Please LIKE and SUBSCRIBE. I also appreciate your continual support of these geology education videos. To do so, click on the "Thanks" button just above (right of Download button) or by going here: www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=EWUSLG3GBS5W8 Or: www.buymeacoffee.com/shawnwillsey
Thanks for the picture of the Utah Capitol building sesmic wave isolation mechanism. This is so cool how engineers conceive such thoughts on how to mitigate damage from earthquakes. Excellent video, as always ... 🤗
@@causewaykayak Yes. We used a synthetic zeolite called Y-type. We then performed an ion exchange to remove the sodium and insert rare earth elements to activate it for high temperature catalytic cracking.
I was fortunate enough to get a grounding in a lot of the construction risk and mitigation aspects of this (among other things) from an early age due to my father's profession as a chartered civil engineer. I must have been around ten years old when he brought home a section from an exploratory core sample that had been made where a large project had been proposed. It was wet clay, and as I'd received my first microscope the Christmas before, he thought I'd be interested. It was made up of randomly dispersed flakes, which he also looked at (possibly his intention). He took a much larger lump of the clay, put it in a jug, and shook it, then poured out the liquid from the jug - apparently a demonstration used in lab studies during their degree. He explained that that type of clay has loads of water between the flakes, but if shaken, the flakes fall flat to each other and the whole mass becomes liquid. If overlaid by more coherent topsoil, the liquid clay will even jet out in liquid mud geysers as any construction sinks into the underlying clay. It is known as thixotropic clay, and can't be built on at all. it can be the cause of landslips from fairly minor quakes, as sloping ground above breaks loose if it liquifies. He used the same demonstration to the planning department, and of course, the project was not approved. Some parts of the boulder clay basin on which London is built have pockets of this kind of clay, so exploratory boreholes are a necessity prior to any construction, despite quakes being a rarity in southeast England. But I read all his copies of "New Civil Engineer" as soon as he'd finished them, as I found them fascinating. I remember an article about a mitigation technique for tall buildings being to have a large pendulum installed into an additional shaft alongside those for lifts/elevators, which damps out lateral shaking.
I bought you 3 pieces of 🍕. Thank you. I hope one day you could come to Merida in the New Yucatan peninsula (New in geological years) I would be glad to show you the sinkholes, the ocean, the planes. And the Chicxulub crater (the one that extinction of the dinosaurs). No earthquakes though.
Again, so nicely done. Thanks. Living here in south-central Alaska, we've gotten to experience many quakes. Always a learning experience. I recall in particular a spring outing when suddenly avalanches commenced on many aspects and elevations. A few days later, I was able to call to learn that indeed a quake had occurred, but not felt much.
I used to work in the petroleum industry. We made catalysts to change crude oil into gasoline. The catalysts were made of various clays. Some of these clays had a unique property. Shaking a container for a few seconds with this slightly damp, dusty clay would cause it to liquefy to something with constancy of maple syrup. Within seconds, it would then be solid again.
Wow ... that is very interesting. Thanks for telling us about that. Knowing nothing about petroleum processing I would never have guessed clay in a multiple choice question. Cool.😎
What causes the difference between rollers and shakers? I grew-up in SoCal. We had what we called "rollers" (which usually don't cause much damage, if any) and "shakers" (which are extremely destructive). Usually they are a combination of both. Relying only on my memory, there was a 6+ called the "Palm Sunday Quake" in the late 60s that was a roller, seems like it lasted over 1 minute. I was outside and watch a whole mountain range moving! Awesome!!! The only damage report I remember hearing was a building facade collapsed in downtown L.A. In Feb of 72, a 7+ around 6am, started out as a roller, seems like over a minute just laid in bed enjoying the ride, but it ended with 10-20 seconds of terrifying hard shaking. The damage was extensive and wide-spread.
I will most likely not be using any of this information in my line of work but I think it's good to have a general knowledge of all the disciplines involved in earthquakes. Thank You!
The second strongest shaking I ever felt was from a 3.2. In the early 1970s when we were living on base at NAS Pt. Mugu, California. I was still doing the “just five more minutes” thing about getting up. Suddenly the queen sized bed was bouncing around and I couldn’t get off it. The large glass water bottle popped off its stand, landed on the kitchen table, and rolled toward where my then husband was sitting. Both of us from the inland low desert of SoCal. We assumed it was a really big earthquake. Only thing we heard about it, other than how weak it was, was that the epicenter was about three miles offshore from the base. Lots of fish in home aquariums died. One injury on base. A guy jumped out of his barracks window, 3rd floor, and broke his arm. Probably got significant bruising. Pt. Hueneme and Oxnard had similar shaking and more fishies died. Those mainly because most people were already off to school or work. Of course a lot of broken bottles and dishes in the immediate region. I already had a habit of putting my breakable dishes in the bottom cupboards and our glasses were plastic. Nothing broke. Our cat did refuse to come inside for three days after. And no, he didn’t know it was coming either. 🤣
Regarding the 1994 Northridge earthquake: My house was one mile south of the epicenter. It was the most terrifying event that I have lived through. Fortunately, my wife, my infant daughter, and myself were uninjured. As for the house, the brick chimney collapsed, the foundation was cracked, and the cinderblock wall around the property also collapsed. The sound of the earthquake was so loud that we didn't hear any of those events happen, as well as the kitchen cabinets emptying themselves.
After viewing your earlier video on the Tibet earthquake, I made the following observation regarding the large number of fatalities that occur in some earthquakes while the same type of earthquake, producing the same ground motion, would be considered minor in other regions: I never understood why even moderate earthquakes can cause such huge number of fatalities until I toured Egypt many years ago. I saw how people in that country crowd into multi-story, poorly reinforced brick structures. This is so typical in many parts of the world where earthquake standards are non-existent or too expensive to implement and the building materials are brick of stone. These buildings, constructed the way they are, take only the slightest motion to cause them to collapse or tip over and shower masonry into the streets below. To make this situation even worse, much of humanity lives on top of poorly consolidated sediments near oceans and bays and where liquefaction can occur.
I took 5 years of structural earthquake design in architecture school and then passed a licensing exam in earthquake structural design. They never explained plate tectonics. Learning as we go!
At the time of the 1994 Northridge quake, I was living 10 miles NE of your initial photo. Weirdly, the heavy lower pillars failed, but the soaring overpass (something over 200 feet high) on thin pillars survived intact (tho was demolished for the reconstruction). My trailer was on bedrock, and hopped straight up and down about six inches for around 30 seconds, but did not come off its blocks. (I had to reset one jack.) The next place I lived was a house out on a thick layer of compacted dry silt, and during big quakes it would sway like a boat on a lake. I see Myron Cook is chatting about earthquakes today too. Is it a sign? :)
Question: in an Earthquake, it is like lightning where the rock movement happens in one shot, and the rest is just reverberations of the movement that "echos" in the ground, or does an Earthquake lasting 10 seconds means the rock takes 10 seconds to release the pent up tension and stops its movement?
Earthquake hazards since we are located next to Mount Borah we have to know about this. One thing that I study a lot is infrastructure and how to correct it. One of the worst things that could happen in an earthquake is a bridge pier can collapse. In the old days they use slip form paving to make the pier today you do not use slip form for piers. Flip form paving will make the pier brittle and hallow and if you put in the sheer force of a 6 or 7 earthquake that thing's going to collapse like a telescope. I have seen several bridge Piers collapse during the Salt Lake earthquake, Loma, Northridge, the Anchorage earthquake, and that big one that hit Japan a couple years back in fact when Loma hit interstate 880 what used to comprise the upper deck of the Bay Bridge collapsed one of the trucks that was traveling across that interstate was left hanging on the intact section with his wheels over the edge. Everyone else who was on the bridge was crushed and 63 people died. This is why we do not use viaducts anymore. How old is this corrected is they get a steel piling and they ram it into the ground with a pile driver. once the pilings are set they put this rebar cage inside of it and fill with concrete then they build a deck on top of that. No slip form, no hallow columns, and no solid concrete deck today the decks on all bridges are made of steel but some you will see the concrete beam on them except it is connected to the rest of the bridge with steel expansion joints. That way when the big one hits it remains intact. Earthquakes can also destroy buildings. This is why the Salt Lake capital, the Salt Lake Temple, the Salt Palace, the Delta Center, Gateway, and the Rio Grande Station are being rebuilt with base isolation springs underneath.
23:10 here's the answer this is a surfice rupture so the correct answer is B. Here's the reason why. Liquafaction, Landslide and Tsunami only happen if your house is on clay. I don't see any clay in this rock. Also the water table is 60 m down that is 200 ft below the surface typical conditions that we have here in Idaho and across the Wasatch Front the ground is solid granite on top of fractured basalt which means no aftershocks and our elevation is 652 ft above sea level which rules out tsunami. Also look at the fault that is a transform fault which means the only type of hazard that you will get with this type of earthquake is a surface rupture. Your foundation will be cracked but your house will not split in two. This is the type of hazard that we have in our area.
Shawn , Yesterday (1-14-25) there was a 2.8 earthquake in Richmond Va. Very rare for this area .I remember it said there is a fault line east of the Mississippi ? In your busy time , any thoughts, Thanks so much for sharing all your knowledge and insights! C
Silly story given the multiple references to the Northridge Quake. Prior to it I worked in a lab at Caltech, left go to grad school. Anyway, I had left a poster on the wall of the lab I spent much of my time in: it was the MC Etcher waterfall poster. In that quake a water pipe brake and water cascaded down the poster. Friends sent me a pick. Place I used to live at also collapsed the lower floor. Total tangent.
When a fault scarp normal faulthappens in absolute terms does the down drop block just drop or is the up block lifted and what provides the energy to actually lift the ground? Finally is horsts as they erode isostatically rebounding upward?)
Thanks for the video. You’ll want to pin your comment so it stays at the top. I’m having difficulty visualizing how an earthquake works, going from depth to the surface. If it’s relatively “shallow” I’d imagine the rock is of similar hardness as near the surface. As those rocks move with respect to ech other the movement is translated to the surface. Deeper down, the rock becomes hotter, is under more pressure and is probably “more flexible”? I imagine the rock doesn’t break but something causes sudden movements translating upwards as earthquakes. I guess no one really knows how that works?
WARNING! Should you ever venture into mud up to your knees>Call For Help Cause You're in Deep Shit! The more you struggle the deeper you sink. Rescue Assist>lay out length of branches (2x4's best yet) for the victim to bend/reach forward to extract their feet and climb their way out. Silt/clay>Ive been on both ends.
@shawnwillsey - Please pin your "Like and Subscribe" comment before it gets buried! 🙂 [I know - lots to do and remember after the video is posted! And lots to do *before* you shoot your video - like putting your office phone on "do not disturb"😉] A fine addition to your GEOL 101 video series. Just a perfect mouthful of information - not so much that viewers are overwhelmed but too little, leaving the viewers thinking "it's over already?". All of the photos and drawings were clear and pertinent. 👍
![Blox Fruits Dragon Rework Update [Full Stream]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/EqDAp8udhm0/mqdefault.jpg)
Please LIKE and SUBSCRIBE. I also appreciate your continual support of these geology education videos. To do so, click on the "Thanks" button just above (right of Download button) or by going here: www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=EWUSLG3GBS5W8 Or: www.buymeacoffee.com/shawnwillsey
Thank you Shawn. Very informative and enjoyable episode.
Thanks for the picture of the Utah Capitol building sesmic wave isolation mechanism. This is so cool how engineers conceive such thoughts on how to mitigate damage from earthquakes. Excellent video, as always ... 🤗
Thanks for your comment and kind donation.
So interesting. Quite topical too. Instructive Quiz. I am looking forward to the next episode.
This was a type of clay called a zeolite. Crystals are like a sponge on a molecular level.
zeolite as in water softener?
@@causewaykayak Yes. We used a synthetic zeolite called Y-type. We then performed an ion exchange to remove the sodium and insert rare earth elements to activate it for high temperature catalytic cracking.
Great video! 😊 I really enjoyed this one! I think I'm learning something from all the videos I watch! ⭐
Thanks for sharing! 😊
🌟 Thank you!
Thanks for all the hard work on these videos!
I was fortunate enough to get a grounding in a lot of the construction risk and mitigation aspects of this (among other things) from an early age due to my father's profession as a chartered civil engineer.
I must have been around ten years old when he brought home a section from an exploratory core sample that had been made where a large project had been proposed. It was wet clay, and as I'd received my first microscope the Christmas before, he thought I'd be interested. It was made up of randomly dispersed flakes, which he also looked at (possibly his intention). He took a much larger lump of the clay, put it in a jug, and shook it, then poured out the liquid from the jug - apparently a demonstration used in lab studies during their degree. He explained that that type of clay has loads of water between the flakes, but if shaken, the flakes fall flat to each other and the whole mass becomes liquid. If overlaid by more coherent topsoil, the liquid clay will even jet out in liquid mud geysers as any construction sinks into the underlying clay. It is known as thixotropic clay, and can't be built on at all. it can be the cause of landslips from fairly minor quakes, as sloping ground above breaks loose if it liquifies.
He used the same demonstration to the planning department, and of course, the project was not approved.
Some parts of the boulder clay basin on which London is built have pockets of this kind of clay, so exploratory boreholes are a necessity prior to any construction, despite quakes being a rarity in southeast England.
But I read all his copies of "New Civil Engineer" as soon as he'd finished them, as I found them fascinating. I remember an article about a mitigation technique for tall buildings being to have a large pendulum installed into an additional shaft alongside those for lifts/elevators, which damps out lateral shaking.
Thank you thank you thank you so so much for Geology 101 and everything else.
City of Anaheim’s City Hall West, built in 1992, is on rollers to absorb movement. It is eleven stories high.
Excellent lecture....thanks so much for your ability to convey info in an understandable way.
Thanks!
Thank you for these lectures, you explain them very well to a non geologist like myself, and yay, I ws able to get the correct answer to the quiz.
Good show! 👍👍
Thanks for another informative video.
I bought you 3 pieces of 🍕. Thank you. I hope one day you could come to Merida in the New Yucatan peninsula (New in geological years) I would be glad to show you the sinkholes, the ocean, the planes. And the Chicxulub crater (the one that extinction of the dinosaurs). No earthquakes though.
Thanks for another very informative episode, Shawn! I love this series. You're always so easy to understand :)
Thank you again, Shawn, for another informative video. It's great to get my brain working after the festive season.
Again, so nicely done. Thanks. Living here in south-central Alaska, we've gotten to experience many quakes. Always a learning experience. I recall in particular a spring outing when suddenly avalanches commenced on many aspects and elevations. A few days later, I was able to call to learn that indeed a quake had occurred, but not felt much.
I used to work in the petroleum industry. We made catalysts to change crude oil into gasoline. The catalysts were made of various clays. Some of these clays had a unique property. Shaking a container for a few seconds with this slightly damp, dusty clay would cause it to liquefy to something with constancy of maple syrup. Within seconds, it would then be solid again.
Wow ... that is very interesting. Thanks for telling us about that. Knowing nothing about petroleum processing I would never have guessed clay in a multiple choice question. Cool.😎
Another excellent video.
Thanks, Shawn! Enjoyed your presence at Myron's vid yesterday evening. Love to see you, Myron, and Nick do a collaboration sometime.
I’ve got something cooking for this summer with each of them.
@@shawnwillsey Many thanks for the education you all provide. It is a much-needed break from the news lately.
I was visiting Ventura during this quake. It felt like the bed was being shaken out like a rug. Power went out immediately.
Nice one. Thanks Shawn!
ありがとうございます！
Thanks for your donation.
What causes the difference between rollers and shakers?
I grew-up in SoCal. We had what we called "rollers" (which usually don't cause much damage, if any) and "shakers" (which are extremely destructive). Usually they are a combination of both. Relying only on my memory, there was a 6+ called the "Palm Sunday Quake" in the late 60s that was a roller, seems like it lasted over 1 minute. I was outside and watch a whole mountain range moving! Awesome!!! The only damage report I remember hearing was a building facade collapsed in downtown L.A. In Feb of 72, a 7+ around 6am, started out as a roller, seems like over a minute just laid in bed enjoying the ride, but it ended with 10-20 seconds of terrifying hard shaking. The damage was extensive and wide-spread.
I will most likely not be using any of this information in my line of work but I think it's good to have a general knowledge of all the disciplines involved in earthquakes. Thank You!
I saw that surface rupture in Idaho when I was there 10 yrs ago. It was amazing.
The second strongest shaking I ever felt was from a 3.2. In the early 1970s when we were living on base at NAS Pt. Mugu, California. I was still doing the “just five more minutes” thing about getting up. Suddenly the queen sized bed was bouncing around and I couldn’t get off it. The large glass water bottle popped off its stand, landed on the kitchen table, and rolled toward where my then husband was sitting. Both of us from the inland low desert of SoCal. We assumed it was a really big earthquake. Only thing we heard about it, other than how weak it was, was that the epicenter was about three miles offshore from the base. Lots of fish in home aquariums died. One injury on base. A guy jumped out of his barracks window, 3rd floor, and broke his arm. Probably got significant bruising. Pt. Hueneme and Oxnard had similar shaking and more fishies died. Those mainly because most people were already off to school or work. Of course a lot of broken bottles and dishes in the immediate region. I already had a habit of putting my breakable dishes in the bottom cupboards and our glasses were plastic. Nothing broke. Our cat did refuse to come inside for three days after. And no, he didn’t know it was coming either. 🤣
Regarding the 1994 Northridge earthquake: My house was one mile south of the epicenter. It was the most terrifying event that I have lived through. Fortunately, my wife, my infant daughter, and myself were uninjured. As for the house, the brick chimney collapsed, the foundation was cracked, and the cinderblock wall around the property also collapsed. The sound of the earthquake was so loud that we didn't hear any of those events happen, as well as the kitchen cabinets emptying themselves.
After viewing your earlier video on the Tibet earthquake, I made the following observation regarding the large number of fatalities that occur in some earthquakes while the same type of earthquake, producing the same ground motion, would be considered minor in other regions:
I never understood why even moderate earthquakes can cause such huge number of fatalities until I toured Egypt many years ago. I saw how people in that country crowd into multi-story, poorly reinforced brick structures. This is so typical in many parts of the world where earthquake standards are non-existent or too expensive to implement and the building materials are brick of stone. These buildings, constructed the way they are, take only the slightest motion to cause them to collapse or tip over and shower masonry into the streets below. To make this situation even worse, much of humanity lives on top of poorly consolidated sediments near oceans and bays and where liquefaction can occur.
Based on its topography and soil, should we expect land slides in the areas of Los Angeles ravaged by the wildfires?
I took 5 years of structural earthquake design in architecture school and then passed a licensing exam in earthquake structural design. They never explained plate tectonics. Learning as we go!
Terrific education!!! Thanks Shawn!!
At the time of the 1994 Northridge quake, I was living 10 miles NE of your initial photo. Weirdly, the heavy lower pillars failed, but the soaring overpass (something over 200 feet high) on thin pillars survived intact (tho was demolished for the reconstruction). My trailer was on bedrock, and hopped straight up and down about six inches for around 30 seconds, but did not come off its blocks. (I had to reset one jack.)
The next place I lived was a house out on a thick layer of compacted dry silt, and during big quakes it would sway like a boat on a lake.
I see Myron Cook is chatting about earthquakes today too. Is it a sign? :)
Question: in an Earthquake, it is like lightning where the rock movement happens in one shot, and the rest is just reverberations of the movement that "echos" in the ground, or does an Earthquake lasting 10 seconds means the rock takes 10 seconds to release the pent up tension and stops its movement?
Earthquake hazards since we are located next to Mount Borah we have to know about this. One thing that I study a lot is infrastructure and how to correct it. One of the worst things that could happen in an earthquake is a bridge pier can collapse. In the old days they use slip form paving to make the pier today you do not use slip form for piers. Flip form paving will make the pier brittle and hallow and if you put in the sheer force of a 6 or 7 earthquake that thing's going to collapse like a telescope. I have seen several bridge Piers collapse during the Salt Lake earthquake, Loma, Northridge, the Anchorage earthquake, and that big one that hit Japan a couple years back in fact when Loma hit interstate 880 what used to comprise the upper deck of the Bay Bridge collapsed one of the trucks that was traveling across that interstate was left hanging on the intact section with his wheels over the edge. Everyone else who was on the bridge was crushed and 63 people died. This is why we do not use viaducts anymore. How old is this corrected is they get a steel piling and they ram it into the ground with a pile driver. once the pilings are set they put this rebar cage inside of it and fill with concrete then they build a deck on top of that. No slip form, no hallow columns, and no solid concrete deck today the decks on all bridges are made of steel but some you will see the concrete beam on them except it is connected to the rest of the bridge with steel expansion joints. That way when the big one hits it remains intact. Earthquakes can also destroy buildings. This is why the Salt Lake capital, the Salt Lake Temple, the Salt Palace, the Delta Center, Gateway, and the Rio Grande Station are being rebuilt with base isolation springs underneath.
23:10 here's the answer this is a surfice rupture so the correct answer is B. Here's the reason why. Liquafaction, Landslide and Tsunami only happen if your house is on clay. I don't see any clay in this rock. Also the water table is 60 m down that is 200 ft below the surface typical conditions that we have here in Idaho and across the Wasatch Front the ground is solid granite on top of fractured basalt which means no aftershocks and our elevation is 652 ft above sea level which rules out tsunami. Also look at the fault that is a transform fault which means the only type of hazard that you will get with this type of earthquake is a surface rupture. Your foundation will be cracked but your house will not split in two. This is the type of hazard that we have in our area.
Funny I was just talking about earthquakes happening in Los Angeles aka Lost Angel's and then this pop's up today.
Shawn , Yesterday (1-14-25) there was a 2.8 earthquake in Richmond Va. Very rare for this area .I remember it said there is a fault line east of the Mississippi ? In your busy time , any thoughts, Thanks so much for sharing all your knowledge and insights! C
Apropos considering the earthquake in Japan this morning.
Silly story given the multiple references to the Northridge Quake. Prior to it I worked in a lab at Caltech, left go to grad school. Anyway, I had left a poster on the wall of the lab I spent much of my time in: it was the MC Etcher waterfall poster. In that quake a water pipe brake and water cascaded down the poster. Friends sent me a pick. Place I used to live at also collapsed the lower floor. Total tangent.
If I can ask a dumb question. Assuming that the seismic waves are sine waves, what is the frequency?
When a fault scarp normal faulthappens in absolute terms does the down drop block just drop or is the up block lifted and what provides the energy to actually lift the ground? Finally is horsts as they erode isostatically rebounding upward?)
I got my gold star yay
Boy, flash from the past. I was there! Actually this pic is from the Sylmar quake. I lived about 3 miles from this pic.
Earthquakes, fires, and who knows, maybe locusts next?
❤❤
Thanks for the video. You’ll want to pin your comment so it stays at the top.
I’m having difficulty visualizing how an earthquake works, going from depth to the surface. If it’s relatively “shallow” I’d imagine the rock is of similar hardness as near the surface. As those rocks move with respect to ech other the movement is translated to the surface.
Deeper down, the rock becomes hotter, is under more pressure and is probably “more flexible”? I imagine the rock doesn’t break but something causes sudden movements translating upwards as earthquakes. I guess no one really knows how that works?
A tsunami could happen if the house was built on the side of a mountain in a bay. The highest tsunami recorded was 1,720 feet in Alaska.
There should have been a G answer.
S. California falls into the Pacific Ocean like in the movies.
WARNING! Should you ever venture into mud up to your knees>Call For Help Cause You're in Deep Shit! The more you struggle the deeper you sink. Rescue Assist>lay out length of branches (2x4's best yet) for the victim to bend/reach forward to extract their feet and climb their way out. Silt/clay>Ive been on both ends.
@shawnwillsey - Please pin your "Like and Subscribe" comment before it gets buried! 🙂 [I know - lots to do and remember after the video is posted! And lots to do *before* you shoot your video - like putting your office phone on "do not disturb"😉]
A fine addition to your GEOL 101 video series. Just a perfect mouthful of information - not so much that viewers are overwhelmed but too little, leaving the viewers thinking "it's over already?". All of the photos and drawings were clear and pertinent. 👍
No duh