Really appreciate the work Prof. Begun and his colleagues are doing. Must take the patience of angels to find and process the fossils and a scientific mind to match. Thank you all.
What a great episode. Prof. Begun is wonderful to listen to. Thank you for another fine episode. Loved the title of "The Ancestors of Our Ancestors", alluded to at 31:50 . Again, many thanks.
Thank you-- it was how David described the apes in this hypothesis, though he also calls them 'the ancestors of our last common ancestor' (a slightly less catchy title!)
@@larryparis925 maybe Islam is evil like your beloved atheism - as they are just as murderous and brutal - All you have is micro variations - trying to extrapolate into that BS macro crap is for the naive . Time of the gaps plus Chance of the gaps plus some wild imagination and your hoax theory gets to strut like a peacock in the Biology classroom.
Because more & more people are not buying into a theory passed off as fact. There is more evidence in creation than just a happy accident that produced life. A fool studies creation without acknowledging a creator. The opposite should occur, the study of creation should bring you to the conclusion that there is a creator. Higher education in this world is knowledge without wisdom.
@@hotdogwater-j9m You must be one of those christian right people from America. A fool like you studies creation by acknowledging a creator. We are not fools because we study evolution not creation.
Well did he answer these 2 questions. Name the mechanism and give one example of each. How an organism gains new never before seen genetic information and name one bennificial mutations and example without a loss of information in the genes. Lol you see this is a huge problem for evolution they can't do either. We see copying of existing genes and broken genes with a loss of genetic fitness. Those 2 thongs totally disproves evolution. You can look up the fruit fly experiment. We get fruit flies and dead fruit flies nothing new or different. Soft tissue in dino bones has been found in over 120 different bones now. Ranging from a supposed 65 million to 500 million years old. The protiens they have found in the soft tissue proves beyond a doubt they are not even a million years old. So academia has a lot of misinformation to account for
Terrific video again. I've said this before, if find these videos are well-structured but you also allow your guest to present things at their own pace. The segmented chapters in on the time bar is also very handy. I have heard of this theory before but it was great to go into the specifics. What surprised me most was how much emphasis was put in the roots of the teeth. Teeth obviously change with evolution and can say so much about the habits of a species as well as the health of an individual. When you think about the importance of teeth, your entire thought is based on the 'business end' of the tooth rather than where and how it is anchored. It might seem small but very interesting.
To stay an atheist, You would have to believe that nothing produces everything; non-life produces life; randomness produces fine-tuning; chaos produces information; unconsciousness produces consciousness; and non-reason produces reason. Your leap of faith is a religion built on blind faith.
Huh? You're both dumbing-down _and_ misrepresenting huge fields of scientific research @@easylivingsherpa. Have you also assumed that further research isn't being conducted? It looks like you're oblivious of the fact, that the scientific process specifically requires scientists to actively question and test our ideas, theories and discoveries. All of this demonstrates why science is fundamentally different to the "blind faith" you accuse it of - much less, being a religion itself.
@@assininecomment1630 And we can dispense the lie that theists are too dumb to understand evolution because I own 35 books on evolution and have downloaded and read 50 more from Google books. I dont need to go to any creationist website for my information because evolutionists give me all of the ammo that I need to show them that what they believe is wrought with errors and requires faith to believe in it. They call that faith, something you evolutionists have no shortage of. What we want is something from the scientific method proving evolution. Give us something observable for Darwinian evolution and shut us up once and for all. Or dont you have anything observable taken from the claptrap you call evolution. Thats not a rhetorical question because we know that you dont. Now comes the weepy sonnet where you give us bacteria turning into bacteria, no mutations ever showing an addition of positive information, adaptation, and a host of other scientific facts to replace your lack of any proof.And no a thousand pissed off fruit flies wont work either. I want something observable. Something where one species has changed into another because thats what evolution is all about anyway. And attach it to the hip of the scientific method. If all youve got is a big fat zero then thats all that your opinions are worth. To reiterate I asked for observable evidence for Darwinian evolution and not faith in the unobserved. You cant tell if a fossil had any kids let alone morphed into a separate species. You fools have no proof for this religion that you call evolution.Thats why its flailing like a dying animal taking its last breath.
@@assininecomment1630They believe the earth is 6000 years old, women have one less rib than men & donkeys speak Hebrew. It’s a waste of time to explain. Unfortunately, one can’t explain something to someone who doesn’t want to know anything.
I grew up with the idea human origins began in Africa but I`m willing to accept we could've started in Europe instead. Either way our human family tree still started as just One ancestral population and that`s what`s really important to me.
Humans, genus Homo, definitely started in Africa. That would go back only 2-3 million years. Apes, on the other hand, have been around some 20 million years. Where they originated is an entirely separate question.
@@godofthisshitsorry but they don't know that at all. Most of the so called human ancestors are not any where near human. In fact the picks of Lucy walking upright with human eyes are just that ART WORK no more real then Harry potters basilisk lol. The dna doesn't give any proof to comman ancestry in fact it actually proves against it. There are 1.2 million more pairs of dna in humans then chimps. Which is far to many for mutation and natural selection to give us chimps and humans from a common ancestry. That's the bad thing about academia these days they love to exaggerate and hype things. Grant money pays the bills and allows for research which your not going to get if you say oh look I found a monkey or an ape... if you say I found a possible human ancestor though it's a big difference. So just take these guys with a ton of salt and skeptical mindset with careful reading or listening of what they say. Then you will see how much is guess and how much is fact.
I believe our understanding of human evolution is going to continue to grow and evolve. Starting from a linear perspective in Darwins time, to a branching tree, and finally to a complex bush of interbreeding and migration.
Hey Sorry guys Darwin is dead his theory was just bad. There is no proof and genetics and the fossil record don't support his idea. Its just a sad shame they keep pushing this bad idea eventually they will revise it and come up with something else.
@terranbiped8358 We can take bong hits and amuse ourselves all day with what if. All aliens do is complicate the question. Now you need to explain how the aliens came about unless, of course, you have evidence.
I wonder how Kenyapitcheus fits into this (I think the consensus is an African Ponginae circa 14 mya?)? Was this the fragmentary African species he was referring to?
I started dubious about this professor, but he opened up my mind. The geological and climatological changes in the Mediterranean makes a lot of sense for proto hominin like apes to migrate down to africa at around 10 to 6 million years ago.
So... this means we're all Germans? Joking aside : fascinating video. Tracing back our lineage by teeth fossils, especially our modest canine teeth. Good thing teeth can last for millions of years in the earth (though they can hardly manage a couple of decades in my mouth ;)
Sorry if this is a noob question.... 10:55 - When Prof. Begun says they have some good skeletons of _Rudapithecus H._ 10mya, are these fossilised or actual bone? I can't recall learning how long the fossilisation process generally takes, or if/what factors might drastically quicken or delay that process. FWIW, I've only stumbled across this channel in my diverse procrastinational wanderings around YewTyoob (while I should be finishing off the assessment paperwork of my own students 🙄). I find Begun's manner, excellent. He provides suffient details to advance a science nerd's knowledge, but generalised enough for it to make sense to people with little familiarity of the field. So, great work, fellas! 🙂👍
Welcome! The channel is for everyone - for casual curious and for the academic. The bones would definitely be fossilized (10K+ years for fossilization to occur). However, new techniques in proteomics may be able to bring forth information similar to DNA testing.
If there was a cooling/drying climate gradient pushing Eurasian mammals down thru the Levant into Africa, the fact that the stem-ape arose in Eurasia could account both for branching either outside or inside of Africa, or any permutation of branching history, I would expect. Pongo in SE Asia is the clearest evidence of Eurasian stem-ape origin.
As a computer scientist I find this so amazing, my sister is what we call a bone digger in my family and my god I can listen and look through her "book" for days, makes you feel so small. I would love to meet our ancestors from millions of years ago, even 1 million!!
At first I would want to meet them too, until I realize what kind of mischief and mayhem these organisms would be known for. Getting into everything. Wrecking everything. Throwing poo. Ganging up on weaker creatures. Guerilla tactics indeed. Some would be nice if you had some fresh fruit for them. They would have sounds that sounded more like our speech. And we would think, "Wow these guys are pretty smart! For morons." LOL
Since fossils are difficult to find, but not impossible to find - there is that possibility of fossils in both in Europe, Asia and Africia that do exist that have not been found yet.
31:07 How does the sampling effort of Middle-Late Miocene Europe compare to that in Eastern Africa, though? I don't have the hard data, but I suspect its been much greater in the former.
Great stuff. Thanks! Does this mean that the Gorilla-human/pan split happened in Eurasia rather than Africa? Or even the homo-pan split outside Africa as well?
I have a long-time interest in mammalogy from working in a Natural History Museum as an undergraduate. Even in the 70s researchers were aware that the fossil record indicated that the great apes originated in Europe. Great to see new studies to back this up.
Well my latest hypothesis is that we all originally came from the sea, so we're all evolved fish. So lets have no more arguments over Africa, Europe, Black, White, monkeys or apes or whatever else. We're all fish guys so just chill the fuck out okay!
I have to ask show me the mechanism for an organism to gain new information it never had before? Just one example and do your home work I don't want to hear of a copy of already existing genes I want the mechanism for change the evolution of the organism how can it get new never before had information. Decent with modification doesn't cut it either you have thousands of pairs of rna not to mention dna that all have to be almost perfect to function correctly so you can't get that mechanism that way either. It's their already existing and bad info. You can try to point out a bennificial mutation but I haven't seen one yet that doesn't come with the lack of function of a gene or genetic degradation that turns out to be more harmful then bennificial. So thank you I'm not trying to be rude just pointing out major flaws in this bad idea
@@JDUK71 not a lot I'm just poking holes in the really bad idea that Darwins evolution is an actual scientific fact. There is no mechanism for an organism to gain new never before had genes or information. The organisms dna can degrade or it can copy its own information but there isn't a way for it to gain new info so nothing can evolve like they say. It doesn't happen. They don't have historical proof of it and noone has seen it happen so the change they say it takes to evolve isn't possible. Not once have I heard of or found an example for it. That's all I'm doing. I'm in no way trying to be rude to you or anything like that and I apologize if I may have come accross that way.
I recall learning of this possibility more that twenty yrs ago as an anthro undergrad. It may also be a result of an incomplete and very scant African fossil record, which may be due to preservation bias and also lack of research and paleo anthropology being conducted in parts of Africa due to political difficulties. It’s easier to excavate your own back yard as it were. My other concern is that racism was very overt and prevalent amongst European Paleoanthropologist’s in the early years of exploration. The idea of an African origin for Homo was an anathema. Many latched onto the idea that Homo had an Asian or European origin and only later migrated into Africa because the thought of African ancestry no matter how deep in the past for white Europeans was unacceptable. I can’t help but wonder if those who enthusiastically tout these findings don’t do so for the same reason even if it may be unconscious bias on their part. I’m just saying before one jumps on the bandwagon that the ancestors of Homo, or Homo itself migrated from Asia or Europe into Africa to question whether one has unconscious racist bias against an African origin. It may be the case that like many other Eurasian fauna, the ancestors of Homo migrated along with them into Africa. It’s also true that African faunal assemblages migrated into Eurasia as well and may have included early apes as well. I’m just saying proceed with caution and question if one is engaging in bias confirmation no matter how unconscious it may be and be aware there may be evidence some day from Africa that suggests an African origin after all.
Just out of curiosity, since I doubt all of the ancestral branches moved in and out of Africa at the same time, and since mega fauna was moving back and forth over the Beringia connection, did any of those ancestors make it into America? It would certainly explain many of the First Nations stories of giants and other non human humanoids, and the presence of really old really primitive tools, or possibly tools, at several American sites. Life forms adapt to conditions and quite possibly some of the apes would have adjusted to the changes rather than migrated away.
Divergence driven by climate change and migration forced by climate change is the generally accepted paradigm. I fully agree, almost. What is being neglected is migration caused by society and behavior. If you have a creature that has a family structure or a "band" such as a chimpanzee or gorilla, and you also have things like long term memory and facial recognition, or recognition of individuals....you could have strife within a band or between bands of apes. This can induce migration because some are pushed out of areas and into less favorable areas. And it can domino as populations grow. As population growth accelerates and pushes bands into new regions, it can accelerate the divergence of species. It is very difficult to link evolution with behaviorial and societal factors because in now way can those kinds of things be recorded in a fossil layer. But I think it is worth stating that we know that society and behavior were also factors. At least, we should infer that. In terms of science it is a very squishy thing to do and speculate on. But if we are going to discuss early apes and hominids we shouldn't leave these factors out of the story. We also shouldn't try to write stories and narratives. My point is that climate and catastrophe are not the only factors in speciation. I've long thought that the destiny in evolutionary terms for any organism can be affected in small ways such as having a preference of one food type over another, or one nesting behavior over another, or one mate over another. Most mammals can recognize family from non family and I also think this has played a role in the specieation of mammals.
Based on fossils, we're not out of Africa but migrated through Africa and then around the world. Isn't that amazing that fossils could prove scientific human evolution!
Quite a bit of information was left out. I anticipated this lecture and was highly disappointed, but not surprised. This is the second time, on this channel, that I am aware of, of "professional scientists," skirting facts, including their own. From a professor of the sciences, it's disappointing.
This is nothing to be shy about. Let your voice be heard, Professor Solounias! Why don't you put a link to your website in your comment. I reckon a scientist of your stature and renown would make a perfect guest on this channel, too!
I believe that our direct ancestors were not one species, but a continuous coalition of several, or many species of homo. That means our linage could diverge into some African ape ancestors and some European ape ancestors. It seems logical, if not likely that our DNA has many roots.
The same way we did by wandering through valleys and across flat areas. Traversing these areas is doable if you have food. Modern humans just have to drag everything they own with them. These organisms might not have had to if there were food sources along the way. And they didn't have to have a goal to get there, all they needed were other creatures or bands of members of their own species pushing them out and into less favorable conditions.
Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge: it is those who know little, and not those who know much, who so positively assert that this or that problem will never be solved by science.". Charles Darwin
The Professor mentioned climate became drier think he said 13 million years ago but doesn't know why. Saw an astronomy video, suggesting the sun has an undulating orbit of the Milky Way Galaxy once every 220 million years, which in turn would probably affect the earths climate.
@@eastafrica1020 Neanderthals descend from a population of Homo heidelbergensis that left Africa before Homo sapiens did. That’s why Neanderthals were already in Europe and Denisovans were in Asia, because the share an African ancestor that would also give rise to Homo sapiens in Africa.
A lot of Begun's hypothesis hinges on the assumption that there should have been fossil evidence for great apes in Africa at the time when he points out there's an absence of such, but I think this fails to properly account for how poorly fossilization occurs in the rainforest, which is where these apes would primarily live; and during the Miocene Climactic Optimum those rainforests would likely have extended far beyond their current range too. We didn't even have a chimpanzee fossil until just a couple of decades ago if I'm not mistaken.
What are you talking about? Chimpanzees have been known about for many thousands of years. We don't need a chimpanzee fossil because we have.....chimpanzees.
Preservation bias is totally irrelevant in this case since it has already been established that Europe at the time was filled with sub-tropical rainforests where these fossils are found. Additionally, there are regions in Africa that historically yielded fossils such as the afropithecus localities that yield nothing during the time of the European Miocene ape adaptive radiation.
@@entropicemerald807: It's not "totally irrelevant" at all. I'm talking about specific parts of his assumptions and some of the things he concludes from it. Not sure why you try bringing up something I explicitly stated as a fact as if that somehow contradicts anything I'm saying. Subtropical forests generally aren't going to be warm and wet enough to prevent fossilization to the same degree, so still finding some fossils there is to be expected. The _Afropithecus_ point just supports exactly what I'm saying: if the rainforests expanded during that time, it's very likely that the places where we found _Afropithecus_ fossils otherwise were too warm and wet for proper fossilization to occur during that period; a much more likely explanation that the apes being absent. What I'm saying isn't really that contentious. I have indeed confirmed that we didn't even have a proper chimpanzee fossil until quite recently, and such finds are quite rare. The tropical equatorial rainforests is extremely non-conducive to fossilization.
@@hoon_sol sorry lmfao are you saying "subtropical" forests aren't humid and moist? The scientific name is literally "subtropical moist broadleaf forests", and you're saying they're not warm and wet?
@@entropicemerald807: Try actually reading what I'm writing instead of misrepresenting it. It's not that subtropical forests aren't typically warm and humid, and I never said that; but compared to a full-on tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification "Af") as found near the equator it's not even close. It's simply a fact that subtropical forests allow for a higher degree of fossilization relative to a tropical equatorial rainforest, for which fossilization is exceedingly rare (again, as evidenced by our lack of chimpanzee fossils from the region despite chimpanzees and their ancestor species having lived there for tens of millions of years, and at least a few million as chimpanzees specifically).
To account for substantial morphological variation in the genus Proconsul, two species, P. nyanzae and P. heseloni, were placed in the new genus Ekembo.
Oh yeah is that so???? i'll have you know life began in the sea and Atlantis may be the actual birth place humans and some mammals that may have ventured into africa as well. So y'know whut...
How can these skeletal remains be attributes to humans ... Thats my biggest debate about the hypothesis...theres so many factora and even more x factors that cant be quantified ... How do we.know aome of these remains from Macedonia for example arent thr progenitors of modern orangutanga for example and not in our direct lineage
At times in the past, the Mediteranian Sea was a group of lakes, and not one contigious barrier between Europe and Africa. It was not just apes that roamed about Europe.
this is highly controversial. most anthropologists don't think the evidence points to Begun's hypothesis. they don't even bother disputing it for the most part.
@@entropicemerald807 you don't understand the appeal to authority fallacy and there is nothing "wrong" in my previous post. the almost unanimous consensus amongst anthropologists is that apes and their/our ancestors evolved in Africa (as any intro to antho book will tell you). of course Begun may be correct but he has a LONG way to go to convince his colleagues and upend prevailing hypotheses.
@@teebagz1 YOU font understand how an appeal to authority fallacy works dummy. You're citing a "unanimous consensus" and "any intro book" instead of presenting any actual argument. You APPEAL to the supposed "consensus" (authority) instead of presenting your position organically, maybe try a google search of what an appeal to authority fallacy is next time moron. The African apes emerged in Europe, as what IS "unanimous" is that they descend from a dryopith ancestor upon migration back into Africa. This is evidenced by the fact dryopith anatomy actually aligns with the extant African apes. What's your actual argument? How do you explain the fact dryopith anatomy aligns with the African apes moreso than the early Miocene monkey-like apes that were found in Africa before the European radiation? How do you explain the gap in later Miocene apes in Africa? I DARE you to say preservation bias, it'll bury your already weak (in this case non existent) position. Your position is literally built on an appeal to authority fallacy and you don't actually have an argument, what a joke.
What's so special about having a minority blood type, and having less doner blood available if you get a serious injury? Or your immune system killing your babies in the womb because you have rh negative blood? Seems more like a liability to me.
Unfortunately, the people who don't understand evolution, are people who don't care about reading or watching this type of program, and on top of that, they believe in religion, they believe in god; many of them believe in (Adam and Eve and the talking snake) It is very sad.
If you really understood evolution you would be embarrassed. The evolution we see is adaptation by mutations that degrade or break genes. Darwin’s finches have mutations on the XLM1 gene which degraded the growth of beaks. Nothing new created, evolution does not build it breaks. There is no evolution from a first simple cell.
@@BbBb-vd2sj so if a person makes a comment on a video that is relevant to the video….he isn’t minding his own business? It looks to me like you aren’t minding YOUR own business. You sound like a nut case.
Well I have a question for you then. Give me the mechanism that allows new never before seen information in an organism. Not copies of its own... just one example and the mechanism. Also can you give me one example of a bennificial mutation that doesn't come with a loss of information to the organism?
Extremely interesting-I often wondered about the origins of orangutans, which in some aspects are more intelligent and human-like than chimps, exhibiting, for example, an apparent sense of humor
So excited because climate affects evolution on species 🤔 Because evolution science and climate with geology now that DNA can be analyzed this from 2010 AD most exciting because wholly Mammoth was in Alaska all year long with eating vegitation with all other species that all evolved with each other has always been my passion because History of Everything now has many various specialists that had not existed when I was reading science of everything with behavior of all living species that evolved that geology geography affected for everything with the sea barely studied . 😁👍
@@drfill9210 Yes! I don’t pretend to understand it all, but the book said “we have been the mother to every species “. It really makes you look at everything differently. I’ve wondered if we are being nostalgic studying Palio animals/people. 😂😳🤣
Africa was before Europe. I am only saying this cause the place that was frozen while humans was migrating was eroupe. And nothing could live in frozen regions for thousands of years. So let's start with that fact.
Aren't all these new apes (Anadolius, Graechopithecus) too recent to be in our line? Sahelanthropus is already in our line, very clearly so (bipedal, human-like brain, already diverged from Pan) and is of roughly the same age 7-8 Ma. These are interesting but almost certainly a side branch rather, great apes must have already radiated by then. A cursory look at the paper suggests that these researchers are cherry-picking the evidence: where is Sahelanthropus in fig. 5? Where is Proconsul even?! This is sensationalism, not serious science!
He cites Sahelanthropus at 21:14, as coming after the European fossils already described: don't underestimate the very large time frames involved; a huge amount of evolution can occur within one million years, particularly for shorter-lived species - it's about generations, not absolute time spans.
@@terryhunt2659 - I missed that. Not sure if it is my bad or that he just glossed over it so fast and unremarkably (especially for such a key fossil, which is, not "arguably" the first of our line, after parting ways with chimps and bonobos) that I just didn't notice. Would he comment something more than a single sentence, I'd stand corrected, but, considering how fast he goes over it, I can't say so. A million years is a lot but Homo sp. has been around for longer than 2 Ma, and the Pan-Homo clade ("hominins"?) has probably been around for 10-20 Ma (credible estimates for the Pan-Homo split range from 8 to as much as 17 Ma). So maybe what we should underestimate is the difficulty for fossils to preserve in jungle conditions, which are the worst... but also the ones in which we should expect to find most of our ancestors and in general those of Primates.
@@Axxe80Why do people want their ancestors to be apes so badly…this is strange if you think about it…not criticizing people for thinking this I’m just curious why ? 🦍
They started eating meat and that was the cause of the jawbone bigger because they in reality when they fight a different part of the clan they eat their dead they do not waste anyting so they began to eat meat they started killing other monkey's for meet specially newborns
Science is very close to identifying the last few small details. Listen to some of the details- The Origin of Life: Not as Hard as it Looks? Jack Szosta, Spring 2023 Eyring Lecturer ruclips.net/video/ZLzyco3Q_Rg/видео.html Energy and Matter at the Origin of Life ruclips.net/video/vEZJdK5hhvo/видео.html
RUclips won't let me post outside links, so search for these titles if you want to learn about recent research into abiogenesis: "Abiotic synthesis of high-molecular-weight organics from an inorganic gas mixture of carbon monoxide, ammonia, and water by 3 MeV proteon irradiation." "Prebiotic protein design supports a halophile origin of foldable proteins" "Peptide ligation by chemoselective aminonitrile coupling in water" "A wheel invented three times" "Origin of life insight: peptides can form without amino acids" "4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase, an enzyme composed of 62 amino acid residues per monomer" "A prebiotic template-directed peptide synthesis based on amyloids" "The origin of genetic and metabolic systems: Evolutionary structuralinsights" "Prebiotic Phosphorylation of 2-Thiouridine Provides Either Nucleotides or DNA Building Blocks via Photoreduction" "Prebiotic Photochemical Coproduction of Purine Ribo- and Deoxyribonucleosides" "Abiotic synthesis of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets" "Small protein folds at the root of an ancient metabolic network" "Enhanced Nonenzymatic RNA Copying with 2-Aminoimidazole Activated Nucleotides" "Origin of life: Transitioning to DNA genomes in an RNA world" "Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism" "Boron-assisted abiotic polypeptide synthesis" "Mineral Catalysis and Prebiotic Synthesis: Montmorillonite-Catalyzed Formation of RNA" "Peptide ligation by chemoselective aminonitrile coupling in water" "Life as a Manifestation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics" "Self-Organizing Biochemical Cycles" "Ultrahigh Adhesion Force Between Silica-Binding Peptide SB7 and Glass Substrate Studied by Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamic Simulation" "Scientists announce a breakthrough in determining life's origin on Earth-and maybe Mars" "Study shows short peptides can self-assemble into catalysts" "In situ observation of peptide bond formation at the water-air interface" "Chemistry and Photochemistry of Pyruvic Acid at the Air-Water Interface" "Prebiotic competition and evolution in self-replicating polynucleotides can explain the properties of DNA/RNA in modern living systems" "Spontaneous Emergence of Self-Replicating Molecules Containing Nucleobases and Amino Acids" "Potentially Prebiotic Activation Chemistry Compatible with Nonenzymatic RNA Copying" "Enhanced nonenzymatic RNA copying with in-situ activation of short oligonucleotides" "Freeze-thaw cycles enable a prebiotically plausible and continuous pathway from nucleotide activation to nonenzymatic RNA copying" "Conditions for the origin of homochirality in primordial catalytic reaction networks" "Carbonic anhydrase is an ancient enzyme widespread in prokaryotes" "Carbonic anhydrase, purification and nature of the enzyme." "Carbonic anhydrase. Its preparation and properties." "Scientists Discover a Self-Replicating Protein Structure, And It Could Have Built The First Life on Earth" "The Origins of the RNA World" "Serum Albumin: A Multifaced Enzyme" "Scientists identify substance that may have sparked life on Earth" "Maths unlocks molecular interactions that open window to how life evolved" "Ancient proteins offer new clues about origin of life on Earth" "Where did the first sugars come from?" "Synthetic enzymes hint at life without DNA or RNA" "Life’s First Molecule Was Protein, Not RNA, New Model Suggests" "Self-replicating micelles: aqueous micelles and enzymatically driven reactions in reverse micelles" "Evolutionary repurposing of a promiscuous enzyme" "A left-hand β-helix revealed by the crystal structure of a carbonic anhydrase from the archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila." "The catalysis of the hydration of carbon dioxide and the dehydration of carbonic acid by an enzyme isolated from red blood cells." "X-ray structure of β-carbonic anhydrase from the red alga, Porphyridium purpureum, reveals a novel catalytic site for CO2 hydration." "The active site architecture of Pisum sativumβ-carbonic anhydrase is a mirror image of that of α-carbonic anhydrases." "Functional diversity, conservation, and convergence in the evolution of the α-, β-, and γ-carbonic anhydrase gene families." "Prokaryotic carbonic anhydrases" "Dissipative Photochemical Abiogenesis of the Purines" "The carbonic anhydrases: widening perspectives on their evolution, expression and function." "The structure and function of carbonic anhydrase isozymes in the respiratory system of vertebrates." "Inhibition and catalysis of carbonic anhydrase. Recent crystallographic analyses." "Polypeptide Chain Growth Mechanisms and Secondary Structure Formation in Glycene Gas-Phase Deposition on Silica Surfaces" "The peptide-catalyzed stereospecific synthesis of tetroses: A possible model for prebiotic molecular evolution" "Evolution of Amino Acid Frequencies In Protiens Over Deep Time: Inferred Order of Introduction of Amino Acids into The Genetic Code" "Straightforward Creation of Possibly Prebiotic Complex Mixtures of Thiol-Rich Peptides" "Reactivity landscape of pyruvate under simulated hydrothermal vent conditions" "Synthesis and Characterization of Amino Acid Decyl Esters as Early Membranes for the Origins of Life" "What Is Life: Various Definitions Towards The Contemporary Astrobiology" "Formation of Amino Acids and Carboxylic Acids in Weakly Reducing Planetary Atmospheres by Solar Energetic Particles from the Young Sun" "Aqueous microdroplets enable abiotic synthesis and chain extension of unique peptide isomers from free amino acids" "The Dissipative Photochemical Origin of Life: UVC Abiogenesis of Adenine" "In situ formation of a biomimetic lipid membrane triggered by an aggregation-enhanced photoligation chemistry" "Simple Ion-Gas Mixtures as a Source of Key Molecules Relevant to Prebiotic Chemistry" "Undefining life's biochemistry: implications for abiogenesis" "Potassium at the Origins of Life: Did Biology Emerge from Biotite in Micaceous Clay?" "Did Homocysteine Take Part in the Start of the Synthesis of Peptides on the Early Earth?" "The Coevolution of Biomolecules and Prebiotic Information Systems in the Origin of Life: A Visualization Model for Assembling the First Gene" "Dissipative Photochemical Abiogenesis of the Purines" "Abiogenesis through gradual evolution of autocatalysis into template-based replication" "Carbonyl Sulfide-Mediated Prebiotic Formation of Peptides" "Catalysis in Prebiotic Chemistry: Application to the Synthesis of RNA Oligomers" "Homochiral Selection in the Montmorillonite-Catalysed and Uncatalysed Prebiotic Synthesis of RNA" "Spontaneous formation and base pairing of plausible prebiotic nucleotides in water" "Clays and the Origin of Life - The Experiments" "DNA and lipid bilayers: self-assembly and insertion" "Early evolution of efficient enzymes and genome organization" "Origins and Molecular Evolution of the Carbonic Anhydrase Isozymes" "The Evolutionary History of Daphniid α-Carbonic Anhydrase within Animalia" "Hyperstability and Substrate Promiscuity in Laboratory Ewsurrections of Precambrian β-Lactamases"
Instead of telling us about the physical APPEARANCE the apes to prove the origin of humans, why not tell us about their DNA? DNA in animals tell us from whence they came, they leave markers in their DNA. Plus I would hope our ancestors were smart enough to find a warm place to get things started. Not Europe!
![Noob To Max With DRAGON REWORK In Blox Fruits [FULL MOVIE]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/LnBMOinoOvA/mqdefault.jpg)
Really appreciate the work Prof. Begun and his colleagues are doing. Must take the patience of angels to find and process the fossils and a scientific mind to match. Thank you all.
What a great episode. Prof. Begun is wonderful to listen to. Thank you for another fine episode. Loved the title of "The Ancestors of Our Ancestors", alluded to at 31:50 . Again, many thanks.
Thank you-- it was how David described the apes in this hypothesis, though he also calls them 'the ancestors of our last common ancestor' (a slightly less catchy title!)
The greatest hoax theory continues to strut the halls of academia.
@@combinedeffects4799 The greatest hoax is monotheism: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The three evils of humanity.
@@larryparis925 maybe Islam is evil like your beloved atheism - as they are just as murderous and brutal - All you have is micro variations - trying to extrapolate into that BS macro crap is for the naive . Time of the gaps plus Chance of the gaps plus some wild imagination and your hoax theory gets to strut like a peacock in the Biology classroom.
This channel needs to get more subscribers! Great content! Well done!
Because more & more people are not buying into a theory passed off as fact. There is more evidence in creation than just a happy accident that produced life. A fool studies creation without acknowledging a creator. The opposite should occur, the study of creation should bring you to the conclusion that there is a creator. Higher education in this world is knowledge without wisdom.
@@hotdogwater-j9m You must be one of those christian right people from America. A fool like you studies creation by acknowledging a creator. We are not fools because we study evolution not creation.
Based on your theory then who created the creator?@@hotdogwater-j9m
By the way H stand as what?
So you have been "created" but decided to be invisible.lol
Is your first language, English? You sound like you are lacking the mastery of English.@@fransinhooo
You just answered about 47 questions I've been harboring in the back of my mind for many decades. 😊
Well did he answer these 2 questions.
Name the mechanism and give one example of each. How an organism gains new never before seen genetic information and name one bennificial mutations and example without a loss of information in the genes.
Lol you see this is a huge problem for evolution they can't do either. We see copying of existing genes and broken genes with a loss of genetic fitness. Those 2 thongs totally disproves evolution. You can look up the fruit fly experiment. We get fruit flies and dead fruit flies nothing new or different. Soft tissue in dino bones has been found in over 120 different bones now. Ranging from a supposed 65 million to 500 million years old. The protiens they have found in the soft tissue proves beyond a doubt they are not even a million years old. So academia has a lot of misinformation to account for
List them.
Terrific video again. I've said this before, if find these videos are well-structured but you also allow your guest to present things at their own pace. The segmented chapters in on the time bar is also very handy. I have heard of this theory before but it was great to go into the specifics. What surprised me most was how much emphasis was put in the roots of the teeth. Teeth obviously change with evolution and can say so much about the habits of a species as well as the health of an individual. When you think about the importance of teeth, your entire thought is based on the 'business end' of the tooth rather than where and how it is anchored. It might seem small but very interesting.
To stay an atheist, You would have to believe that nothing produces everything; non-life produces life; randomness produces fine-tuning; chaos produces information; unconsciousness produces consciousness; and non-reason produces reason. Your leap of faith is a religion built on blind faith.
Huh? You're both dumbing-down _and_ misrepresenting huge fields of scientific research
@@easylivingsherpa.
Have you also assumed that further research isn't being conducted?
It looks like you're oblivious of the fact, that the scientific process specifically requires scientists to actively question and test our ideas, theories and discoveries.
All of this demonstrates why science is fundamentally different to the "blind faith" you accuse it of - much less, being a religion itself.
@@assininecomment1630 And we can dispense the lie that theists are too dumb to understand evolution because I own 35 books on evolution and
have downloaded and read 50 more from Google books. I dont need to go to any creationist website for my
information because evolutionists give me all of the ammo that I need to show them that what they believe is
wrought with errors and requires faith to believe in it. They call that faith, something you evolutionists have no
shortage of. What we want is something from the scientific method proving evolution. Give us something
observable for Darwinian evolution and shut us up once and for all. Or dont you have anything observable taken
from the claptrap you call evolution. Thats not a rhetorical question because we know that you dont. Now comes
the weepy sonnet where you give us bacteria turning into bacteria, no mutations ever showing an addition of
positive information, adaptation, and a host of other scientific facts to replace your lack of any proof.And no a
thousand pissed off fruit flies wont work either. I want something observable. Something where one species has
changed into another because thats what evolution is all about anyway. And attach it to the hip of the scientific
method. If all youve got is a big fat zero then thats all that your opinions are worth.
To reiterate I asked for observable evidence for Darwinian evolution and not faith in the unobserved. You cant tell if a fossil
had any kids let alone morphed into a separate species. You fools have no proof for this religion that you call
evolution.Thats why its flailing like a dying animal taking its last breath.
@@assininecomment1630 I agree. Atheists can't refute any point he made but cling to the blind faith that their discoveries don't reveal God's work.
@@assininecomment1630They believe the earth is 6000 years old, women have one less rib than men & donkeys speak Hebrew. It’s a waste of time to explain. Unfortunately, one can’t explain something to someone who doesn’t want to know anything.
I grew up with the idea human origins began in Africa but I`m willing to accept we could've started in Europe instead. Either way our human family tree still started as just One ancestral population and that`s what`s really important to me.
Humans, genus Homo, definitely started in Africa. That would go back only 2-3 million years. Apes, on the other hand, have been around some 20 million years. Where they originated is an entirely separate question.
At 31:37 we talk about the human lineage :-)
@@EvolutionSoup Opps! must`ve missed that part to be fair it was late at night when I watched this!
Humans originated in Africa.
@@godofthisshitsorry but they don't know that at all. Most of the so called human ancestors are not any where near human. In fact the picks of Lucy walking upright with human eyes are just that ART WORK no more real then Harry potters basilisk lol. The dna doesn't give any proof to comman ancestry in fact it actually proves against it. There are 1.2 million more pairs of dna in humans then chimps. Which is far to many for mutation and natural selection to give us chimps and humans from a common ancestry. That's the bad thing about academia these days they love to exaggerate and hype things. Grant money pays the bills and allows for research which your not going to get if you say oh look I found a monkey or an ape... if you say I found a possible human ancestor though it's a big difference. So just take these guys with a ton of salt and skeptical mindset with careful reading or listening of what they say. Then you will see how much is guess and how much is fact.
I believe our understanding of human evolution is going to continue to grow and evolve. Starting from a linear perspective in Darwins time, to a branching tree, and finally to a complex bush of interbreeding and migration.
Darwin's theory of Survival of the fittest in full implement , of logically course !
Hey Sorry guys Darwin is dead his theory was just bad. There is no proof and genetics and the fossil record don't support his idea. Its just a sad shame they keep pushing this bad idea eventually they will revise it and come up with something else.
How about an intelligent designer from Alpha Centuri or from your imagination?
@terranbiped8358 We can take bong hits and amuse ourselves all day with what if. All aliens do is complicate the question. Now you need to explain how the aliens came about unless, of course, you have evidence.
@@terranbiped8358 Human imagination ? Could be dangerous .
I wonder how Kenyapitcheus fits into this (I think the consensus is an African Ponginae circa 14 mya?)? Was this the fragmentary African species he was referring to?
Thank goodness I've found a history channel with proper voices.
A very apt surname for an expert on our origins. 🙂
Very interesting! Thank you for the fascinating interview!
Excellent!
I started dubious about this professor, but he opened up my mind. The geological and climatological changes in the Mediterranean makes a lot of sense for proto hominin like apes to migrate down to africa at around 10 to 6 million years ago.
Thanks for that. Very informative!
What do these finds do to the work of Spencer Wells, author of The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey?
So... this means we're all Germans? Joking aside : fascinating video. Tracing back our lineage by teeth fossils, especially our modest canine teeth. Good thing teeth can last for millions of years in the earth (though they can hardly manage a couple of decades in my mouth ;)
uberhaupt
Sorry if this is a noob question....
10:55 - When Prof. Begun says they have some good skeletons of _Rudapithecus H._ 10mya, are these fossilised or actual bone?
I can't recall learning how long the fossilisation process generally takes, or if/what factors might drastically quicken or delay that process.
FWIW, I've only stumbled across this channel in my diverse procrastinational wanderings around YewTyoob (while I should be finishing off the assessment paperwork of my own students 🙄).
I find Begun's manner, excellent. He provides suffient details to advance a science nerd's knowledge, but generalised enough for it to make sense to people with little familiarity of the field.
So, great work, fellas!
🙂👍
Welcome! The channel is for everyone - for casual curious and for the academic.
The bones would definitely be fossilized (10K+ years for fossilization to occur). However, new techniques in proteomics may be able to bring forth information similar to DNA testing.
What kind of foods were they able to eat? Grains, vegetables, grasses, what?
There was a variety of hominini and they didn't eat all the same things. He was mentioning a few fossils he figured might be homonim stem fossils
MARZ BARS
Amazing stuff
If there was a cooling/drying climate gradient pushing Eurasian mammals down thru the Levant into Africa, the fact that the stem-ape arose in Eurasia could account both for branching either outside or inside of Africa, or any permutation of branching history, I would expect. Pongo in SE Asia is the clearest evidence of Eurasian stem-ape origin.
Excellent episode as always!
Liked and subbed
Fantastic. Thanks for the clear explanation
As a computer scientist I find this so amazing, my sister is what we call a bone digger in my family and my god I can listen and look through her "book" for days, makes you feel so small. I would love to meet our ancestors from millions of years ago, even 1 million!!
You and me both 🙂❤️
At first I would want to meet them too, until I realize what kind of mischief and mayhem these organisms would be known for. Getting into everything. Wrecking everything. Throwing poo. Ganging up on weaker creatures. Guerilla tactics indeed. Some would be nice if you had some fresh fruit for them. They would have sounds that sounded more like our speech. And we would think, "Wow these guys are pretty smart! For morons." LOL
The Mediterranean Sea dried up because the Gibraltar gap closed up. 19:52
Where do the Hylobattids fit in?
Before or after Akembo??
Certainly after ekembo
Since fossils are difficult to find, but not impossible to find - there is that possibility of fossils in both in Europe, Asia and Africia that do exist that have not been found yet.
Anatolya, were fosil were found, a part of today Turkey, is not in Europe, just for the record.
Like with Ukraine recently.
Turkey is european also
@@bryansmith2479 Only very small part, but Anatolya where they found fosils are not Europe.
31:07 How does the sampling effort of Middle-Late Miocene Europe compare to that in Eastern Africa, though? I don't have the hard data, but I suspect its been much greater in the former.
Muy interesante!!! Sigan en el tema
Great stuff. Thanks! Does this mean that the Gorilla-human/pan split happened in Eurasia rather than Africa? Or even the homo-pan split outside Africa as well?
This channel is fantastic. I never miss an episode. Thanks for what you do and keep up the good work!
Interesting🎉
I have a long-time interest in mammalogy from working in a Natural History Museum as an undergraduate. Even in the 70s researchers were aware that the fossil record indicated that the great apes originated in Europe. Great to see new studies to back this up.
ruclips.net/video/iIleSC7mPrY/видео.htmlsi=QFi6T1WuvUS3T-xF
Stellar presentation. Thanks.
This was a great interview & I really enjoyed it.
Well my latest hypothesis is that we all originally came from the sea, so we're all evolved fish. So lets have no more arguments over Africa, Europe, Black, White, monkeys or apes or whatever else. We're all fish guys so just chill the fuck out okay!
Our inner fish❤
I have to ask show me the mechanism for an organism to gain new information it never had before? Just one example and do your home work I don't want to hear of a copy of already existing genes I want the mechanism for change the evolution of the organism how can it get new never before had information. Decent with modification doesn't cut it either you have thousands of pairs of rna not to mention dna that all have to be almost perfect to function correctly so you can't get that mechanism that way either. It's their already existing and bad info. You can try to point out a bennificial mutation but I haven't seen one yet that doesn't come with the lack of function of a gene or genetic degradation that turns out to be more harmful then bennificial. So thank you I'm not trying to be rude just pointing out major flaws in this bad idea
@@vikingskuld
Your understanding of genetics is abysmal.
@@vikingskuld What's that got to do with fish?
@@JDUK71 not a lot I'm just poking holes in the really bad idea that Darwins evolution is an actual scientific fact. There is no mechanism for an organism to gain new never before had genes or information. The organisms dna can degrade or it can copy its own information but there isn't a way for it to gain new info so nothing can evolve like they say. It doesn't happen. They don't have historical proof of it and noone has seen it happen so the change they say it takes to evolve isn't possible. Not once have I heard of or found an example for it. That's all I'm doing. I'm in no way trying to be rude to you or anything like that and I apologize if I may have come accross that way.
Great video, thank you very much , note to self(nts) watched twice 39:18
at about 6:00 in the animation suggest that these apes populating Europe were knuckle-walkers...that is not wright!
I think these are just generic ape silhouettes
knuckle-walkers is so much moor likely than tightrope walkers -just saying
RUclips has been outstanding, recommending me incredible up and coming channels!!
All hail the only true/real God, the algorithm God!
I recall learning of this possibility more that twenty yrs ago as an anthro undergrad. It may also be a result of an incomplete and very scant African fossil record, which may be due to preservation bias and also lack of research and paleo anthropology being conducted in parts of Africa due to political difficulties. It’s easier to excavate your own back yard as it were. My other concern is that racism was very overt and prevalent amongst European Paleoanthropologist’s in the early years of exploration. The idea of an African origin for Homo was an anathema. Many latched onto the idea that Homo had an Asian or European origin and only later migrated into Africa because the thought of African ancestry no matter how deep in the past for white Europeans was unacceptable. I can’t help but wonder if those who enthusiastically tout these findings don’t do so for the same reason even if it may be unconscious bias on their part. I’m just saying before one jumps on the bandwagon that the ancestors of Homo, or Homo itself migrated from Asia or Europe into Africa to question whether one has unconscious racist bias against an African origin. It may be the case that like many other Eurasian fauna, the ancestors of Homo migrated along with them into Africa. It’s also true that African faunal assemblages migrated into Eurasia as well and may have included early apes as well. I’m just saying proceed with caution and question if one is engaging in bias confirmation no matter how unconscious it may be and be aware there may be evidence some day from Africa that suggests an African origin after all.
Exactly
It looks like quackery, race-based quackery
I had a similar thought. Follow evidence, not bias. Whatever our origin is doesn't bother me. But we must remember to do good science.
Just out of curiosity, since I doubt all of the ancestral branches moved in and out of Africa at the same time, and since mega fauna was moving back and forth over the Beringia connection, did any of those ancestors make it into America? It would certainly explain many of the First Nations stories of giants and other non human humanoids, and the presence of really old really primitive tools, or possibly tools, at several American sites. Life forms adapt to conditions and quite possibly some of the apes would have adjusted to the changes rather than migrated away.
Giants aren't real and never were. Also there are no talking snakes and there are no magic apples and there never were. You sound confused.
Divergence driven by climate change and migration forced by climate change is the generally accepted paradigm. I fully agree, almost.
What is being neglected is migration caused by society and behavior. If you have a creature that has a family structure or a "band" such as a chimpanzee or gorilla, and you also have things like long term memory and facial recognition, or recognition of individuals....you could have strife within a band or between bands of apes.
This can induce migration because some are pushed out of areas and into less favorable areas. And it can domino as populations grow. As population growth accelerates and pushes bands into new regions, it can accelerate the divergence of species.
It is very difficult to link evolution with behaviorial and societal factors because in now way can those kinds of things be recorded in a fossil layer. But I think it is worth stating that we know that society and behavior were also factors. At least, we should infer that. In terms of science it is a very squishy thing to do and speculate on. But if we are going to discuss early apes and hominids we shouldn't leave these factors out of the story. We also shouldn't try to write stories and narratives.
My point is that climate and catastrophe are not the only factors in speciation. I've long thought that the destiny in evolutionary terms for any organism can be affected in small ways such as having a preference of one food type over another, or one nesting behavior over another, or one mate over another. Most mammals can recognize family from non family and I also think this has played a role in the specieation of mammals.
Based on fossils, we're not out of Africa but migrated through Africa and then around the world. Isn't that amazing that fossils could prove scientific human evolution!
by all means, where did homo sapiens evolve?
David skipped over the Gibbons line who on the ground were bipedal.
Quite a bit of information was left out. I anticipated this lecture and was highly disappointed, but not surprised. This is the second time, on this channel, that I am aware of, of "professional scientists," skirting facts, including their own. From a professor of the sciences, it's disappointing.
I published these ideas of migrations from Europe to Africa in my "savanna myth" paper - Nikos Solounias
This is nothing to be shy about. Let your voice be heard, Professor Solounias! Why don't you put a link to your website in your comment. I reckon a scientist of your stature and renown would make a perfect guest on this channel, too!
You can find is theory in books written over 100 yrs ago. I’m currently reading a book from 1920 that stated this theory before him.
What's the name of the book?
@@show_me_your_kitties Gentilism religion before Christianity. So it just explains these theories are not new but rather ancient
@@vamorris6316 All modern religions evolved from sun/sky watchers and worshipers of prehistory and ancient times. I'll look into the book. Thank you.
YOU are a good Story teller
Thank you for this content/information. Very interesting.
thank you
I believe that our direct ancestors were not one species, but a continuous coalition of several, or many species of homo. That means our linage could diverge into some African ape ancestors and some European ape ancestors. It seems logical, if not likely that our DNA has many roots.
Your belief is not supported by any science.
How did they get across The Alps? Or the Russian Step?
The same way we did by wandering through valleys and across flat areas. Traversing these areas is doable if you have food. Modern humans just have to drag everything they own with them. These organisms might not have had to if there were food sources along the way. And they didn't have to have a goal to get there, all they needed were other creatures or bands of members of their own species pushing them out and into less favorable conditions.
You made the apes go through Egypt Levantine etc where they could have gone over through Spain if there was a land connection
He didn't "make" them: that's where the successively dated fossils have been found.
great
So the ancestors of our ancestors evolved in Europe and Asia?
Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge: it is those who know little, and not those who know much, who so positively assert that this or that problem will never be solved by science.". Charles Darwin
The Professor mentioned climate became drier think he said 13 million years ago but doesn't know why. Saw an astronomy video, suggesting the sun has an undulating orbit of the Milky Way Galaxy once every 220 million years, which in turn would probably affect the earths climate.
yeah sure....lol
@@RoninTF2011 As long as I don't sound like a genius, you do though :)
Humanity is not liked,
eBook series 'Religion Separates Man From God.'
Brian Cox mentioned that in one of his lectures.
read your book, very interesting, thanks for your hard work.
Very interesting .
Excelente parabéns
Gryphopethicus looks reminiscent of a Macaque without the tail.
I guess that could be true. Just because we evolved in Africa doesn't mean all our ancestors were always there and never anywhere else.
Very very interesting. Now can we hypothesize that Neanderthals and Denisovans independently evolved from European apes?
Well that would be a very ridiculous hypothesis since it goes against all the evidence we have right now.
We have actual DNA from both, and they diverged from us recently
Was thinking the same thing. That's why Neanderthals were already in Europe when modern humans moved into Europe from Africa.
@@eastafrica1020 Neanderthals descend from a population of Homo heidelbergensis that left Africa before Homo sapiens did. That’s why Neanderthals were already in Europe and Denisovans were in Asia, because the share an African ancestor that would also give rise to Homo sapiens in Africa.
@eastafrica1020 There was no "Out of Africa". It's a fairy tale
A lot of Begun's hypothesis hinges on the assumption that there should have been fossil evidence for great apes in Africa at the time when he points out there's an absence of such, but I think this fails to properly account for how poorly fossilization occurs in the rainforest, which is where these apes would primarily live; and during the Miocene Climactic Optimum those rainforests would likely have extended far beyond their current range too. We didn't even have a chimpanzee fossil until just a couple of decades ago if I'm not mistaken.
What are you talking about? Chimpanzees have been known about for many thousands of years. We don't need a chimpanzee fossil because we have.....chimpanzees.
Preservation bias is totally irrelevant in this case since it has already been established that Europe at the time was filled with sub-tropical rainforests where these fossils are found. Additionally, there are regions in Africa that historically yielded fossils such as the afropithecus localities that yield nothing during the time of the European Miocene ape adaptive radiation.
@@entropicemerald807:
It's not "totally irrelevant" at all. I'm talking about specific parts of his assumptions and some of the things he concludes from it. Not sure why you try bringing up something I explicitly stated as a fact as if that somehow contradicts anything I'm saying. Subtropical forests generally aren't going to be warm and wet enough to prevent fossilization to the same degree, so still finding some fossils there is to be expected.
The _Afropithecus_ point just supports exactly what I'm saying: if the rainforests expanded during that time, it's very likely that the places where we found _Afropithecus_ fossils otherwise were too warm and wet for proper fossilization to occur during that period; a much more likely explanation that the apes being absent.
What I'm saying isn't really that contentious. I have indeed confirmed that we didn't even have a proper chimpanzee fossil until quite recently, and such finds are quite rare. The tropical equatorial rainforests is extremely non-conducive to fossilization.
@@hoon_sol sorry lmfao are you saying "subtropical" forests aren't humid and moist? The scientific name is literally "subtropical moist broadleaf forests", and you're saying they're not warm and wet?
@@entropicemerald807:
Try actually reading what I'm writing instead of misrepresenting it.
It's not that subtropical forests aren't typically warm and humid, and I never said that; but compared to a full-on tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification "Af") as found near the equator it's not even close. It's simply a fact that subtropical forests allow for a higher degree of fossilization relative to a tropical equatorial rainforest, for which fossilization is exceedingly rare (again, as evidenced by our lack of chimpanzee fossils from the region despite chimpanzees and their ancestor species having lived there for tens of millions of years, and at least a few million as chimpanzees specifically).
I'm confused. Has the Scientific name, Proconsul africanus been changed?
To account for substantial morphological variation in the genus Proconsul, two species, P. nyanzae and P. heseloni, were placed in the new genus Ekembo.
@@EvolutionSoup thank you
It would be amusing if Hominins originated from the land now under the Mediterranean sea.
And no I don't mean Atlantis.....
Oh yeah is that so???? i'll have you know life began in the sea and Atlantis may be the actual birth place humans and some mammals that may have ventured into africa as well. So y'know whut...
MU 😊
What was the "Dark Secret"? The video was good enough without resorting to clickbait.
How can these skeletal remains be attributes to humans ... Thats my biggest debate about the hypothesis...theres so many factora and even more x factors that cant be quantified ... How do we.know aome of these remains from Macedonia for example arent thr progenitors of modern orangutanga for example and not in our direct lineage
An accumulation of diagnostic characteristics will be the deciding factor.
DNA analysis
@@spacewaste2459 DNA is not recorded and is basically impossible from fossils this old.
At times in the past, the Mediteranian Sea was a group of lakes, and not one contigious barrier between Europe and Africa. It was not just apes that roamed about Europe.
This is referred to at 19:40 in the video.
this is highly controversial. most anthropologists don't think the evidence points to Begun's hypothesis. they don't even bother disputing it for the most part.
You're embarrassingly wrong and even still you're committing an appeal to authority fallacy. What is the argument against it?
@@entropicemerald807 you don't understand the appeal to authority fallacy and there is nothing "wrong" in my previous post. the almost unanimous consensus amongst anthropologists is that apes and their/our ancestors evolved in Africa (as any intro to antho book will tell you). of course Begun may be correct but he has a LONG way to go to convince his colleagues and upend prevailing hypotheses.
@@teebagz1 YOU font understand how an appeal to authority fallacy works dummy. You're citing a "unanimous consensus" and "any intro book" instead of presenting any actual argument. You APPEAL to the supposed "consensus" (authority) instead of presenting your position organically, maybe try a google search of what an appeal to authority fallacy is next time moron. The African apes emerged in Europe, as what IS "unanimous" is that they descend from a dryopith ancestor upon migration back into Africa. This is evidenced by the fact dryopith anatomy actually aligns with the extant African apes. What's your actual argument? How do you explain the fact dryopith anatomy aligns with the African apes moreso than the early Miocene monkey-like apes that were found in Africa before the European radiation? How do you explain the gap in later Miocene apes in Africa? I DARE you to say preservation bias, it'll bury your already weak (in this case non existent) position. Your position is literally built on an appeal to authority fallacy and you don't actually have an argument, what a joke.
*Let the Sunshine In...*
I'm not out of Africa myself 😊
I see the resemblance in past mother
My ancestors came from New Jersey. I’m actually afraid to find out where their ancestors came from.
So the theory is now 'Out of Africa into Europe, back to Africa and out into the world?' 🙉😂
So How these early Apes moves towards Europe and back .They dont have any technology.
@@atifshahzad4728they walk
Instead of asking where is the evidence, he asks tell us a story. All good stories start with millions of years ago in a galaxy far far away.
Yeah? How about that story with the talking snake in it? Magic apples? Absurd.
@@OceanusHelios The word snake doesn't appear anywhere in that story. Nor do magic apples. Study further
What about the bloodgroups . O gold and O neg Is spesial ❤
What's so special about having a minority blood type, and having less doner blood available if you get a serious injury? Or your immune system killing your babies in the womb because you have rh negative blood? Seems more like a liability to me.
Minor nitpick, but aardvarks are a member of afrotheria.
MINOR FACKTIOD aardvarks wearing black leather jackets are call "well-hardvarks"
Unfortunately, the people who don't understand evolution, are people who don't care about reading or watching this type of program, and on top of that, they believe in religion, they believe in god; many of them believe in (Adam and Eve and the talking snake) It is very sad.
@mysunnybird It's not sad for them. It's only sad to you. So... stop complaining. Mind your own business. It is how it is.
If you really understood evolution you would be embarrassed. The evolution we see is adaptation by mutations that degrade or break genes. Darwin’s finches have mutations on the XLM1 gene which degraded the growth of beaks. Nothing new created, evolution does not build it breaks. There is no evolution from a first simple cell.
@@BbBb-vd2sj so if a person makes a comment on a video that is relevant to the video….he isn’t minding his own business? It looks to me like you aren’t minding YOUR own business. You sound like a nut case.
Well I have a question for you then. Give me the mechanism that allows new never before seen information in an organism. Not copies of its own... just one example and the mechanism. Also can you give me one example of a bennificial mutation that doesn't come with a loss of information to the organism?
😊😊
Extremely interesting-I often wondered about the origins of orangutans, which in some aspects are more intelligent and human-like than chimps, exhibiting, for example, an apparent sense of humor
We were all once spores in the ocean
So excited because climate affects evolution on species 🤔 Because evolution science and climate with geology now that DNA can be analyzed this from 2010 AD most exciting because wholly Mammoth was in Alaska all year long with eating vegitation with all other species that all evolved with each other has always been my passion because History of Everything now has many various specialists that had not existed when I was reading science of everything with behavior of all living species that evolved that geology geography affected for everything with the sea barely studied . 😁👍
Mee Ape adapt too Key board, duh....
(Greetings from Bavaria!)
Well, I'll be a monkey's uncle! Love the podcast!
Save Lucy! 🏈
Earth is 8 billion years old according to people from other star systems that witnessed this creation and ever since have Tours here,
The ancestor of my ancestor is my... friend?
@@JT_Soul if you follow the formula: the ancestor of my ancestor is not related!
If you believe in reincarnation, like half the planet, it could have been “you”. 🎉😊
@@thesjkexperience some people have fried and eaten thousand year old mammoth... they could have been eating themselves?
@@drfill9210 Yes! I don’t pretend to understand it all, but the book said “we have been the mother to every species “. It really makes you look at everything differently. I’ve wondered if we are being nostalgic studying Palio animals/people. 😂😳🤣
What were We before we were small tree dwelling mammals in Africa?
Synapsids.
Evolution Always Occurs When And Where Conditions R Best !! DUH!!!😅
Hypothesis.
Don’t blame our ignorance and stupidity on the ape.
Africa was before Europe. I am only saying this cause the place that was frozen while humans was migrating was eroupe. And nothing could live in frozen regions for thousands of years. So let's start with that fact.
Where ever it was, it probably would have looked like Africa.
The Aardvark is African, not Asian.
Yes, an Afrotherian but of course one mistake doesn't affect the argument of ape migration.
aardvarks wearing black leather jackets are call "Well-Hardvarks" and they are from west side story
Aren't all these new apes (Anadolius, Graechopithecus) too recent to be in our line? Sahelanthropus is already in our line, very clearly so (bipedal, human-like brain, already diverged from Pan) and is of roughly the same age 7-8 Ma.
These are interesting but almost certainly a side branch rather, great apes must have already radiated by then.
A cursory look at the paper suggests that these researchers are cherry-picking the evidence: where is Sahelanthropus in fig. 5? Where is Proconsul even?!
This is sensationalism, not serious science!
He cites Sahelanthropus at 21:14, as coming after the European fossils already described: don't underestimate the very large time frames involved; a huge amount of evolution can occur within one million years, particularly for shorter-lived species - it's about generations, not absolute time spans.
@@terryhunt2659 - I missed that. Not sure if it is my bad or that he just glossed over it so fast and unremarkably (especially for such a key fossil, which is, not "arguably" the first of our line, after parting ways with chimps and bonobos) that I just didn't notice.
Would he comment something more than a single sentence, I'd stand corrected, but, considering how fast he goes over it, I can't say so.
A million years is a lot but Homo sp. has been around for longer than 2 Ma, and the Pan-Homo clade ("hominins"?) has probably been around for 10-20 Ma (credible estimates for the Pan-Homo split range from 8 to as much as 17 Ma). So maybe what we should underestimate is the difficulty for fossils to preserve in jungle conditions, which are the worst... but also the ones in which we should expect to find most of our ancestors and in general those of Primates.
The ancestors of our ancestors were humans just like we are.
Nope. They were ape-like beings.
@@Axxe80Why do people want their ancestors to be apes so badly…this is strange if you think about it…not criticizing people for thinking this I’m just curious why ? 🦍
@@redbeardsbirds3747 ...because it's the scientifically proven truth.
@@redbeardsbirds3747you're in the hominid family right now
some rational objection or just against your religion?
They started eating meat and that was the cause of the jawbone bigger because they in reality when they fight a different part of the clan they eat their dead they do not waste anyting so they began to eat meat they started killing other monkey's for meet specially newborns
HOW DID LIFE START ON A BARREN PLANET?????????????????????????
Science is very close to identifying the last few small details. Listen to some of the details-
The Origin of Life: Not as Hard as it Looks? Jack Szosta, Spring 2023 Eyring Lecturer
ruclips.net/video/ZLzyco3Q_Rg/видео.html
Energy and Matter at the Origin of Life
ruclips.net/video/vEZJdK5hhvo/видео.html
RUclips won't let me post outside links, so search for these titles if you want to learn about recent research into abiogenesis:
"Abiotic synthesis of high-molecular-weight organics from an inorganic gas mixture of carbon monoxide, ammonia, and water by 3 MeV proteon irradiation."
"Prebiotic protein design supports a halophile origin of foldable proteins"
"Peptide ligation by chemoselective aminonitrile coupling in water"
"A wheel invented three times"
"Origin of life insight: peptides can form without amino acids"
"4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase, an enzyme composed of 62 amino acid residues per monomer"
"A prebiotic template-directed peptide synthesis based on amyloids"
"The origin of genetic and metabolic systems: Evolutionary structuralinsights"
"Prebiotic Phosphorylation of 2-Thiouridine Provides Either Nucleotides or DNA Building Blocks via Photoreduction"
"Prebiotic Photochemical Coproduction of Purine Ribo- and Deoxyribonucleosides"
"Abiotic synthesis of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets"
"Small protein folds at the root of an ancient metabolic network"
"Enhanced Nonenzymatic RNA Copying with 2-Aminoimidazole Activated Nucleotides"
"Origin of life: Transitioning to DNA genomes in an RNA world"
"Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism"
"Boron-assisted abiotic polypeptide synthesis"
"Mineral Catalysis and Prebiotic Synthesis: Montmorillonite-Catalyzed Formation of RNA"
"Peptide ligation by chemoselective aminonitrile coupling in water"
"Life as a Manifestation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics"
"Self-Organizing Biochemical Cycles"
"Ultrahigh Adhesion Force Between Silica-Binding Peptide SB7 and Glass Substrate Studied by Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamic Simulation"
"Scientists announce a breakthrough in determining life's origin on Earth-and maybe Mars"
"Study shows short peptides can self-assemble into catalysts"
"In situ observation of peptide bond formation at the water-air interface"
"Chemistry and Photochemistry of Pyruvic Acid at the Air-Water Interface"
"Prebiotic competition and evolution in self-replicating polynucleotides can explain the properties of DNA/RNA in modern living systems"
"Spontaneous Emergence of Self-Replicating Molecules Containing Nucleobases and Amino Acids"
"Potentially Prebiotic Activation Chemistry Compatible with Nonenzymatic RNA Copying"
"Enhanced nonenzymatic RNA copying with in-situ activation of short oligonucleotides"
"Freeze-thaw cycles enable a prebiotically plausible and continuous pathway from nucleotide activation to nonenzymatic RNA copying"
"Conditions for the origin of homochirality in primordial catalytic reaction networks"
"Carbonic anhydrase is an ancient enzyme widespread in prokaryotes"
"Carbonic anhydrase, purification and nature of the enzyme."
"Carbonic anhydrase. Its preparation and properties."
"Scientists Discover a Self-Replicating Protein Structure, And It Could Have Built The First Life on Earth"
"The Origins of the RNA World"
"Serum Albumin: A Multifaced Enzyme"
"Scientists identify substance that may have sparked life on Earth"
"Maths unlocks molecular interactions that open window to how life evolved"
"Ancient proteins offer new clues about origin of life on Earth"
"Where did the first sugars come from?"
"Synthetic enzymes hint at life without DNA or RNA"
"Life’s First Molecule Was Protein, Not RNA, New Model Suggests"
"Self-replicating micelles: aqueous micelles and enzymatically driven reactions in reverse micelles"
"Evolutionary repurposing of a promiscuous enzyme"
"A left-hand β-helix revealed by the crystal structure of a carbonic anhydrase from the archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila."
"The catalysis of the hydration of carbon dioxide and the dehydration of carbonic acid by an enzyme isolated from red blood cells."
"X-ray structure of β-carbonic anhydrase from the red alga, Porphyridium purpureum, reveals a novel catalytic site for CO2 hydration."
"The active site architecture of Pisum sativumβ-carbonic anhydrase is a mirror image of that of α-carbonic anhydrases."
"Functional diversity, conservation, and convergence in the evolution of the α-, β-, and γ-carbonic anhydrase gene families."
"Prokaryotic carbonic anhydrases"
"Dissipative Photochemical Abiogenesis of the Purines"
"The carbonic anhydrases: widening perspectives on their evolution, expression and function."
"The structure and function of carbonic anhydrase isozymes in the respiratory system of vertebrates."
"Inhibition and catalysis of carbonic anhydrase. Recent crystallographic analyses."
"Polypeptide Chain Growth Mechanisms and Secondary Structure Formation in Glycene Gas-Phase Deposition on Silica Surfaces"
"The peptide-catalyzed stereospecific synthesis of tetroses: A possible model for prebiotic molecular evolution"
"Evolution of Amino Acid Frequencies In Protiens Over Deep Time: Inferred Order of Introduction of Amino Acids into The Genetic Code"
"Straightforward Creation of Possibly Prebiotic Complex Mixtures of Thiol-Rich Peptides"
"Reactivity landscape of pyruvate under simulated hydrothermal vent conditions"
"Synthesis and Characterization of Amino Acid Decyl Esters as Early Membranes for the Origins of Life"
"What Is Life: Various Definitions Towards The Contemporary Astrobiology"
"Formation of Amino Acids and Carboxylic Acids in Weakly Reducing Planetary Atmospheres by Solar Energetic Particles from the Young Sun"
"Aqueous microdroplets enable abiotic synthesis and chain extension of unique peptide isomers from free amino acids"
"The Dissipative Photochemical Origin of Life: UVC Abiogenesis of Adenine"
"In situ formation of a biomimetic lipid membrane triggered by an aggregation-enhanced photoligation chemistry"
"Simple Ion-Gas Mixtures as a Source of Key Molecules Relevant to Prebiotic Chemistry"
"Undefining life's biochemistry: implications for abiogenesis"
"Potassium at the Origins of Life: Did Biology Emerge from Biotite in Micaceous Clay?"
"Did Homocysteine Take Part in the Start of the Synthesis of Peptides on the Early Earth?"
"The Coevolution of Biomolecules and Prebiotic Information Systems in the Origin of Life: A Visualization Model for Assembling the First Gene"
"Dissipative Photochemical Abiogenesis of the Purines"
"Abiogenesis through gradual evolution of autocatalysis into template-based replication"
"Carbonyl Sulfide-Mediated Prebiotic Formation of Peptides"
"Catalysis in Prebiotic Chemistry: Application to the Synthesis of RNA Oligomers"
"Homochiral Selection in the Montmorillonite-Catalysed and Uncatalysed Prebiotic Synthesis of RNA"
"Spontaneous formation and base pairing of plausible prebiotic nucleotides in water"
"Clays and the Origin of Life - The Experiments"
"DNA and lipid bilayers: self-assembly and insertion"
"Early evolution of efficient enzymes and genome organization"
"Origins and Molecular Evolution of the Carbonic Anhydrase Isozymes"
"The Evolutionary History of Daphniid α-Carbonic Anhydrase within Animalia"
"Hyperstability and Substrate Promiscuity in Laboratory Ewsurrections of Precambrian β-Lactamases"
Instead of telling us about the physical APPEARANCE the apes to prove the origin of humans, why not tell us about their DNA? DNA in animals tell us from whence they came, they leave markers in their DNA. Plus I would hope our ancestors were smart enough to find a warm place to get things started. Not Europe!
Another case of your name matching your job!