In every RUclips Chanel you get a certain percentage of humans that just need to crown the creator, like religious people or the one supporting their king/dictator
Plants can tolerate all kinds of chromosomal aberrations including having multiple copies. Some Mulberries have 22 copies of the same chromosomes. In this case the plant has 8 copies of 52 chromosomes for a total 416. This chromosome hoarding enabled it to push into 1st place. The lungfish would win if we only counted single copies.
@@monsieurLDN Lets just say polyploidy in humans can be neutral (as in XXY females) or it is the cause of a particular disorder (cardiovascular disease, hypertension, neurodegenerative disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and others). Why? I'm certianly not an expert in this field but it has to do with both not enough and/or too much gene expression (depending on the gene in question). Tempory polyploidy (numerous copies of a particular part of a "chromosome" are produced when needed) is very important during embyonic development and varoius stress responses at the cellular level anongst many other cellular processes. If an entire copy or even a copy of part of a chromosome are permanently present this is when the trouble starts. Plants vs. animals? Two very different organsms with unique biochemistries (although ther are certian aspects of biochemistry that are conserved across all organisms: from bacteria to humans). Sorry for the book.
22 copies of the same chromosome … 😮 maybe these plants are very fond of that chromosome. Or they want the RNA polymerase and teanscriptors to really mull over that chromosome 😂
Since plants usually can't migrate when their environment changes, a large genom may contain metabolic solutions for a broad spectrum of circumstances.
To me the list showed a lot of plants and animals that are sort of "living fossils", where they are barely changed from ancient ancestors. Maybe the extra DNA helps prevent mutations, or is a side effect of some repair mechanism?
Anton, I'm going through a really hard time and your daily videos are about all that calms me down. I'll end up listening to the same video a couple of times until I can actually sleep. Just wanted to thank you for your commitment and your high quality videos.
Damn, Anton….somehow you’re able to fairly consistently find something notably significant in science. Just amazing the research you’ve got to do to bring these findings to us and explain them so well. Thank you!
This type of stuff really shows that we most likely don't understand or grasp anywhere near enough when it comes to the complexity in the world of genetics
Pretty much this. The last system I worked on had an incredibly stupidly large code base. To make the smallest of changes you need to make changes in so many undocumented places. If you missed some of the places the system would kind of work but not really. Worst codebase in my 30+ years as a developer.
Most of the large genomes are older, plants, fish etc, with the smaller found in birds and mammals. Perhaps they just pick up more junk code and unused functions over time.
Makes all those conspiracy theories about Bill Gates's biolabs more plausible if you ask me. How on earth does Windows 11 need 64gb when most Linux distros fit on a DVD?! No wonder his viruses suck. (autists: I know he's not actually doing that)
I mean obviously having a massive genome with a lot of redundancy is an adaptation to highly radioactive environments. Much harder to lose vital genetic information to radiation when you have 7 copies of it in each molecule. The radiation dissipated, but the adaptation remained.
It could be just the opposite. It might be suffering from a terrible genetic flaw that is causing it to produce way more DNA than it needs. It might be only surviving because it lives in a very safe environment that allows it to survive despite this problem.
To nature, perfection is when selection criteria is less than the health of the species. This is likely nearly all junk DNA (which does exist in all species - we've removed it from rats for example and it has no impact). Or the DNA is serving some other purpose for the plant that is very atypical.
They look suspiciously like axolotls.... Are y'all sure some didn't just release some weird fish they brought back from their vacation? 🤔 JK water dogs are cool! I had no idea we had creatures like that native to the states. 🍀
It is Oddly reassuring to see that the 3D model of a typical Cell shown at 0:36, with its various organelles depicted with some processes dynamically unfolding, is recognizable from the illustration I recall from my High school biology text from 1964... Obviously, the functionality and metabolic pathways of those processes have been sorted out and described in ENORMOUS detail since then. But it is kinda nice to have a sense that *_Every Single Thing We Thought we KNEW 60 years ago HAS NOT Been PROVEN to be absolutely Completely WRONG._*
Evolutionary developmental biologist here. Largest genome in some weird plant isn't surprising. Before this news, the record was a Japanese canopy plant (unless I've forgotten a more recent discovery) The C value paradox also surprises people but it's not how much you've got but what you do with it
@@Snigelkrantz Somebody shoots that plant into space: "I think I have genes to survive dessication, radiation and freezing down there somewhere." - plant
This would be stupid. Genes are not only for protein production. Genes also regulate the activity of genes in complex networks. Think of developpement or stress response. Plants can't go into the shade if hot or down to the river when thirsty. They need genetic responses and fast ones. Your plan would never result in a living organism.
All of you saying it’s inefficient code. First off, this plant isn’t a computer. It’s a living organism. DNA doesn’t behave like a computer. It wasn’t designed by people, so by default it’s immediately more efficient than anything people could code. “Junk” DNA still has a function, even though we don’t know what that may be. Who knows, maybe it’s the evolutionary edge that this plant needs. After all, ferns have been around far longer than any animal. And they happen to be experts at adaptation. Maybe, just maybe, this oversized genome is the cheat code to survival during major environmental shifts. Very fascinating video!! I love science!!
>All of you saying it’s inefficient code. First off, this plant isn’t a computer. Code doesn't always refer to computer. Ever heard of the term "triplet code" or codons? Intellectual disability? >It wasn’t designed by people, so by default it’s immediately more efficient than anything people could code. Source?
You just managed to make yourself look dumb. Inefficiency by definition is failure to make best use of time and resources. We as humans can definitely make code that makes the most out of a resource. This statement of we can’t make anything better is false to begin with. There’s virus DNA inside the fern where it serves absolutely 0 function outside it being remnants of another organism. That has 0 function, along with other stuff. Just because there’s extra DNA doesn’t mean it has a function to its survival.
Thank you again Anton .. Large genomes in these fish and plants and places we have never looked are survival traits .. precursors in case every thing else dies in a changing environment ,, the genome is large for variance .. come back in a billion years and observe specialization in a given climate .. consider the flora and fauna buried under the earth that are exposed to our awareness from time to time. LIfe is the creative force of the universe .. Over infinite time all things are possible.
Perhaps the reason that less sophisticated life forms have enormous DNA base pairs is that it lacks the ability to trim out useless pairs. To put it another way, more sophisticated organisms may be able to efficiently trim junk DNA in order to reach higher refinement of form.
My guess is that the size of the DNA reflects the number of mutations the species went through up to this point during evolution (including backup pairs).
IMO, a good way to visualize this is to think about writing a program by entering in random code. That's essentially what evolution boils down to. This process of creating random code would eventually produce a program that does something, but a lot of the code would be useless junk.
So... just like computer code; you can have functional code that is very dense but doesn't necessarily make a more effective output and may even slow down processes, while another developer could code with more efficient syntax and get similar or even more complex functionality but perhaps less redundancy? Neat.
It is perplexing because we simply don't really understand how genes work. Of course, there are correlations between genes and certain biological functions, but we take it for granted that genes _create_ the functions. But it can also be the exact opposite: many genes create _limitations_ for what a cell can do. In that case, it becomes much easier to understand why so many simple organisms have big genomes.
When scientists say "junk DNA" they don't always mean useless. There is plenty of non-coding DNA, but most of it does something even if it's only structural
@@eingyi2500 It still defends a foolish term that is not necessarily true at all. Nothing is junk. It happened for a reason, they just don’t understand it is all. Kinda like a parodox, they don’t actually exist in actual nature. A parodox can only exist in the mind, and exists there only because of a lack of understanding. -Justin Walker.
When did the “lung fish” begin to evolve? My estimate as to why the genome is so large is that the “lung fish” probably survived the Cambrian explosion and subsequent mass extinction. Hence, a lot of carryforward within the genome that you and I were not privy to. 😊 3:48
"Animals are something invented by plants to move seeds around. An extremely yang solution to a peculiar problem which they faced. Plants seem like an excellent model for the kind of future that we should be building. Inwardness is the characteristic feature of the vegetable rather than the animal approach to existence. The animals move, migrate and swarm, while plants hold fast. Plants live in a dimension characterized by solid state, the fixed and the enduring. If there is movement in the consciousness of plants then it must be the movement of spirit and attention in the domain of vegetal imagination. (...) This is the truth that the shamans have always known and practiced. Awareness of the green side of mind was called Veriditas by the twelfth century visionary Hildegard Von Bingen." Terence McKenna "Trees are the largest and most spiritually advanced plants on Earth. They are constantly in meditation. Subtle energy is their natural language." ☯ Mantak Chia 🌬🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲 "No writing on the solitary, meditative dimensions of life can say anything that has not already been said better by the wind in the pine trees..." Thomas Merton
I think of it like the parameter size of an LLM. You can have an AI like Grok 1.5 that's 500 billion parameters, but performs worse than a 70b parameter model like Qwen 1.5, all depending on how training data was fed into the AI and what kind of training data was fed into it, with training data essentially representing stages of evolution.
160 billion pairs is equivalent to 150 Gigabit (or 18,75 Gigabyte) in terms of computer data, right? That's funny when you think about it, this plant can store the equivalent of at least 5 HD movies inside its DNA molecule!
Crazy that of all places of origin and time this plant discovery could have been announced, it happens to be endemic to New Caledonia, a French oversea territory currently in open civil war.
It’s beyond impressive how a simple fly goes from a maggot into a fly with all the fighter pilot training aeronautics guidance systems and so much more.. passed from its parent to the fly whilst going through metamorphosis in some sort of chemical soup.. this thing just busts out of its shell and just does it .. definitely so serious intelligence went into that .. we just call it evolution but that word does not do it justice as to the incredible intelligence that is needed to design such a thing.
DNA is optimized to proliferate, not to reduce codebase. Huge portions of it are as if somebody hid a Tolstoy novel in the comments (and the compiler didn't get rid of them, instead put them somewhere inactivated in the final thing)
Seems like the evolutionary advantage to having a large genome might be that they are more likely to acquire mutations, either through coding errors or radiation, and a larger number of mutations might lead to a larger number of adaptions. This wouldn't benefit individuals because so many of them would be unfit, but it could create the largest possible diversity within a species and allow them to speciate more quickly.
When coding a program in progress I would leave many old versions of working code in case I needed if the new one doesn't work. The old versions are my backup!
Genome size is highly dynamic within an organism, and isn't fixed at any point in its evolution, Genomes grow and shrink simultaneously at different rates in different cells within the same organism.
Could the size of an organisms genome be because of how long the species has survived, like say something that's been around 100,000,000 million years have a longer genome than something that has only been around 1,000,000 million years?
As soon as I saw the title I knew it was going to be some kind of fern. Plants tend to have very large genomes and ferns have been around longer then most so they have had the most time to develop and specialize larger genomes compared to most plants.
It's cool that you can say all those crazy names of things so well! It's like a different language to me! Interesting video! I learn new things everyday! Btw, I wait to the very end just to see you smile! It makes my day! 😊❤
It makes sense that the life that has the most chromosomes has the most diversity. Humans are diploids with 23 chromosome pairs. Daylilies can be diploids OR tetraploids with 4 sets of 23 chromosomes or 96 compared to 46 in diploids. Hard to find a plant that is the same diploid base as humans but also can be doubled to a tetraploid in the same plant. In the lab, some plants get treated to go from a diploid to tetraploid and they do it in daylilies when they get a new look or trait they want in the tet group. They put a chemical in the diploid plant that makes the plant double its chromosomes in it sexual parts.
Darn plants stole all my chromosomes!!! I was saving those for later! Jokes aside, the fact that only 20,000 species have had their genomes fully sequenced took me by surprise, especially once you put it in perspective of the total number of species. I wonder how the distribution of sequenced species is distributed / skewed across the planet and within groups. I'd image most domesticated lifeforms have been fully sequenced by now, but just going by the numbers should I be able to just take a stroll outside and find a plant that hasn't been sequenced after a brief hike in the woods?
The species used in research have priority, so it's probably mostly things like humans, fruit flies, mice, rats, zebra fish, E. coli, thale cress, etc.
@Anton Petrov it would be fantastic if you could do a vid on how they work out how many base pairs there are in a genome. I imagine that they don't visually count to 130,000,000,000 pairs.
Most fascinating thing about our own genes, is that some of them cause our brain to have knowledge, without learning that knowledge. "Instinct", we call it.
hi Anton, i really love your vids and i’m adopting you as a grandnephew. i’d be thrilled to know you. :) 🌷🌱 the larger genomes are fascinating and i truly wonder are they really needed for the organism? or are they genetic material that is ancient and not honed to what it would need to survive with. but then there’s the krill who do amazingly well. i’d like to find out the results of that experiment where they cut out all the repetitive genetic material. very exciting. take care, sweetie. the material you cover is always superb. :) 😋🌿🦠🔬🌴
Perhaps there is greater adaptive resilience making them more likely to be able to activate useful genes from their gene bank to overcome the most radical changes to their environments by shifting their capabilities, they saved these from their past for advantage in the future. Resilience as a Darwinian response.
Exactly. I wonder if a lot of the people saying that having 'junk dna' or a huge genome is a waste or 'stupid' could be considered a defense mechanism of their ego?
An ancient plant form such as the fern in question has been evolving since the very first plants appeared. How many changes has the species undergone to become what it is today? Oxygen levels, temps, cosmic rays, etc. Are they safety redundancy or leftovers?
Lots of dormant code I guess. It could help in times of stress where rapid diversification is required. If you had a bunch of clones, like our bananas, one little blight can take it all down.
Maybe species that suffered more exposure to mutations and who replicate and reproduce rapidly than us in generations so the extension of the DNA is not only about complexity but how many times suffered mutations throughout the species's lifespan
Millions of species, most of them being insects, bacteria, fungi, etc., although I would like to see a breakdown of how many animal and plant species exist.
Maybe it was a benefit to the plant to be slow growing and small... so instead of an event of reducing genome size... it was kept large. Or maybe having repetitive genome pairs allows for the plant to survive radiation better.
I wonder if nature's approach is like a lot of computer code I had written where I left stuff in because I had no idea what it did so best to play safe.
I have a feeling that "junk" DNA has some sort of purpose in every organism. For instance, for the fern, I would think that maybe it is for having plenty of DNA to allow for more genetic diversity. In the case of the mud puppy, having this redundant DNA may be for the complex mechanisms that would go on for an organism to regenerate limbs/tails. Like an organic backup template on how to completely shape the organism'a body.
I remember studying silene noctiflora, a flower with a massive mitochondrial genome, looking for a way to improve human mitochondria. Don't discount plants and animals with unusual genetics. They are a wellspring of knowledge.
Fish had more chances to go extinct compared to a plant, what we need to look for is under water plants and find something even earlier. But what do I know..
@@aleksanderpopov5060 There were genres of prehistoric plants that were half animal half plant complex organism. None are still alive, but some of the most complex organisms to arise and the first to obtain complexity and locomotion pre Cambrian.
Anyone mention inter special chimerism? Like, what if these are all very, very old species that over the ages “merged” with others, possibly in times of stress. That little fern may be the oldest, and most species combined in one organism
Your Last question triggered my frowning thought between my brows... what condition that critically boosted the inner based-pairs genomes to duplicate into such large number; 160 billion base-pairs... perhaps the usual way of survival/spreading is to go Budding/ Branching -off. Unfortunately in hard time of drought plus nighttime dewing that years was also lack of moisture (it happened many many times through their evolution time-scale. Again & again for thousands of years) when their genetics duplication were on .. inner nucleo-regeneration nearly completed but outside nucleus, the infrastructure was far from ready.. all the duplicated /double sets of document was ready but the other room/cell was not finished. Let's just stuff all the copies in the same/previous room.. waiting & wait & wait until another plenty season comes. But it's already settled.. the duplicated (junk?) Genes resting well into that original cell. What if the same happened another season.. the double will become Quadruple..Octacuple..(x2--> x4 -->x 8--> x16?) From simple less number of 3-6 million pairs of Blue green Bacteria become 100's million and finally Billions base-pairs, for instance..(the draught did it.) During hard time, some fish struggling off the muddy pond to find new water.. they finally evolved Strong pelvic fins and the front fin became front LEGs.(?!?) It's hard time that boosted-up evolution ladder climbers.. up, up the stairs. (How Great numbers of JUNK-GENEs evolved into really useable functioning of well-adapt organs.. that s another frowning thought of me, tonight.!!)
First, we find galaxies at the beginning of time that are impossibly big, then we find DNA that is ridiculously big. Maybe we have got some basics wrong?
Hmmm. I would think that because it is on such a small isolated island, it probably doesn't have a lot of evolutionary pressure to develop more efficient processes. Is that Japanese flower indigenous to the large island of Japan or a smaller island off the coast?
This humble plant is living in harmony with its ecosystem and has adapted to be able to outlive silly humans by millennia. This plant is a hair on the head of the earth, while we are the fleas.
Maybe genome size is like contingent code to deal with a whole range of environments and circumstances, whereas animals eschewed contingent programming in favor of a brain that can adapt.
Anton Petrov is the Bob Ross of science.
This show isn't only fun and interesting, but also RUclips's best anxiolytic. At least for me.
@Deletirium What does the word Anxiolytic mean?
@@riccidicky Something that cures anxiety.
@@Deletirium Ah thank you.
In every RUclips Chanel you get a certain percentage of humans that just need to crown the creator, like religious people or the one supporting their king/dictator
Good for you! However you can't assume you know everything of RUclips. Stay open-minded! There's always good stuff to find.
Plants can tolerate all kinds of chromosomal aberrations including having multiple copies. Some Mulberries have 22 copies of the same chromosomes. In this case the plant has 8 copies of 52 chromosomes for a total 416. This chromosome hoarding enabled it to push into 1st place. The lungfish would win if we only counted single copies.
Yes! Polyploidy is common in all vascular plants. Whereas in animals it can be quite disruptive.
@@craiggillas6434 why?
@@monsieurLDN Lets just say polyploidy in humans can be neutral (as in XXY females) or it is the cause of a particular disorder (cardiovascular disease, hypertension, neurodegenerative disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and others). Why? I'm certianly not an expert in this field but it has to do with both not enough and/or too much gene expression (depending on the gene in question). Tempory polyploidy (numerous copies of a particular part of a "chromosome" are produced when needed) is very important during embyonic development and varoius stress responses at the cellular level anongst many other cellular processes. If an entire copy or even a copy of part of a chromosome are permanently present this is when the trouble starts. Plants vs. animals? Two very different organsms with unique biochemistries (although ther are certian aspects of biochemistry that are conserved across all organisms: from bacteria to humans). Sorry for the book.
22 copies of the same chromosome … 😮 maybe these plants are very fond of that chromosome. Or they want the RNA polymerase and teanscriptors to really mull over that chromosome 😂
It’s like 22 mulligans 😄
Since plants usually can't migrate when their environment changes, a large genom may contain metabolic solutions for a broad spectrum of circumstances.
That was a very intelligent answer.
Counterpoint: the largest one that was just discovered only grows on a single island.
To me the list showed a lot of plants and animals that are sort of "living fossils", where they are barely changed from ancient ancestors. Maybe the extra DNA helps prevent mutations, or is a side effect of some repair mechanism?
@@RandomMan1 which could pose a very challenging environment for many reasons?
Anton,
I'm going through a really hard time and your daily videos are about all that calms me down. I'll end up listening to the same video a couple of times until I can actually sleep.
Just wanted to thank you for your commitment and your high quality videos.
You might like The Clever Cowgirl on RUclips. Her videos about her horses and their care are very relaxing.
I hope things are getting better for you. I will see you succeeding in all you try to do today.
Hi
Damn, Anton….somehow you’re able to fairly consistently find something notably significant in science. Just amazing the research you’ve got to do to bring these findings to us and explain them so well. Thank you!
That smile in the end worth a like
This type of stuff really shows that we most likely don't understand or grasp anywhere near enough when it comes to the complexity in the world of genetics
Yeah, obviously a large code base doesn't make the program more impressive. Usually just means the developer sucked.
I was going to say - found the least efficient code in nature.
Pretty much this. The last system I worked on had an incredibly stupidly large code base. To make the smallest of changes you need to make changes in so many undocumented places. If you missed some of the places the system would kind of work but not really. Worst codebase in my 30+ years as a developer.
Exactly, take Windows 11, for example...little data vampire suckers.
Hey, i can code just fine by writing the same function hundreds of times instead of just once
Most of the large genomes are older, plants, fish etc, with the smaller found in birds and mammals. Perhaps they just pick up more junk code and unused functions over time.
Least efficient code in nature - found!
Makes all those conspiracy theories about Bill Gates's biolabs more plausible if you ask me. How on earth does Windows 11 need 64gb when most Linux distros fit on a DVD?! No wonder his viruses suck. (autists: I know he's not actually doing that)
Spaghetti Code galore...
call it redundancy
Until scientists discover it's useful
All genetic code which currently exists is equally evolutionarily efficient
Anton, your pronunciation of the taxonomy is so good, must have practiced a lot. Great video!
His English vocabulary is ten squared better than mine.
🌱Its always those little guys you have to watch out for!
Just like The Cheat, Strong Bad's right hand Cheat
Biggest bang for your buck
I mean obviously having a massive genome with a lot of redundancy is an adaptation to highly radioactive environments. Much harder to lose vital genetic information to radiation when you have 7 copies of it in each molecule. The radiation dissipated, but the adaptation remained.
You are looking at complete perfection. The ultimate life form
thats the best compliment i've ever got, thanks
Doesn't look like a crab to me.
It could be just the opposite. It might be suffering from a terrible genetic flaw that is causing it to produce way more DNA than it needs. It might be only surviving because it lives in a very safe environment that allows it to survive despite this problem.
@@dwaneanderson8039 yeah being the smartest person alive is a curse
@@SeattleScotty That's not even it's final form!
Perfection is not when there is nothing else left to add but when there is nothing else left to remove
True.
To nature, perfection is when selection criteria is less than the health of the species. This is likely nearly all junk DNA (which does exist in all species - we've removed it from rats for example and it has no impact). Or the DNA is serving some other purpose for the plant that is very atypical.
Its how I feel after taking a big dump, so yeah.
They said that about the gal bladder and appendix too@@lost4468yt
Shout out from a What da Math fan from the Neuse River! We’re proud of our Water Dogs!
They look suspiciously like axolotls.... Are y'all sure some didn't just release some weird fish they brought back from their vacation? 🤔
JK water dogs are cool! I had no idea we had creatures like that native to the states. 🍀
It is Oddly reassuring to see that the 3D model of a typical Cell shown at 0:36, with its various organelles depicted with some processes dynamically unfolding, is recognizable from the illustration I recall from my High school biology text from 1964... Obviously, the functionality and metabolic pathways of those processes have been sorted out and described in ENORMOUS detail since then.
But it is kinda nice to have a sense that *_Every Single Thing We Thought we KNEW 60 years ago HAS NOT Been PROVEN to be absolutely Completely WRONG._*
Evolutionary developmental biologist here. Largest genome in some weird plant isn't surprising. Before this news, the record was a Japanese canopy plant (unless I've forgotten a more recent discovery)
The C value paradox also surprises people but it's not how much you've got but what you do with it
Selfish... according to Dawkins.
I love when Anton talks biology
My OCD cleaning drive is triggered. Someone capture all gene expression and protein production in that plant and solve for a minimal size program.
My hoarder drive tells me to keep them all - they might be of use later!
@@Snigelkrantz Somebody shoots that plant into space:
"I think I have genes to survive dessication, radiation and freezing down there somewhere." - plant
This would be stupid. Genes are not only for protein production.
Genes also regulate the activity of genes in complex networks. Think of developpement or stress response.
Plants can't go into the shade if hot or down to the river when thirsty. They need genetic responses and fast ones.
Your plan would never result in a living organism.
All of you saying it’s inefficient code. First off, this plant isn’t a computer. It’s a living organism. DNA doesn’t behave like a computer. It wasn’t designed by people, so by default it’s immediately more efficient than anything people could code.
“Junk” DNA still has a function, even though we don’t know what that may be. Who knows, maybe it’s the evolutionary edge that this plant needs. After all, ferns have been around far longer than any animal. And they happen to be experts at adaptation. Maybe, just maybe, this oversized genome is the cheat code to survival during major environmental shifts.
Very fascinating video!! I love science!!
>All of you saying it’s inefficient code. First off, this plant isn’t a computer.
Code doesn't always refer to computer. Ever heard of the term "triplet code" or codons? Intellectual disability?
>It wasn’t designed by people, so by default it’s immediately more efficient than anything people could code.
Source?
You just managed to make yourself look dumb.
Inefficiency by definition is failure to make best use of time and resources. We as humans can definitely make code that makes the most out of a resource. This statement of we can’t make anything better is false to begin with.
There’s virus DNA inside the fern where it serves absolutely 0 function outside it being remnants of another organism. That has 0 function, along with other stuff. Just because there’s extra DNA doesn’t mean it has a function to its survival.
Can you imagine that if human junk dna lol was turned on or efficient then we would no longer be cavemen.
It's a fern ally, not a true fern.
@DarthGandalftheBlack - Thanks for your comment 🌱 ferns are fascinating plants!
"Why its so long and why its so big"
...words I've never heard from a woman
😂
hahaha penis
Hi guys I’m just here for fun
"and how much did you pay for your SUV?"
@@paulgoogol2652 BRUH 🤣
Great presentation making a complex subject understandable, well done!
Anton Petrov, This is perfect! I subscribed right away!
I hope you are still doing well Anton! Wishing you the best
Thank you again Anton .. Large genomes in these fish and plants and places we have never looked are survival traits .. precursors in case every thing else dies in a changing environment ,, the genome is large for variance .. come back in a billion years and observe specialization in a given climate .. consider the flora and fauna buried under the earth that are exposed to our awareness from time to time. LIfe is the creative force of the universe .. Over infinite time all things are possible.
Perhaps the reason that less sophisticated life forms have enormous DNA base pairs is that it lacks the ability to trim out useless pairs. To put it another way, more sophisticated organisms may be able to efficiently trim junk DNA in order to reach higher refinement of form.
Thanks, again Anton. Cheers from the Pacific West Coast of Canada.
My guess is that the size of the DNA reflects the number of mutations the species went through up to this point during evolution (including backup pairs).
IMO, a good way to visualize this is to think about writing a program by entering in random code. That's essentially what evolution boils down to.
This process of creating random code would eventually produce a program that does something, but a lot of the code would be useless junk.
So... just like computer code; you can have functional code that is very dense but doesn't necessarily make a more effective output and may even slow down processes, while another developer could code with more efficient syntax and get similar or even more complex functionality but perhaps less redundancy? Neat.
It is perplexing because we simply don't really understand how genes work. Of course, there are correlations between genes and certain biological functions, but we take it for granted that genes _create_ the functions. But it can also be the exact opposite: many genes create _limitations_ for what a cell can do. In that case, it becomes much easier to understand why so many simple organisms have big genomes.
We carry some of our ancients DNA. So time's that by a couple of million years for plants and it kind of makes sense why they've got so much more
But Terrance Howard said there's no such thing as junk DNA
When scientists say "junk DNA" they don't always mean useless. There is plenty of non-coding DNA, but most of it does something even if it's only structural
@@eingyi2500 It still defends a foolish term that is not necessarily true at all. Nothing is junk. It happened for a reason, they just don’t understand it is all. Kinda like a parodox, they don’t actually exist in actual nature. A parodox can only exist in the mind, and exists there only because of a lack of understanding. -Justin Walker.
This is very intriguing I would want to probe into the regulatory grammar of it's non-coding genome for sure.
It’s a changeling it’s only expressing its self as a plant but it has enough backup forms stored that it could adapt to any conditions
Nice
Beautifully stated. 🏆🎯🔥❤️
There is a reason why Pacific ocean genomes are the world's largest. They are required to fight adverse climatic conditions (al Nino)
Really interesting and well explained. Thanks 😊
Don’t forget to learn that wind facilitates plant “bloodflow”
When did the “lung fish” begin to evolve? My estimate as to why the genome is so large is that the “lung fish” probably survived the Cambrian explosion and subsequent mass extinction. Hence, a lot of carryforward within the genome that you and I were not privy to. 😊 3:48
Wonderful as always Anton. Thank you. 🙏😎
"Animals are something invented by plants to move seeds around. An extremely yang solution to a peculiar problem which they faced.
Plants seem like an excellent model for the kind of future that we should be building.
Inwardness is the characteristic feature of the vegetable rather than the animal approach to existence. The animals move, migrate and swarm, while plants hold fast. Plants live in a dimension characterized by solid state, the fixed and the enduring. If there is movement in the consciousness of plants then it must be the movement of spirit and attention in the domain of vegetal imagination. (...) This is the truth that the shamans have always known and practiced. Awareness of the green side of mind was called Veriditas by the twelfth century visionary Hildegard Von Bingen."
Terence McKenna
"Trees are the largest and most spiritually advanced plants on Earth. They are constantly in meditation. Subtle energy is their natural language."
☯ Mantak Chia
🌬🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲
"No writing on the solitary, meditative dimensions of life can say anything that has not already been said better by the wind in the pine trees..."
Thomas Merton
I think of it like the parameter size of an LLM. You can have an AI like Grok 1.5 that's 500 billion parameters, but performs worse than a 70b parameter model like Qwen 1.5, all depending on how training data was fed into the AI and what kind of training data was fed into it, with training data essentially representing stages of evolution.
160 billion pairs is equivalent to 150 Gigabit (or 18,75 Gigabyte) in terms of computer data, right?
That's funny when you think about it, this plant can store the equivalent of at least 5 HD movies inside its DNA molecule!
Theres a joke about how what one programmer can code in one month, two programmers can code in 2 months
Crazy that of all places of origin and time this plant discovery could have been announced, it happens to be endemic to New Caledonia, a French oversea territory currently in open civil war.
Very cool. Maybe they'll find some ancient genes that could explain cool stuff.
It’s beyond impressive how a simple fly goes from a maggot into a fly with all the fighter pilot training aeronautics guidance systems and so much more.. passed from its parent to the fly whilst going through metamorphosis in some sort of chemical soup.. this thing just busts out of its shell and just does it .. definitely so serious intelligence went into that .. we just call it evolution but that word does not do it justice as to the incredible intelligence that is needed to design such a thing.
I wonder what's in Anton's genome that makes him such a wonderful person! 🎉😊
DNA is optimized to proliferate, not to reduce codebase. Huge portions of it are as if somebody hid a Tolstoy novel in the comments (and the compiler didn't get rid of them, instead put them somewhere inactivated in the final thing)
Understanding the genome and the production of proteins is more complex when you add posttranslational modification to the equation...
i love it when you say "organism."
I wonder if it's deferrable the age of the species by taking into account the complexity of its genome
Great video!
Seems like the evolutionary advantage to having a large genome might be that they are more likely to acquire mutations, either through coding errors or radiation, and a larger number of mutations might lead to a larger number of adaptions. This wouldn't benefit individuals because so many of them would be unfit, but it could create the largest possible diversity within a species and allow them to speciate more quickly.
When coding a program in progress I would leave many old versions of working code in case I needed if the new one doesn't work. The old versions are my backup!
My favorite unusual RUclips channel.
Curious if there has been any attempt to catalogue all bacteria typically found in a human, especially since they play such a large role.
Genome size is highly dynamic within an organism, and isn't fixed at any point in its evolution, Genomes grow and shrink simultaneously at different rates in different cells within the same organism.
Wow this video is hugely educational
This plant genome is like an ex everyone has had at some point. They just never let go.
❤ that's a lot of complexity in that tall green twig, so I'm getting suspicious. That is a lot of potential. Like Audrey III 😮😮😮😮😮 boop-she-boop! 😁
Could the size of an organisms genome be because of how long the species has survived, like say something that's been around 100,000,000 million years have a longer genome than something that has only been around 1,000,000 million years?
As soon as I saw the title I knew it was going to be some kind of fern. Plants tend to have very large genomes and ferns have been around longer then most so they have had the most time to develop and specialize larger genomes compared to most plants.
Actually it's a fern ally, not a true fern.
Yes more exposure to virus infections over time.
I wonder if ectotherms tend to have more base pairs than endotherms because they need a wider variety of enzymes.
I think this is generally the case, yes.
@@johannageisel5390 Thanks
It's cool that you can say all those crazy names of things so well! It's like a different language to me! Interesting video! I learn new things everyday! Btw, I wait to the very end just to see you smile! It makes my day! 😊❤
well it is usually latin or greek so yeah
It makes sense that the life that has the most chromosomes has the most diversity. Humans are diploids with 23 chromosome pairs.
Daylilies can be diploids OR tetraploids with 4 sets of 23 chromosomes or 96 compared to 46 in diploids. Hard to find a plant that is the same diploid base as humans but also can be doubled to a tetraploid in the same plant.
In the lab, some plants get treated to go from a diploid to tetraploid and they do it in daylilies when they get a new look or trait they want in the tet group. They put a chemical in the diploid plant that makes the plant double its chromosomes in it sexual parts.
Darn plants stole all my chromosomes!!! I was saving those for later!
Jokes aside, the fact that only 20,000 species have had their genomes fully sequenced took me by surprise, especially once you put it in perspective of the total number of species. I wonder how the distribution of sequenced species is distributed / skewed across the planet and within groups. I'd image most domesticated lifeforms have been fully sequenced by now, but just going by the numbers should I be able to just take a stroll outside and find a plant that hasn't been sequenced after a brief hike in the woods?
The species used in research have priority, so it's probably mostly things like humans, fruit flies, mice, rats, zebra fish, E. coli, thale cress, etc.
0:10 Hey, Anton! 😂
Its probably one of the first organic life to exist and survive on Earth.
@Anton Petrov it would be fantastic if you could do a vid on how they work out how many base pairs there are in a genome. I imagine that they don't visually count to 130,000,000,000 pairs.
Most fascinating thing about our own genes, is that some of them cause our brain to have knowledge, without learning that knowledge. "Instinct", we call it.
The "unused" sequences store the organisms' browser history which they forgot to delete.
Naughty organism!!!
hi Anton, i really love your vids and i’m adopting you as a grandnephew. i’d be thrilled to know you. :) 🌷🌱
the larger genomes are fascinating and i truly wonder are they really needed for the organism? or are they genetic material that is ancient and not honed to what it would need to survive with. but then there’s the krill who do amazingly well.
i’d like to find out the results of that experiment where they cut out all the repetitive genetic material. very exciting.
take care, sweetie. the material you cover is always superb. :) 😋🌿🦠🔬🌴
0:20 wtf do you mean not very impressive?!?!?!
Each of these seem to be found in biomes that are very stable over eons.
Perhaps there is greater adaptive resilience making them more likely to be able to activate useful genes from their gene bank to overcome the most radical changes to their environments by shifting their capabilities, they saved these from their past for advantage in the future. Resilience as a Darwinian response.
Exactly. I wonder if a lot of the people saying that having 'junk dna' or a huge genome is a waste or 'stupid' could be considered a defense mechanism of their ego?
An ancient plant form such as the fern in question has been evolving since the very first plants appeared. How many changes has the species undergone to become what it is today? Oxygen levels, temps, cosmic rays, etc. Are they safety redundancy or leftovers?
There must be some evolutionary advantage in a large genome that offsets the extra costs of replicating and storing it (at least in some plants).
Big DNA could perhaps refer to the old prehistoric nature of the animal/plant as a container of historical record?
Lots of dormant code I guess. It could help in times of stress where rapid diversification is required. If you had a bunch of clones, like our bananas, one little blight can take it all down.
Maybe species that suffered more exposure to mutations and who replicate and reproduce rapidly than us in generations so the extension of the DNA is not only about complexity but how many times suffered mutations throughout the species's lifespan
Millions of species, most of them being insects, bacteria, fungi, etc., although I would like to see a breakdown of how many animal and plant species exist.
Could just be natural selection, if the large genome is not interfering with survival it can just keep getting larger until it does.
Using the term "junk", for sections of DNA not fully understood, probably qualifies as a seven on the logarithmic Hubris Scale.
Maybe it was a benefit to the plant to be slow growing and small... so instead of an event of reducing genome size... it was kept large.
Or maybe having repetitive genome pairs allows for the plant to survive radiation better.
I wonder if nature's approach is like a lot of computer code I had written where I left stuff in because I had no idea what it did so best to play safe.
I have a feeling that "junk" DNA has some sort of purpose in every organism. For instance, for the fern, I would think that maybe it is for having plenty of DNA to allow for more genetic diversity. In the case of the mud puppy, having this redundant DNA may be for the complex mechanisms that would go on for an organism to regenerate limbs/tails. Like an organic backup template on how to completely shape the organism'a body.
Eukaryotes are but a specialised branch of the Archaea - look up the work of Professor Martin Embley
Thanks for such wonderful videos ~ I learn a lot from you. And always enjoy your lovely smile at the end 😁🌟😃 God bless
I remember studying silene noctiflora, a flower with a massive mitochondrial genome, looking for a way to improve human mitochondria.
Don't discount plants and animals with unusual genetics. They are a wellspring of knowledge.
The fish is likely a prehistoric species similar to a sturgeon. Fish existed before land evolution and evolved early being longer alive to evolve
Fish had more chances to go extinct compared to a plant, what we need to look for is under water plants and find something even earlier. But what do I know..
@@aleksanderpopov5060 There were genres of prehistoric plants that were half animal half plant complex organism. None are still alive, but some of the most complex organisms to arise and the first to obtain complexity and locomotion pre Cambrian.
Anyone mention inter special chimerism? Like, what if these are all very, very old species that over the ages “merged” with others, possibly in times of stress. That little fern may be the oldest, and most species combined in one organism
Perhaps we can “parse” apart the different sections of DNA and identify even older relatives
What causes the overgrowth of weeds in dry area's? I live in Southern Ariz., and weeds grow easily while my watered garden struggles.
I got to put my glasses on
Hey Anton, here is one of the reason of the "junk dna". Larger genomes that repeat it self = less chance of UV damage due to the sun for the plant
See if the lung fish will eat it? If it can, observe what behavior changes in the lung fish.
Your Last question triggered my frowning thought between my brows... what condition that critically boosted the inner based-pairs genomes to duplicate into such large number; 160 billion base-pairs... perhaps the usual way of survival/spreading is to go Budding/ Branching -off. Unfortunately in hard time of drought plus nighttime dewing that years was also lack of moisture (it happened many many times through their evolution time-scale. Again & again for thousands of years) when their genetics duplication were on .. inner nucleo-regeneration nearly completed but outside nucleus, the infrastructure was far from ready.. all the duplicated /double sets of document was ready but the other room/cell was not finished. Let's just stuff all the copies in the same/previous room.. waiting & wait & wait until another plenty season comes. But it's already settled.. the duplicated (junk?) Genes resting well into that original cell. What if the same happened another season.. the double will become Quadruple..Octacuple..(x2--> x4 -->x 8--> x16?) From simple less number of 3-6 million pairs of Blue green Bacteria become 100's million and finally Billions base-pairs, for instance..(the draught did it.) During hard time, some fish struggling off the muddy pond to find new water.. they finally evolved Strong pelvic fins and the front fin became front LEGs.(?!?) It's hard time that boosted-up evolution ladder climbers.. up, up the stairs. (How Great numbers of JUNK-GENEs evolved into really useable functioning of well-adapt organs.. that s another frowning thought of me, tonight.!!)
First, we find galaxies at the beginning of time that are impossibly big, then we find DNA that is ridiculously big.
Maybe we have got some basics wrong?
Hmmm. I would think that because it is on such a small isolated island, it probably doesn't have a lot of evolutionary pressure to develop more efficient processes. Is that Japanese flower indigenous to the large island of Japan or a smaller island off the coast?
This humble plant is living in harmony with its ecosystem and has adapted to be able to outlive silly humans by millennia. This plant is a hair on the head of the earth, while we are the fleas.
Truly neat. The awesomeness is only beaten by the wonderfulness of the video's ceator.
Maybe genome size is like contingent code to deal with a whole range of environments and circumstances, whereas animals eschewed contingent programming in favor of a brain that can adapt.
Molecular biologist here. We do know what most of our genome does.