @Fragkogiannakis_Vasilis 6 месяцев назад +2

    Καλά Χριστούγεννα ! ! !

  • @kaersten3623
    @kaersten3623 3 месяца назад

    Beautifully illustrated, thank you. "God bless us, everyone."

  • @SWATDRUMMUH
    @SWATDRUMMUH 6 месяцев назад +1

    i am concerned for the lettering fading and the gold leaf wearing away, but it's an amazing book! I'm sure your family will treasure it as an heirloom for years to come.

  • @robstagner2086
    @robstagner2086 3 месяца назад

    Bravo…just…BRAVO!!!

  • @Rivi_Styx
    @Rivi_Styx 6 месяцев назад

    I love watching every minute! You are a master of your craft. I'm curious how many hours it took from start to finish. I could honestly watch every single minute.

  • @maryannecross4220
    @maryannecross4220 6 месяцев назад +1

    What a perfect way to end my Christmas Day. Thank you 🇬🇧

  • @uncleandyv
    @uncleandyv 6 месяцев назад +1

    Amazing!!!

  • @emmagrove6491
    @emmagrove6491 3 месяца назад +1

    Beautiful. Dickens would be proud.

  • @claudiacoronel2929
    @claudiacoronel2929 5 месяцев назад

    Disfruté el proceso de cada video de éste hermoso libro artesanal. Simplemente maravilloso. Excelente. ❤ Lo amé❤

  • @smartguru1870
    @smartguru1870 6 месяцев назад +2

    THX!

  • @bjhaynes7502
    @bjhaynes7502 3 месяца назад

    absolutely beautiful!

  • @Barbara-ty8dj
    @Barbara-ty8dj 4 месяца назад

    Oh my, this was such a treasure. Thank you for this wonderful gift!

  • @CarlosValentor
    @CarlosValentor 4 месяца назад

    Oh my God! I am so happy after having watched this series! Thank you so much for sharing your beautiful work❤

  • @3Artive
    @3Artive 4 месяца назад

    Immersive ASMR!!!!!! ❤

  • @richardking9442
    @richardking9442 5 месяцев назад

    Really enjoyed the videos, we take for granted just being able to buy books now, never really thinking about how they are made. All mass produced, had no idea so much work and time went into the process. Thank you.

  • @maldjia
    @maldjia 6 месяцев назад

    Great work! I did something like that with an Internet uploaded 1994 book, but with goldish foil :)

  • @valerio5229
    @valerio5229 6 месяцев назад +2

    Beautiful! Merry Christmas Dennis. Best wishes from Turin, Italy.

  • @ivanmkennedy
    @ivanmkennedy 6 месяцев назад

    Excellent craftsmanship! I prefer the voice over that you do in previous videos to explain what you are doing.

  • @MarieDobrowolski-vg5ue
    @MarieDobrowolski-vg5ue 6 месяцев назад

    Votre travail m'emerveille, ❤apaisant votre travail est superbe bravo

  • @lesleygoodall-page8035
    @lesleygoodall-page8035 3 месяца назад

    Oh this stunning

  • @yvesdesrosiers2396
    @yvesdesrosiers2396 6 месяцев назад

    ]Merry Christmas Dennis and wishing you a healthy and prosperous New Year.

  • @quixoticjedi942
    @quixoticjedi942 6 месяцев назад +4

    As much as I'm impressed with your skills I'm also in awe of your collection of tools. It's obvious that many of them are antiques, but I'm wondering where you find them and if any of the wooden tools are possibly hand made by you?

    • @FourKeysBookArts
      @FourKeysBookArts  6 месяцев назад +4

      I’ve been collecting tools for years from wherever I can find them, but I did make my two wooden presses. They were among my first pieces of bookbinding equipment.

  • @novanettle7497
    @novanettle7497 2 месяца назад

    Such a beautiful book! ✨❤️
    Bookbinding is a craft I am hoping to add to my growing list of hobbies and crafts, and all of these videos are an inspiration (though I would need a lot of practice to ever get this good).
    I love the gold, but that gold foil looks like a nightmare to work with. I would have to be well fed, hydrated, slept a good 9 hours last night and being as zen as I could possibly be to handle that thing 😅

    • @novanettle7497
      @novanettle7497 2 месяца назад

      Oh! And I'm curious if you just melt down the gold rubber once it becomes sort of saturated?
      My friends dad is a gold smith and he said that in the past, gold smiths would have a thick carpeted floor in their workshop. And when they retired, they'd just take out the carpet and burn it - taking all those precious metals for their retirement fund.
      He might have been pulling my leg though 😌

  • @imtrex521
    @imtrex521 3 месяца назад

    gorgeous!!🎉🎉❤❤

  • @schlettyb1
    @schlettyb1 6 месяцев назад

    Finally got to watch all three of these in a row! What a ride it was. Absolutely beautiful. I figured out how Dennis is great at art, creation, and documenting his journey after catching a glimpse of him in this series -- he's Santa in disguise!!
    Seriously though, with this amount of time, material, and craftsmanship, were these hand-made books out of reach for most people at the time? I would think these types of books would be closely held in personal libraries and passed down multiple times.