Addressing a Few Myths About the Crusades

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  • Опубликовано: 30 окт 2024

Комментарии • 169

  • @RealCrusadesHistory
    @RealCrusadesHistory  4 года назад +38

    Get my book about the Crusades:
    www.amazon.com/Why-Does-Heathen-Rage-Crusades/dp/152395762X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1461105827&sr=8-1&keywords=why+does+the+heathen+rage
    Support my work on Patreon: www.patreon.com/RealCrusadesHistory

    • @The1RedRooster
      @The1RedRooster 4 года назад +3

      Were Pilgrims who belonged to an Army, Richards, Barbossas or Phillip's paid well and what of the people who felt the NEED to join the Crusade, were they paid or seperated differently from the 'army'?

    • @nasalimbu3078
      @nasalimbu3078 4 года назад +1

      Fall of Roman empire

    • @honoriswithin
      @honoriswithin 4 года назад +1

      Looking forward to reading it!

  • @mrhowell6842
    @mrhowell6842 4 года назад +100

    Christianity is a native religion of the region. It was born in Jerusalem and was endemic throughout the Middle East and North Africa before the Muslims invaded.

    • @RealCrusadesHistory
      @RealCrusadesHistory  4 года назад +54

      You know what, you have a good point there...

    • @nickolaospappas4485
      @nickolaospappas4485 3 года назад +9

      Yeap you are correct actually

    • @werther5757
      @werther5757 2 года назад +1

      @@samy7013 orthodox arent protestant

    • @nipoone6109
      @nipoone6109 2 года назад +16

      @@samy7013 The point is Christianity was in the Middle East and North Africa for hundreds of years by the time Islam came to the region.

    • @ziklag7676
      @ziklag7676 Год назад +2

      I had the exact same thought when he mentioned that in the video

  • @BrettonFerguson
    @BrettonFerguson 4 года назад +136

    "Violence never seen before" Like the Romans in Dacia. The Romans in Jerusalem. The Romans in Carthage. Attila (The scourge of god), exterminating cities full of civilians. Just to name a few pre crusade, pre Christian events more violent than any crusade.

    • @nathanrobinson1099
      @nathanrobinson1099 4 года назад +10

      The soft bigotry of low expectations strikes again

    • @johnssmith4005
      @johnssmith4005 3 года назад +35

      @Jotaro97 Crusades are demonized by haters of Christianity especially the other 2 Abrahamic religions

    • @waynebrown9564
      @waynebrown9564 3 года назад +11

      @@johnssmith4005 basically

    • @Juubelimies
      @Juubelimies 3 года назад +14

      @@johnssmith4005 Exactly. Especially the one that starts with J is actively trying to demonize it from within.

    • @BrettonFerguson
      @BrettonFerguson 2 года назад +4

      @Franc The Visigoths were just dreamers who wanted a better life for their families.

  • @stefanobi73
    @stefanobi73 4 года назад +116

    "Nothing that rivals the terror of the crusades"
    ...mongolian throat singing in the background.

    • @ihabhatim5825
      @ihabhatim5825 4 года назад +1

      Mongol invasion (huns weren't mongols) happened after the crusades tho.

    • @Todo47
      @Todo47 4 года назад +17

      @@ihabhatim5825 The Crusades were still ongoing during the Mongol invasions.

    • @thomasbc2011
      @thomasbc2011 4 года назад +12

      Or the Byzantine Nikephoros Phokas aka “white death of the Saracens” you don’t get a name like that without a little terror.

    • @johnssmith4005
      @johnssmith4005 3 года назад +16

      @Ardashir Iran was once an empire and just like every empire EVER it got to that position thru violence .

    • @Juubelimies
      @Juubelimies 3 года назад +4

      @Ardashir He means Persian instead of Iranian. They were pretty terrifying at times.

  • @tomgriffin477
    @tomgriffin477 4 года назад +120

    Why Does the Heathen Rage - Awesome novel by J. Stephen Roberts - Highly recommend to everyone watching this and please support Knights of the Cross!

    • @RealCrusadesHistory
      @RealCrusadesHistory  4 года назад +22

      Thanks Tom!

    • @terrybogars8933
      @terrybogars8933 3 года назад

      @@RealCrusadesHistory do you speak any middle eastern languages
      If you want to talk about middle eastern history
      You have to know at least some middle eastern languages

    • @stephencampbell2735
      @stephencampbell2735 3 года назад +2

      @@terrybogars8933 so there's no information whatsoever that can be gleaned from translations or westerner eye witness reports? It is mostly a crusades history channel, after all. Lots of westerners there in that era.

    • @bogulatow5742
      @bogulatow5742 2 года назад

      Yiddish?

  • @williamf.buckleyjr3227
    @williamf.buckleyjr3227 4 года назад +86

    It's weird.
    In 1986 (9th grade), I had a World History teacher who was fantastic. And in 1986 he warned our little, young MushMinds that books such as the garbage you hold in your hands would be coming.
    Objectivity and a desire to cultivate THOUGHT still existed as recent as the 1980s. Just, wow.

    • @ocdplaylistmaker7032
      @ocdplaylistmaker7032 4 года назад +22

      I had a teacher assistant warn us in biology class in high school (2015) to watch out for unethical stuff in the future regarding biology. That's all I remember. But similar kind of thing.

    • @notbot8830
      @notbot8830 4 года назад +9

      Probably an old soul

    • @galenusv7831
      @galenusv7831 4 года назад +14

      There's always good honest people. The problem is that they don't give them press nor promotions anymore.
      I will simplify it and just say that the baddies thrive on lobbying.

    • @ocdplaylistmaker7032
      @ocdplaylistmaker7032 4 года назад +11

      @@galenusv7831 I am so confused by the contradictions in the media, I don't know what to believe anymore, it's so confusing.

    • @cecilspurlockjr.9421
      @cecilspurlockjr.9421 2 года назад

      It's gone now though isn't it buddy .

  • @KareliaCrimea
    @KareliaCrimea 4 месяца назад +3

    This content deserves more views! Very interesting and valid, fills in blanks from what is taught in school. Ps, i am a historian by education.

  • @jacobivy2854
    @jacobivy2854 4 года назад +77

    As a Catholic and registered nurse, I LOVE that shirt you’re rocking.

    • @joshuaharrell13
      @joshuaharrell13 2 года назад +8

      As a Christian and a soldier, I am also loving that shirt!

  • @martinbonniciphotography
    @martinbonniciphotography 4 года назад +50

    Yet another reason I love the Real Crusades History channel.
    I totally appreciate your clinical examination about history J. It's very important for proper education that we can understand what we are looking at warts and all. Looking forward to Knights of the Cross too.

  • @Duke_of_Lorraine
    @Duke_of_Lorraine 4 года назад +52

    "unprecedented hate"
    Cato the Elder : "hold my salt"

    • @ImCarolB
      @ImCarolB 3 года назад +2

      LOL! Scipio salutes you.

  • @ryangerrard4048
    @ryangerrard4048 4 года назад +143

    Great video, also worth noting that the raids in the Mediterranean by Muslims powers didn't stop in the 11th century, in fact up until the 18th century, slaves were taken from Italy, France, Spain, Portugal and even as far away as the southern coast of England & the western part of Ireland , also Iceland! America even went to war with the Barbary states because they took Americans as slaves! Nobody seems to want to talk about the millions of eastern Europeans, Ukrainians & Russians that were forced into slavery due to the ottomans, Mongols, etc! I guess if it's white people been enslaved it doesn't fit a certain narrative!

    • @kevinhayes6933
      @kevinhayes6933 4 года назад +24

      Ryan Gerrard yes a fellow historian, who knows his history. Spot on

    • @diarradunlap9337
      @diarradunlap9337 4 года назад +25

      The English word "slave" is a derivative of "Slav", as during the Medieval period in Europe so many Slavs were taken and sold into slavery.

    • @combobulous7044
      @combobulous7044 4 года назад +5

      @Jotaro97 I thought the Latin word for slave was ‘servus’.... do correct me if I’m wrong

    • @nalublackwater9729
      @nalublackwater9729 3 года назад +11

      @Jotaro97 Slave comes from Slav. The Latin for slave is "servus".
      That "slavus" thing is like the "bigus dickus" joke.

    • @JBroughton2
      @JBroughton2 3 года назад +12

      Jotaro97 I got this from Wiktionary, Slave Etymology: “From Middle English, from Old French sclave, from Medieval Latin sclāvus (“slave”), from Late Latin Sclāvus (“Slav”), because Slavs were often forced into slavery in the Middle Ages.[1][2][3][4][5] The Latin word is from Byzantine Greek Σκλάβος (Sklábos), see that entry and Slav for more.”

  • @甘明忠-u8m
    @甘明忠-u8m 4 года назад +67

    What?! A Rolling Stone contributor who’s dishonest?! Who would have thought😄

  • @williamf.buckleyjr3227
    @williamf.buckleyjr3227 4 года назад +60

    Rolling Stone magazine has....words? Not just photos?!
    Do the subscribers know that?

  • @VictorianTimeTraveler
    @VictorianTimeTraveler 4 года назад +13

    It is, much harder to pass this crap off nowadays. Because of the internet and quite frankly you in particular are a huge part of that.

  • @timothymacdonnell9079
    @timothymacdonnell9079 11 месяцев назад +6

    Really interesting and insightful. Even in Catholic school, they said the Crusaders were evil and abominable savages. I’m glad you set the record straight.

  • @honoriswithin
    @honoriswithin 4 года назад +25

    These people can't even be honest about what chivalry really is rather than the self hatred for courtship they tout it to be. Really pisses me off.

  • @michaelman957
    @michaelman957 Год назад +2

    I am so grateful that folks like you sink so much time into correcting the errors.

  • @philippebrunot4662
    @philippebrunot4662 3 года назад +16

    You forgot to say that those land were not only initially Christian countries conquered by Muslims but that when the crusades happened, they were still mostly inhabited by Christians. In Egypt, Palestine or Syria, Christians became a minority only at the end of middle ages..
    It was rather freeing christian countries than conquering islamic ones.

    • @samy7013
      @samy7013 2 года назад

      “Freeing Christian countries”? Yeah, sure, except for the part where Catholics viewed any Christian who wasn’t a Catholic as a heretic and schismatic. Are you aware that there were possibly dozens of “crusades” waged by Catholics against Orthodox, Hussite, Bogomil, Cathar, Lutheran, and other Protestant Christians?

  • @loganbagley7822
    @loganbagley7822 2 года назад +20

    I am really grateful for your channel. It is a good counterweight to a lot of the disingenuous garbage that I hear about the Crusades. Keep up the good work.

  • @drfye
    @drfye 4 года назад +32

    🤔"Early 2000's", "Rolling stone"........I mean , who would have thought , right? 🤣

  • @shanny4306
    @shanny4306 4 года назад +10

    Love clarifying history,there are written records from the times,it,s good to avoid changing history,thankyou real crusades

  • @AMCmachine
    @AMCmachine 4 года назад +17

    Victor Davis Hanson in fact described Alexander's relentless and victorious drive into the Persian Empire as, in a sense, "the first Western Crusade." And that of course was well BEFORE Christianity or Islam existed.

    • @andrjsh
      @andrjsh 4 года назад +11

      There is also the theory that the Emperor Heraclius' war against the Persians in the 7th century was "the first crusade".

    • @kaiserproductions1278
      @kaiserproductions1278 3 года назад +7

      It's just demonization of any war pursued by the West because 'crusade' is popularly used to refer to something unjust and superstitious.

  • @DarthKieduss
    @DarthKieduss 3 года назад +10

    In 1096 the Levant was a battlefield and The Crusaders basically were like "Player 3 has entered the game"

  • @Xargxes
    @Xargxes 3 года назад +8

    I remember reading somewhere that virtually all crusaders returned home with a net loss of money, based on some data from Galician and Occitanian crusaders who would take off with lots of money and, armament etc. and return with basically nothing.

  • @Retirement02042012
    @Retirement02042012 Месяц назад

    So appreciate this information because it’s so easy to place our modern thinking on this critical topic.

  • @titanscerw
    @titanscerw 9 месяцев назад +1

    Awesome work J. Stephen Roberts!

  • @nathanielrourke8886
    @nathanielrourke8886 4 года назад +21

    It should always set off a little alert in your head when you can tell the author is rooting for one side.

    • @kevinhayes6933
      @kevinhayes6933 4 года назад +9

      Nathaniel Rourke this Rolling Stone journalist is more left than a left turn. Should open his eyes and his mind

  • @TheModernHermeticist
    @TheModernHermeticist 4 года назад +10

    Good stuff, as always!

  • @YetiMama
    @YetiMama 4 года назад +9

    You’re the man. I love your material.

  • @IronJagerick
    @IronJagerick 4 года назад +7

    Stumbled across the channel. Great video, look foward to more

  • @eddy_malouempereur_du_cong6536
    @eddy_malouempereur_du_cong6536 2 года назад +8

    In Provence (in the south east of France ) nearly all the villages are on top of hill because of the muslims raids.

    • @KareliaCrimea
      @KareliaCrimea 4 месяца назад +1

      Interesting input, thanks!

  • @ftdefiance1
    @ftdefiance1 4 года назад +9

    Thanks for posting this counter balance to current amnesia

  • @forthfarean
    @forthfarean 4 года назад +16

    This chap is a superb historian. His work is excellent and enjoyable. Thank you.

    • @RealCrusadesHistory
      @RealCrusadesHistory  4 года назад +10

      Glad you enjoyed it

    • @forthfarean
      @forthfarean 4 года назад +5

      Real Crusades History I always enjoy your videos . They are superbly researched and put to shame all those pseudo historians out there these day.

  • @glen-y8p
    @glen-y8p 4 года назад +8

    I remember something my history teacher once told me about the crusades. To show how desperate the eastern (orthodox church) were against Arab attacks, apparently the eastern pope hated the roman pope but with the constant attacks and enslavement of Christian settlements, he no choice to ask him for help. I’m not sure how accurate this is but its always something that stuck with me.

  • @thecrusaderhistorian9820
    @thecrusaderhistorian9820 3 года назад +6

    Great video. You are a real historian.

  • @dickthebutcher5804
    @dickthebutcher5804 4 года назад +17

    I would congratulate you for your brilliant critique; but you were only up against an intellectual midget. I appreciate you sharing your knowledge.

  • @tonyfluerty1032
    @tonyfluerty1032 3 года назад +7

    I mean how far do you want to go back?
    Perhaps the Hittite Empire vs Egypt because you simply have to start somewhere. The point is the middle east has been one big ongoing battle ground since for ever.
    The grasslands of the fertile crescent was the great prize for those coming out of the asian steppes.
    To say the crusades bought a new level of violence never seen before to the Middle east proves one thing.
    The person who wrote that garbage was an ignorant fool.

  • @jmdomaniii
    @jmdomaniii 4 года назад +33

    this (the book) is what happens when fedoras do history

    • @Elsupermayan8870
      @Elsupermayan8870 4 года назад +6

      Yeah. Like when they (fedoras) used to talk about the history of Christmas on The History Channel.

    • @Rodrici
      @Rodrici 10 месяцев назад

      ​@@Elsupermayan8870 what's the size of the fedora is it tiny ?

    • @Elsupermayan8870
      @Elsupermayan8870 10 месяцев назад

      ​@@Rodrici
      Go look and find out.

  • @JaJDoo
    @JaJDoo 4 года назад +13

    suggesting that the crusades were somehow unprecedented in terms of violence ... did this person ever hear of roman conquests?

    • @lordblenkinsopp1537
      @lordblenkinsopp1537 4 года назад +1

      Hona Hona which weren’t actually that bloody in a lot of areas.

  • @geraldchurchill5576
    @geraldchurchill5576 4 года назад +10

    I knew as soon as you described the author as "some guy", that this "some guy" was going to be in for a roast.

  • @rioverde123
    @rioverde123 4 года назад +8

    Great information.

  • @sams3046
    @sams3046 4 года назад +13

    thanks for addressing the fragmentation of the Islamic world during this period, low information stuff about the Crusades doesn't touch that important context at all

  • @stephanyandrews685
    @stephanyandrews685 4 года назад +3

    I just discovered your channel. Awesome!

  • @barrywerdell2614
    @barrywerdell2614 4 года назад +7

    I acquaint the book you first showed to those ancient alien and Bermuda triangle books that were so popular in the seventies and eighties. Big on thrills, low on facts.

    • @mizztanya2763
      @mizztanya2763 3 года назад +2

      equate, not acquaint. otherwise totally agreed.

  • @Army4Runner
    @Army4Runner 4 года назад +4

    Excellent commentary.

  • @KareliaCrimea
    @KareliaCrimea 4 месяца назад +1

    I shared this on a different (relevant) channel hoping to cross polinate a bit (so to speak)

  • @suzleber4
    @suzleber4 4 года назад +2

    "Unhistorical" may be one of the best words I've heard in a long time lol

  • @oscardom__
    @oscardom__ 4 года назад +9

    I really liked this video keep up the fine work sir 💪🏻

  • @shafur3
    @shafur3 4 года назад +10

    So happy to hear you set the story right. Thank You.

  • @PureCleanCarpetOatley
    @PureCleanCarpetOatley 4 года назад +6

    Excellent. Thanks for calmly getting the real historical facts out there 🙂

  • @Castle805
    @Castle805 4 года назад +3

    Good video excellent detail.🛡🗡

  • @MrBrownnn696
    @MrBrownnn696 4 года назад +3

    Interesting thanks for the video...

  • @rkqch066
    @rkqch066 2 года назад +1

    As much as we all say we want to be 100% honest and truthful about history, we all have a natural bias based on our CURRENT philosophical beliefs.
    That book is a prime example of that.
    "Rewriting history", happens by almost every nationality and religious belief. And those who have no religious belief STILL has belief about religion. This affects every single person in the world.
    It affects every one of us. We all have a predisposed idea of how we think the world should be. And then we look at history though those glasses.
    We can't even all agree on current events... Much less historic ones!
    That's why wars (crusades or any other names we want to call it) have been fought in times past, why they are being fought now, and why wars will continue to be fought into the future.
    Wars are fought over land and beliefs.
    Some good wars. Some bad wars.
    We all agree with, "the good wars"... and we all disagree with "the bad wars".
    But we can't all agree on which wars are good, and which wars are bad.
    I do like these videos. They are very informative and they are presented with as much balance as possible.

  • @alangervasis
    @alangervasis 3 года назад +11

    15:29 You made a slight mistake in saying ".. neither is christianity". Christianity was indeed a native religion of that area in the fact that it grew out of Judea/Palestine.

    • @RealCrusadesHistory
      @RealCrusadesHistory  3 года назад +8

      Yeah, you're very right about this. I thought of that later after I'd finished. Need to add a little note in the description.

    • @samy7013
      @samy7013 2 года назад +2

      @@RealCrusadesHistory : Catholicism wasn’t native or endemic to the Middle East and North Africa. Also, let’s not forget the part where Catholics viewed any Christian who wasn’t a Catholic as a heretic and schismatic. Looking at the big picture: Have we forgotten that there were possibly dozens of “crusades” waged by Catholics against Orthodox, Hussite, Bogomil, Cathar, Lutheran, and other Protestant Christians?

    • @nipoone6109
      @nipoone6109 2 года назад +8

      @@samy7013 You realized you debunked yourself? Catholicism wasn't native to the region but Christianity as a whole was. You even listed the branch that was, Orthodox. There were no crusades against Protestant Christians as by the time Protestantism arose as by that time the Pope held little sway over Europe's monarchs and definitely didn't have the authority to launch more crusades.

  • @TheTenthLeper
    @TheTenthLeper 4 года назад +4

    Hey, it's Jay Stephen Roberts!

  • @tomgriffin477
    @tomgriffin477 4 года назад +2

    Crusade is more of a modern term and thus we refer to each expedition as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc. But in the time period the Crusades were actually taking place, how did medieval Christians refer to them?

  • @malicant123
    @malicant123 3 года назад +4

    Rolling stone and vanity fair? I think I see the problem alright.

  • @Benjaminy2k
    @Benjaminy2k 4 года назад +11

    Sounds like the book was awful, then.

  • @petercroves8562
    @petercroves8562 4 года назад +4

    yeah and 200 years?, depending on one view the crusades were still going on during the 1500s to the 1700s

  • @MrRobfullarton
    @MrRobfullarton 4 года назад +3

    Have you covered much on Charles V's wars with Suleiman I?

  • @deem7478
    @deem7478 3 года назад +5

    This is what happens when journalists try to be historians.

  • @DiamondMind
    @DiamondMind 4 года назад +4

    Thank goodness I didn’t buy this book. It was in my Amazon basket.

  • @kevinjaimes51
    @kevinjaimes51 4 года назад +6

    Thanks for the review. This book is/was on my shelf unread. It’s getting traded in. A real shame as I bought it because it appeared to be extremely popular in the subject. I can imagine a large amount of people reading it and assuming it to be factual. A real shame.

    • @franknada8235
      @franknada8235 4 года назад +4

      Then dont trade it. Burn it. Dont pass on the evilness of lies to anyone, is my opinion.

    • @venus_envy
      @venus_envy 5 месяцев назад

      @@franknada8235 Or, read it and heavily annotate it in red pen, then donate it or leave it in one of those "free book" cupboards on the road for someone to pick up. Pass on the correction and show that there is misinformation out there that people ought to be aware of.

  • @eddy_malouempereur_du_cong6536
    @eddy_malouempereur_du_cong6536 2 года назад +1

    We leave in deaply cynical world. The fought that so munch people where ready to take so much risk for spiritual motivation with little material win is totaly alien for a lot of us

  • @Sprock49
    @Sprock49 5 месяцев назад

    Well said. New member here

  • @frostghost75_6
    @frostghost75_6 2 года назад +1

    Yo I’m loving that shirt

  • @TRYCLOPS1
    @TRYCLOPS1 4 года назад +5

    Those are lies we were fed. It’s very dumb. But thanks for being a light in the darkness!

  • @zackhartley4718
    @zackhartley4718 4 года назад +1

    I picked up a book a while back called ‘The Crusades’ by Thomas Asbridge. Any thoughts on this book and author?

    • @doylekitchen9795
      @doylekitchen9795 3 года назад

      It is good. It is on his reading list
      www.realcrusadeshistory.com/reading-list

  • @logan3741
    @logan3741 3 года назад +3

    3:45 I’m starting to notice that Turks and Armenians don’t go well.

  • @zacharywitt4009
    @zacharywitt4009 4 года назад +2

    Love your simple one-sentence conclusion!

  • @shanny4306
    @shanny4306 4 года назад +3

    Any religion can have fanatical factions .

  • @Hansenvision
    @Hansenvision 3 года назад +1

    I would love to hear your review of good and bad books to read.

    • @doylekitchen9795
      @doylekitchen9795 3 года назад

      Try this link from his website..
      www.realcrusadeshistory.com/reading-list

  • @ImCarolB
    @ImCarolB 3 года назад

    At least the preface didn't offer an apology on behalf of the human race.

  • @robju6054
    @robju6054 4 года назад

    Do you have any information about the Knight Albero de Cagnauo 1064 to 1100. I believe he fought in the first Crusade for Jerusalem. Thank you

  • @johnbraswell5483
    @johnbraswell5483 4 года назад +1

    Is your book available on audio?

  • @blimy01maynard30
    @blimy01maynard30 4 года назад +1

    It's been a long time since high school but didn't Rome wage holy wars in this region?

    • @nalublackwater9729
      @nalublackwater9729 4 года назад +8

      Rome never based its wars on religion, but on military expansion. Then they brought their customs, laws and religion, but it never was a spiritual business.

    • @kaiserproductions1278
      @kaiserproductions1278 3 года назад +2

      The Romans believed that to start a war it had to be self defense otherwise their Gods would get mad. So I suppose, every Roman war was a religious one.

  • @inhocsignovinces6472
    @inhocsignovinces6472 4 года назад

    Thanks for the true

  • @VitorEmanuelOliver
    @VitorEmanuelOliver 4 года назад +1

    The guy in the thumbnail looks a lot like Rodrigo Santoro

  • @mikecain6947
    @mikecain6947 4 года назад +1

    Saladin was a Kurd.

  • @quintenvankasteel2437
    @quintenvankasteel2437 4 года назад

    Hey dude. Love what you do. Quick question: what's your opinion on Dan Jones' books? Specifically The Crusades

  • @aitornavarro6597
    @aitornavarro6597 3 года назад

    You play guitar or is it just decoration?

  • @lo3572
    @lo3572 4 года назад

    A pedaltrain nano

  • @davitsurguladze6643
    @davitsurguladze6643 4 года назад

    John Green doesn't approve this video

    • @jacobitewiseman3696
      @jacobitewiseman3696 3 года назад +5

      Well John green also thinks high taxes are a good thing.

  • @soja.nism99
    @soja.nism99 2 месяца назад

    Sa ngalan ng Ama, at ng Anak, at ng Espiritu Santo.
    Amen