When The Supreme Court Tried to Prevent Indian Removal | Worcester v. Georgia
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- Опубликовано: 5 апр 2018
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In episode 30 of Supreme Court Briefs, the Supreme Court makes an important ruling, and the state of Georgia and Andrew Jackson completely ignore it.
Check out cool primary sources here:
www.oyez.org/cases/1789-1850/...
Other sources used:
www.umass.edu/legal/derrico/ma...
www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/ar...
www.law.cornell.edu/supremeco...
www.todayingeorgiahistory.org/...
www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/ar...
www.todayingeorgiahistory.org/...
Sound credits:
Mike Koenig
Music by Isaac Sander, Sam Sigourney, and Matt Beat.
Georgia
The 1820s
The Cherokee Nation, which held territory within Georgia’s borders, as well as in North Carolina, Alabama, and Tennessee, is threatened by the increasing amount of Americans who were trespassing and wanting to straight up take over their land. Georgia governor George Gilmer, as well as most of the Georgia legislature, made it very clear they wanted the Cherokee out of the state.
In 1827, the Cherokee Nation formally established a constitutional government and declared themselves sovereign, meaning American laws didn’t apply to them. This, of course, angered governor Gilmer and the legislature, and they annexed all Cherokee land in the state, dismantled the Cherokee government, and redistributed much of their land to white citizens.
Not only that, but three years later Congress passed and President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which gave the President the power to negotiate treaties to remove Native Americans from their lands.
While all of this was going on, white missionaries were working with the Cherokee Nation to help them defend their sovereignty and continue to resist the Georgia laws that was kicking them off their own land. The Georgia legislature didn’t like this so much, so they passed a law that specifically banned “white persons” from living with the Cherokee without special permission from the state.
But several of these missionaries were rebels, you could say- they refused to leave. Two of them who refused to leave were Elizur Butler, a doctor from Connecticut, and Samuel Worcester,a minister from Vermont. Local authorities arrested Butler and Worcester for “residing within the limits of the Cherokee nation without a license” and “without having taken the oath to support and defend the constitution and laws of the state of Georgia.” They were convicted and sentenced to hard labor for 4 years as punishment.
Worcester and Butler appealed the decision with the help of lawyers paid for by the Cherokee Nation, and their case ended up going to the Supreme Court. The Court heard arguments in February 1832. Worcester and Butler’s main argument was that the government of Georgia, by making laws that allowed it to force the Cherokee Nation to do whatever it said, was unconstitutional because only Congress could make treaties and deals with Indian tribes.
On March 3, 1832, the Supreme Court announced it had sided with Worcester and Butler, voting 5-1 in their favor. Chief Justice John Marshall, aka “Lil’ John,” delivered the opinion. He argued the Georgia law was unconstitutional and got in the way of the federal government's authority. He said, "The Cherokee nation, then, is a distinct community occupying its own territory in which the laws of Georgia can have no force. The whole intercourse between the United States and this nation, is, by our constitution and laws, vested in the government of the United States." In other words, he recognized the Cherokee as an independent nation. Georgia couldn’t pass laws controlling Spain or France, so why could they pass laws controlling the Cherokee?
So what did Georgia do in response to this decision? They ignored it. And Worcester and Butler stayed imprisoned. And President Andrew Jackson didn’t force Georgia to follow the Supreme Court decision, and instead said the Cherokee Nation better get out of Georgia or fall in line with their laws. Eventually Worcester and Butler were freed from prison only after they promised to stop helping the Cherokee resist the Georgia laws. In 1835, a faction of Cherokees broke away and secretly signed the Treaty of New Echota, which gave up Cherokee lands in Georgia in exchange for money. This group claimed to be representing all of the Cherokee, but they were not. In 1838, the U.S. Army forced almost all remaining Cherokees off of their lands in Georgia and marched them to Indian Territory in what is now Oklahoma.
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You are pathetic and your videos are a joke
That Andrew Jackson guy, he was a real jerk.
Trump loves him lol
Thanks norm.
He had good intentions but things just fell apart for him
@@thorunruh9244 Forcibly removing people from their land that they had lived on generations before he was even a thought is nowhere near "good intentions"
@@thorunruh9244 I'd like to know what these "good intentions" are ?
I'm from Georgia. To think of all the horror and injustice that has happened here, It makes my heart heavy.
You are not at fault. It's your fucked up state government.
Ok guilt and self hat LOL
Whoa, a state ignored a Supreme Court decision without consequences? How often has that happened in American history?
the laws are mainly to punish the poor not the rich
According to Andrew Jackson himself, "John Marshall has made his decision now let him enforce it." The Supreme Court doesn't have any power other than to say what is constitutional, and if nobody decides to listen to the Supreme Court, then their voice doesn't matter.
Alabama is doing it right now
@@aceous99 what does that have to do with the question?
@@calvincoolidge5943I think the question was rhetorical.
I like how you gave the borders of France at the time, not France's modern borders
But gave the borders of Spain including Portugal, which was already an independent country again.
Not even France at the time, at the time of the case France didnt even control Savoy or Wallonia or Geneva.
I think the court was right because the Native Americans should have rights in their territory because the US DOES NOT control Native American land. Great Video Mr Beat!
Darn straight! Thanks Mummy!
I hate Andrew Jackson too!
States don't control their lands, but the U.S. does that's what this case actually said.
@@OpinionesDeJACCsOpinions More like States can't act like their own little country. They are just states that must still follow the Federal government above them. This foretold of the coming civil war about states rights
@@BlueHen123
🤣Oh you're one of those "states rights" people when it comes to the U.S. Civil War. Tell me which was the right that was being “infringed” upon?😏
"Gotta do a school project, let me search 'Worcester v. Georgia'"
_Samuel A. Wooster_
...
_'scuse me?_
Wuhstah is how we say it in New England
“John Marshal has made his decision, now let him enforce it”-Andrew Jackson
Man did as he pleased
I remember my middle school teacher didn't properly specify on the test that this was sarcasm/a dare, so everyone in class missed the question
While I disagree with what Jackson did, I think presidents may need to start doing this again. The Supreme Court is out of control. They have now become our legislators. The Constitution and our laws mean whatever they say they mean.
@@tedgemberling2359 The Supreme Court is giving more authority for elected lawmakers to decide important issues, especially in their recent Dobbs decision. It’s the Roe court that was arrogating authority to themselves left and right.
We need alternate history hub what if john Marshall enforced it
@@actanonverba3041
Animals without reproductive rights are livestock.
I come from France, and your videos help me understanding US Law. Thx
I'm always excited to see comments from citizens from other countries. Glad you dig the videos and they help!
Welcome to the native American Indians land that was stolen. That's good you learn about American history it's very important
It's wrong though.
@@larrywinkle5394 the americans didn't steal it. France, spain portugal and england did
@@georgelinker9035
What about the Cherokee Nation?
Yup! Stolen land by Americans!
Look, I’m still proud to be an American, but this is the reality of it!
Remember the Trail of Tears? Well, if Andrew Jackson and the Georgia legislature would have actually listened to the Supreme Court, it never would have happened.
Who was the greatest Supreme Court justice, in your opinion?
Mr. Beat
1. Antonin Scalia
2. Hugo Black
3. Warren Burger
4. Earl Warren
5. William Rehnquist
6. Clarence Thomas
7. Thurgood Marshall
8. Ruth Bader Ginsburg
9. Sandra Day O'Connor
10. Harlan Stone
Mr. Beat Not quite sure that is necessarily true. Regardless of Jackson, campaigns for removal would have occured regardless.
Jackson's famous reaction to the ruling, "Justice Marshal has made his ruling, NOW LET HIM ENFORCE IT".
Yeah, but a strong President like Jackson did have the power to stop it.
That's a great quote, but unfortunately there is no proof Jackson ever said that. However, it's definitely believable he would say that.
Literally just had to write an essay over this a month ago. Why couldn’t this be posted a month ago.
ah dang....hopefully you got a good grade?
As a spaniard I have to thank you for the Portuguese lebbensraum you gave us in your map. We really needed it, but some portuguese could get pissed off, be safe.
haha I just googled "Spain map" and that is what came up. I have a video about Macau coming up, so I feel like it might be difficult for me to get Portuguese subscribers.
You should compensate making a video about Catalonia, that way you can get everyone mad. Thanks for answering I'm a big fan, I started following you with the presidential elections and I'm learning a lot about the US.
Sadly Jackson was too ignorant to actually force Georgia to respect the decision, but it truly was ultimately a monumental win for Native tribes. Thanks for uploading, another great video Mr. Beat!
P.S.: Your feelings towards Andrew Jackson are mutual...
Well put Luke and thanks for the kind words :D
And how could Jackson enforce that decision? The US Army was less then 15000 men mostly in the Great Plains. The only east west connection was the Erie Canal, thus hard to move troops east to west or west to east. Most of the states supported Georgia in its desire to remove the First Americans westward (even New York State will try to do so about the same time period but a sale of land was arranged instead).
The Militia of Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee and North Carolina out numbered the US Regular army. South Carolina was in the middle of the nullification crisis, where South Carolina said it could nullify any federal law it disliked, and Jackson was counting on the Militia of Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina and Tennessee to put down that act of rebellion.
Unlike Lincoln 30 years later, who could count on Northern support to put down the South and rely on the existing of the New York Central, Pennsylvania and Batitmore and Ohio railroads to move troops east to west and west to east, Jackson had little support to put down a rebellion in the South outside the deep South and a much weaker infrastructure to move troops to put down a rebellion.
Sorry, but to stop the removal of the Cherokees was not possible in 1836, furthermore Jackson was out of office when the removal took place, Van Bureau was President during the trail of tears.
@@paulmentzer7658 damn bro you provided some excellent points
@@paulmentzer7658 Jackson could have at the very least not helped support the decision
@@paulmentzer7658
Don't try to justify what Jackson did, it was very clear he was against Native Americans and he literally went against the constitution and seperation of powers by not enforcing the decision. Also your point that he was out of the presidency when the trail of tears happens doesn't really make sense, because andrew jackson threatened native americans to leave and if not for him, it probably wouldn't have happened to the extent that it did
I love how you yelled at Andrew Jackson at the end the energy in this video is great
Happy New Year Mr. Beat! Just want to tell you how much I love your videos. I'm a US history buff and you're videos are a great joy to me! I love that you cover it straight forward without bias and make the dry supreme court cases come to life. Cheers!
Your videos are really helping me get through my class. Thank you.
Love your videos Mr. Beat, keep up the great work. Definitely see your channel growing very much in the future.
Thank you. That means a lot. :D
Coming from the UK these videos are incredibly informative. Thank you Mr Beat.
Glad to hear! Thanks for watching. :D
I had a history professor who introduced A. Jackson like this, “the man had balls...in his chest from dueling.”
Damn, I needed this info in March and I watched your channel a lot at that time.
We are still in NC thanks to our beloved ancestor tsali he sacrificed himself for us to be able to stay. While only a few of us stayed we still have connections with our other half the Cherokee in our Oklahoma.
thank you so much for making this !
I'm from Venezuela and I'm pretty sure I have watched every single one supreme-court-briefs videos they are so f***ing good man... I'm becoming a US citizen this year and I love history. Your youtube channel is one of my favorite fr truly inspirational thank you so much for your hard work it shows 🙌 YOU ARE THE MAN!
Hey Mr. Beat! Please consider doing some episodes on the Marshall Trilogy as a follow up to this video.
Great video as always!"
Thanks :D
Thank you for sharing it was education & informative.
Please make more!!
I think that was the MAIN reason Trump idolized Jackson, Jackson ignored SCOTUS which Trump talked about doing yet never had the "courage" to do. The fact that Jackson ignored a SCOTUS ruling makes it even more puzzling that he was put on one of the most "popular" currency denominations.
Or mayb a mockery cuz AJ hated the banks?
Andrew Jackson was the only president in history to pay off the national debt and was known to be a very successful and beloved president for his successes
He was one of the most important and influential presidents ever, and he was a champion of democracy and the rights of the white man, of course an overly nationalist and patriotic white America would put him on a dollar bill. Especially in a time where Jackson, Jefferson, Lincoln and Washington had been the greatest presidents in the history of the nation up to that point. Who else would you expect on the dollar? Franklin Pierce, Rutherford B. Hayes, John Quincy Adams, Zachary Taylor? I guess not. James K. Polk might bei debatable but I guess, as he came and gone in very rapid time and his time and his control of politics were very short, he began to be glorified and resurface in the eyes of the public much later.
You have to keep in mind that those dollar bill depections of today Had been selected Like a century ago when pure patriotism dominantes the era and minorities we're irrelevant. They are terrible remnants of a not so nice time to be honest.
The thing is this was early in scotus so ignoring a SC court decision back then vs now is day and night
No president in their right mind regardless of what decision was made would ever blatantly ignore a Supreme Court decision in PUBLIC
And they named a sauce after this case?
Lucas Fernandez oof
What's Georgia sauce
I enjoy your videos.
I appreciate you watching :)
Jackson “da fuck u gon do about it!?”
It might be interesting to look at fletcher v peck as well! I have to write a paper about a related topic and it keeps coming up
Never even heard of that case. Thanks for suggesting it.
Very good video Mr. Beats. Why don't you compare the democracy in Athens and the Roman Republic and see which form of governmental structure was best.
Do you have a series about the amendments and amendment process to the constitution? Would be great to see one
So, was this the decision where Jackson said "Justice Marshall has made his decision now let him enforce it?" Or something to that effect
He supposedly said that, but there is no actual proof that he ever did. However, it's certainly believable he would have said that.
Someone in another comment found a quote where he said that in essence, but not those exact words.
thank u so much
When will you do A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States?
Absolutely a bad idea! Bad Andy, Bad! I think that the judicial branch should have there own enforcement/compliance department. If the courts rule something and the executive, the legislature or the police just ignore the ruling there are no repercussions. But if a citizen disregards a court order we are further penalized.
How would you implement that?
3:19 Hey. Spain overextends a bit, no? Like, over Portugal and stuff.
Mr. Beat, I really hope you see this; but i would really like to see Miller v. United States, considering the national conversation about gun control. I hear this case tossed around A LOT on both sides (extreme and centered) so I feel like it would be a good topic
Yes, I will eventually get to that one for sure
Mr. Beat good to hear :) glad you're doing it
It’s crazy seeing this after the recent bankruptcy case from SCOTUS
I respected Jackson before watching this video. Ignoring a Supreme Court decision is tyrannical and destructive long-term
To be fair he did showcase separation of power
So the judicial branch isn’t just over both the executive and legislative branch of the government
but that’s really the only good part
It was a nightmare. I agree.
We are a better nation for having nations peacefully within our borders,(I am aware of the continued abuses to the sovereignty of native American laws by visiting Americans especially.) The rest of us have to ensure that those who've helped and continue to help us, and they have, continue to walk with us through history. To lose the native American culture is to kill a piece of humanity itself, a self inflicted wound that would bleed forever.
We do our best to protect animals from disappearing, we must be doubled in our effort to preserve and cultivate each other into the future, no matter what may come.
My great grandma was a Cherokee Indian!
As horrific as this is, but important to add, it happens again in Indian Territory,(IT) aka Oklahoma Territory, aka the State of Oklahoma (1907) which was given in perpetuity to the so called Indians for the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
The sophisticated tools are the Dawes Act(1887) which eliminates Indian lands & carve the land into 160 acre lots to be sold. Then comes the Curtis Act(1898), which taking a page out of Georgia's legislation in the 1830's and eliminates the sovereignty of natives who were piled into this locale. Here is the kicker; strategically left in Indian Territory are 2 million acres of land in the center of IT which are also carved up in 160 acre lots that obstensibly were homesteaded for and by white settlers in 1889; the Oklahoma Land rush. Oklahoma had seven land rushes ending in 1895. You'll never look at the musical Oklahoma again the same way. If you are familiar with the University of Oklahoma, the teams are called the "Sooners." If you want a CHERRY on top-research why they are called the "SOONERS"...
that ending though 😂
It is sad seeing the state of indian reservations. If we truly want what is best for native americans, we would dismantle the reservations, no longer isolating them from the rest of the country. That wish probably is just disillusionment as history has shown we were never good at solving the problem, just kicking it doen the road (usually through indian relocation).
Liberosity Definitely. Clearly there is a problem when despite getting statistically the most government aid, natives are performing the worst economically (making on average less than half the average US Citizen). These reservations and constant aid programs keep them in permanent poverty.
Agree as well. Maybe, though, there could be some sort of aid to help them acquire property they so they could independently build up wealth. It's needs to be easier for them to be competitive in the modern, global economy, but they don't have the same opportunities as many Americans.
That was a thing called "Assimilation", which actually damaged Native American tribes even more. It was tried during the twenties (probably way earlier) to I think the sixties, which extinguished land claims as well as the tribes themselves, it just caused a lot of problems!
I feel Native American tribes should have binding representation in the House of Representatives just like state populations. In my opinion the map of the United States should include the borders of tribal reservations to show them as equal but different to states. Tribes as said in this video don't have to follow state law and since they do have to follow federal they should be shown as equal in maps as it not only 50 states but also several tribes as well.
Flame Fusion You are sadly mistaken. Your remedy will further strip the Nations. Not help them.
@@flamefusion8963 GFYS
the fact that you pronounced Worcester correctly is admirable
Enjoy your videos. Hope everybody understands why we want his picture off of the money.
So could I start or when you get your cult going, people refer to forget what video people can refer to his most recent video as of this posting on January 9th 2019 for more on that. So citing this Supreme Court decision can we just like make our own Nation in the middle of Kansas or can I just found a nation outside of Philadelphia tonight?
When the Supreme Court stops your laws, you know their crappy. (Also I’m from Georgia) Protect the Cherokee!
Korematsu v. United States
I saw the pillow cube commercial and now i want one
3:17 Poor Portugal :(
Is there any other cases where everybody ignore the Supreme Court's ruling?
Latest abortion case.
@@tedpuckett8066but the Supreme Court didn’t make any decision regarding abortion other than the fact they had no right to rule on it in the first place..
I wish Mr. Beat was my teacher. 🤗
Well I guess I kind of am :)
Mr. Beat well yeah you teach everyone that watches your videos 😁😁😁😁
This guy is so impartial. He tells you the facts of what happened...
1:40 That first Wuhstah hurt as a New Englander
Wow, fannin county was once cherokee
im watching this in class rn
Do wisconsin vs minnesota
thx
As President, I will work to right the historical wrongs perpetrated upon our indigenous American neighbors. Too many treaties continue to be violated.
I can't wait for a supreme court brief video on Trump Vs Colorado
Also remember that they felt gold up in Northern Georgia which was the first gold rush in the U.S.
Why did you give Portugal to Spain?
Makes the flag more complete, and perhaps Spain had actually annexed Portugal at the time but no one noticed and historians are all attempting to hide the fact and Mr.Beat is trying to get the Truth out.
Or perhaps it was just a mistake when making the video but I like to believe the conspiracy theory.
Wisconsin v. Yoder
LOL im watching this in remote learning 2020 Corona
it "clarified" the relation between Native Americans and the state and federal governments,
U N L E S S
there was something of value that the Native Americans had
on their land and then the relationship immediately
became the same as it was before Worcestor v Georgia,
and the only Real Americans were shunted off to the next
bit of land that white people didn't want, until they wanted it...
the same story continues to this day:
viz the DAPL, and XL pipeline....to mention just 2
Georgia: there’s no Cherokee nation
Also Georgia: let’s charge that white dude for being on Cherokee nation land
President During this time: Andrew Jackson (:/)
Chief Justice: John Marshall
Argued February 20, 1832
Decided March 3, 1832
Case Duration: 12 Days
Decision: 5-1 in favor of Worcester
The only thing I could find is this "President Andrew Jackson ignored the Court's decision in Worcester v. Georgia, but later issued a proclamation of the Supreme Court's ultimate power to decide constitutional questions and emphasizing that its decisions had to be obeyed."
Did Andrew Jackson get punished for disobeying the supreme court? I would hope in todays politics if the President disobeyed the supreme court they would get punished.
Since it was the early 19th century and the court wasn’t as established as it is now nothing really happened
Ofc if any president post 20th century even thought of PUBLICALLY disobeying a Supreme Court decision and refusing to enforce it they won’t be president come morning
Oh Jackson. The one American president who doesn't care about legality
There might be another couple I can think of off the top of my head :)
Mr. Beat true
This just goes to show that without the PRESIDENT enforcing the laws it meant nothing. "Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it." That's not how it works Jackson.
For many years, l have regretted the hateful "lndian Removal Act"; l have always loathed Andrew Jackson.
And I thought that the President directly going against the actions of the Supreme Court was illegal.
Bobby Ferg I'm not sure if it is. I'm not a lawyer but it might fall under contempt of court.
If no one is willing to enforce what the court says, words like "illegal" are pretty meaningless.
dugroz Yah it is pretty sad how often people will bend or just ignore laws just because they can.
@@bobbyferg9173 its Andrew jackson, Andrew fucking jackson
Not really nowhere is it illegal for a president to do this
But well if they did they would be impeached by the morning in the 21st century regardless of who they are
No party wants there face to be of tyranny which is what ignoring a SC decision in the 21st century would be
But anyways this also demsontrates separation of Power
The SC can rule on legislation but can’t enforce it
Otherwise that branch is too powerful and would create an imbalance
Love the video, but technically Butler and Wooster can't get 4 yrs labor because it goes against Amendment 7 or 8. (Sorry I get a little confused when learning about the Bill of Right)
I think it does, I'm not 100% sure
Anyway Andrew Jackson continues to be my fourth most beloved president.
Democrats stick together.
Mine too; but we haven't had our legs sawed off from frostbite.
I love you, man. just discovered this gem of a video... you know how I feel about this topic. let's do more to make reparations to the people who lived here on Turtle Island FIRST!
Hmmm if what you say is true that this court ruling makes tribal territory Independent nations (and no verdict had overturned it) could a future president declare the tribal lands currently recognized as independent nations?
Honestly that would be a good court case to bring.
They wud call it "custom"?
I think those tribal nations have to declare independence first?
@@universalplayz7496 Kind of. I mean If a president was to issue such a policy the Tribal Nations are by and large going to back it as it would be to their advantage
It looks like in this timeline Spain annexed Portugal
When oh WHEN can we finally get him off the $20 bill.
ya i’ve always hated that he’s on the twenty. like old statesmen are almost all racist but jackson was exceptional. dude just had a deep disdain for all forms of human life.
What should we do to compensate the cherokees?
maybe ask them?
Jupiter Kansas yeah, maybe tax payers money will help as well you know?
I tend to believe that compensation by people who weren't alive to people who weren't alive is kind of dumb. I think the best solution is not to open old wounds but to move on as a more equal society which we are now.
@@HistoryNerd808I mean those descendants are still facing reprucussions from this
Those who took the land freely live it
And those who were forced out don’t in general
@@universalplayz7496 Sure but none of us were alive. Also, I'm generally more in favor of seeing people as individuals. I see it as similar to the debate over slavery reparations to African-Americans, albeit that has the added wrinkle of Black immigrants who aren't descended from slaves they would be giving money to. Also, you realize that comment is from 6 years ago, right?
Jaxson was terrible and so were those other people helping with it which is once again proving humans are kind of the worst. In an artical about the Harriet Tubman $20 bill it seems they still hate Jaxson to this day, good thing someone who deserves it is going to replace him.
4:56 Why didn't Johnson vote?
I was asking myself that question
I couldn't find out why, but this actually used to be more common than you think.
Mr. Beat that would be a great bonus to do, talking about judges not siding
I'd have to go to the archives, as that info doesn't appear to be published online.
Mr. Beat it would be interesting regardless
Justice Marshall made his ruling, now let him enforce it.
I think that all Americans should live within in the same Country have the same Rights and follow the same laws
3:18 You sure you've got the right map of France there? Because that looks a bit like a map of France and Wallonia united. Some people may want the map of France to look like that but I'm fairly certain it never has looked like that.
Here is what I did. I Googled "maps of France in the public domain" and that was one of the first ones to show up.
Sad that this is still law of the land
If only he listened
The simple fact is ever since Europeans set foot on this soil they started taking land from the Indians. This was not the beginning or the end.
I love Andrew Jackson
No one loves you
Why?
(Tried to stop)
He sounds like Ben Wyatt
From Parks and Rec?
Mr. Beat yes
Mr. Beat and great videos by the way
BAHHAHAB HE DOES
Bottom line everything about how the Federal government handled the native American indians were horrible and still today we are trying to get some of native American Indians land back. I'm proud of my race because we don't complain like some other races and the reason we don't I was taught is because we are a noble people......i could talk about how they were mistreated all day but what good would that do if I'm not in front of a supreme court so I won't ........native American Indians build small fire and get close to it white man build huge fire and stands waaay back Lol .........The people who walk long muddy path overtime will be stronger in the end then the ones that walk the easy path throughout time.
*war-chester*
"do you think the indian removal act was a good idea? answer in the comments below"
@@user-hd2rr4io1q you have done what no commenter in history has done, you have solved the indian removal act and proved it was in fact a bad idea
This is one reason I think of Andrew Jackson as one of our worst Presidents ever. He forcibly removed the Native American tribes in the Southeast from their lands to Oklahoma. I have a book about the Trail Of Tears that goes into some gruesome detail about what happened. Some of the U.S. soldiers that were deployed to relocate the Cherokee, etc... to their new "homes" would even keep the skins of those they shot and killed as "badges" which just goes to show their brutality.
Seriously, Andrew Jackson has no business being revered in American history. I would believe you have the same opinion.
Oh America..
Indeed.