Prof Steve has the rare ability to explain complex ideas in easily-understood words. His enthusiasm is also very catching! One of my all-time favourite scientists. (And his book is brilliant!)
Crocs can already move pretty fast and are terrifying😂 Gators, I'd totally jump on one or feed one. A croc? I'm keeping my distance, I want a goooooood head start
Its scary that in all that we've uncovered and discovered, its only a tiny fraction of all the life that lived in that era, thousands of creatures that didn't fossilize will forever remain unknown to us.
Is that scary? I find it exciting. I guess it's sad to think of the things we'll never find but it's awesome to know that there's still a lot out there that we might one day find.
As some people who was fascinated by dinosaurs in childhood but did not follow up since then (which means since the 1970s) I'm totally intrigued... feathers!?! Gorgeous! Thank you!
What a wonderful presentation on paleontology with such heartwarming narration. Steve, your vitality and enthusiasm for your specialty field of study shines through with many smiles and much warmth. Thank you!
The question was missing a piece. It meant “like in Jurassic Park/World” because in those movies it’s 2-3 raptors fighting a Rex. With that context, you just need to replace “Velociraptor” with Deinonychus since that was the actual animal the JP raptors were based on(even though the films made them almost twice the size of an average individual). Or to be more accurate, use a larger North American dromeosaur like Dakotaraptor, that coexisted with Rex, and which was bigger than Deinonychus and closer to JP raptor proportions. 3 Dakotaraptors would be formidable against a weakened Rex. They still wouldn’t be able to kill it outright, but just like wolves they can just start eating the Rex from the flanks once it is tired out. After enough damage, the Rex would die from the injuries and blood loss.
Steve Brusatte, when the camera is off: "Yes...yes...This is a fertile land, and we will thrive. We will rule over all this land, and we will call it...This Land."
I can remember watching a program where paleontologists were involved in performing an autopsy on a dead cassowary because they said it was so close to a dinosaur and they could learn a lot from it.
16:00 There are videos out there of an enraged elephant throwing around a grown rhinoceros like it was a rag-doll. Taking into account the relatively small difference in size between those two and the fact that a rhino on its own is probably insanely strong and heavy (just not as strong or heavy as an elephant), I'd say that even if a small group of Raptors attacked a T-Rex, that "fight" would end very quickly and violently and with all the Raptors very dead. Even those super-sized Raptors from the Jurassic Park movies wouldn't stand much of a chance and, IIRC, most RL-Velociraptors were a lot smaller than those guys.
the study of dinos is a field that is still undergoing much research and discovery, and there is much that we still don't know about these amazing creatures! who want to learn more abt dinos here 🖐
That astroid is now 66 million years ago already? I still remember when I was a kid I was told an astroid killed off the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, time really flies faster than I realised these days……
Either a child, or a someone raised in a fundamentalist household. Ironically, fringe Christians are divided on the subject of dinosaurs. Something think dinosaurs existed alongside humans, but were wiped out in the Great Flood (Noah didn't save them). Others think dinosaurs never existed at all, and that all the fossil evidence are either fakes by humans or deliberate deception by Satan.
Really entertaining. You have a nice nature, and a way of conveying your love of science that would be great for your students. Thank you. We don't have evidence about, and of, them not laying eggs or for them giving live birth, but there are genus of modern animals that contain both kinds of birth. The ray and shark families have both kinds.
@@wbbartlett Permian Triassic extinction had multiple causes though, it wasn't just an impact event that set things off. So he's not wrong, in terms of the fallout of one single event, the KPG extinction wins.
Nice vid. Although, using nukes as a scale or measurement always seems kinda weird. Are we talking little boy or the tzar bomb. That is different of 15kt of TNT vs 50000kt of TNT.
15:15 The guy was probably thinking of the velociraptors from the Jurassic Park movies. It’s still silly, but it might have been more fun to factor that in and give an opinion on a bigger species, like Utahraptor.
@@ADTillion Dakotaraptor was actually significantly bigger than JP raptors, but yeah. Even they were puny compared to T. rex, a Velociraptor was like a mouse compared to it.
closest analogue i can think of is like 3 wolves against a full-grown african elephant, with the JP-sized raptors. would still putt my money on the elephant
2 questions I have never heard answered. 1: Amphibians are ecologically sensitive. How did they survive the asteroid strick if it was a deadly as stated by out current understanding? 2: Given that the Asteroid strike is the cause of death for the dinosaurs. How come there are no dinosauids in the KT boundary?
Correction, modern amphibians are ecologically sensitive, I am by no means an expert on amphibians, but they certainly have traits that would be good in such an event as the kt extinction. Being small is a good example of such a trait, and living in and around water is another. But either way, a huge amount of amphibians did go extinct. Besides, it's mostly about luck, if a group of animals is diverse enough at the time of the impact, the chances of at least some of the animals in that group surviving becomes greater. Dinosaurs are a great example, most died, but parts of the avian line made it. As for dinosaurs in and around the kt boundary, fossilization is rare, but I do think I heard about a discovery where they basically found dinosaurs that died because of the tsunamis following the impact. So literally dinosaurs from the same day as the extinction event. Not sure if this has been confirmed though. Either way it is very clear that before the kt line there are dinosaurs, and after the kt line they are all gone except for birds. So I highly doubt that is a coincidence.
1. Amphibians could easily hide thanks to small size and were also able to remain in brumation fro long time. 2. This question makes no sense. KT boundary in basically line in ground formations. No dinosuars except Aves were find above this line, meaning all non avian dinosuars went extinct in time when KT boundary formed.
In Australia some frogs burrow into mud and soil and go " dormant" ( can't remember the term) for years. They re- emerge when conditions are more suitable for them.
Of course a large sauropod, that is solid muscle and bone, is going to weigh more than a hollow jet airplane that is specifically engineered to be light.
I just read your book, good stuff! But there's an important question you didn't address, why in your photo in the back of the book, do you look like Hide the Pain Harold?
I wonder how sudden the extinction event was. Like i understand on a specific day a meteor struck the earth but did all the dinosaurs die off overnight? or was it a more gradual extinction event (1,5,10 years)? and if so, how long did some hold on after the meteor struck?
It could take hundred years, it could take milennia. We don't know. What we know there is that crater has 66 million years and no confirmed non-avian dinosaur lived after this time. So extinction took less than 1 million years.
The ones closer to the impact propably died pretty soon, and the same goes for the ones hit by tsunamis or severe earthquakes that followed. But the big extinction event most likely took a few hundreds (or thousands) years to wipe out most of life.
I've seen estimates anywhere between a couple of hours and thousands of years (either way the blink of an eye in the fossil record). The truth is we just don't know and might never know.
@@joaomarcosjunqueira4965 yeah and some major clades survived for several million years though emerged very depauperate and just didnt recover as well as the competition and eventually went extinct anyway, like a dead man walking clade on a evoluionary scale. first that comes to mind is the Multituerculates, the mammal clade that esides the monotremes, marsupials and placentals were the only mammals to make it through the K-Pg extinction. Once the most diverse mammal group during the mesozoic, only a sliver of them (some of the allotherians) made it through but managed to linger until the last ones died out in the Miocene about 17 million years ago. they were more derived than the still extant monotremes (closer to us placentals and marsupials than the monotremes). and then there is a unch of extant clades with us today that used to e very diverse and widespread efore the event ut limitted to a few species or just much less dominant as the extinction creates new winners. Like the Tuatara of the Rhyncocephalians, or the ginkgo, or the cycads. though these were already on the decline throughout the cretaceous efore the asteroid ever hit, unlike the non-avian dinosaurs or among the mammals the multituberculates. or the toothed birds
@@johnslaughter5475the Camarasaurus head being put on Brontosaurus/Apatosaurus mounts had nothing to with the naming confusion between the two. That’s an an issue that arose decades afterwards.
26:17 Considering we have found an Archeulean hand axe with a Cretacious bivalve fossil on the surface of one face of the blade - made by an Homo erectus individual - I think it's fair to say we will never be able to answer the question of who found the first fossil. Also depends on what "found" means. Does a dinosaur in the Triassic stumbling on some rock jutting out of the ground that turns out to be some even more ancient mollusc fossil count?
Mine hunted mice by waiting outside a mouse hole and swallowed them whole. I used to sit on a milk crate and watch my chooks for hours. Mine also hunted and killed doves that got into the chook pen.
I've got a question. How do we actually know what dinosaurs look like? If we took a hippo skeleton and recreated it like we do dinosaurs, they would look completely different. Who's to say we're even close to what they look like? (see an old episode of QI for reference to my question).
The muscle and soft tissue leaves imprint on the bone, so we have a decent grasp of their shape. And some structures are very simmilar to today's animals, so the final touch we do is a bit of comparison. We can get a pretty accurate image of how the dinos looked like with this method. That hippo skeleton recreated is not accurate cause it was not made by a scientist who knew what they were doing. I've seen the bit and seen some real paleontologists correcting it.
The hippo thing is just a meme, and it's meant to poke fun at "shrinkwrapping", which is the tendency of some paleoartists to underestimate the amount of soft tissue on top of extinct animal skeletons. Paleontologists themselves are much better at this - you can tell where soft tissues and muscles attach to bone in most cases. We also have skin imprints, feather outlines and quill attachment points in bone for some dinosaur species. There is still debate over details like lips on theropods, the exact placement and amount of feathering on some dinosaur groups, or speculative but plausible features like external air sacs. So there is some guessing involved and some things we'll never know, but it's not all guessing like you believe.
To add to that, all dinosaurs had a common Archosaur ancestor in the Triassic. Which one it was in particular is unknown but it split from other archosaurs that lead to other groups like pterosaurs and all crcodylomorphs. Marine reptiles on the other hand, are varied groups with ancestors that adapted to water at very different times. They don’t form a single related family. Their similarities are due to convergent evolution, no different from how some look like modern dolphins despite not sharing any genetic relation. The earliest forms would have had some relationship to archosaurs but later ones, especially the youngest one to go extinct- Mosasaurs evolved long after dinosaurs had already been dominating the land, and shared no relation to other contemporary marine reptiles. As far as we know, after dinosaurs established themselves, not a single one branched off into a fully aquatic lineage that survived until the KPG extinction. So essentially you’d only find dinosaur fossils in areas that weren’t fully submerged by ocean at the time.
@@ADTillion i think the most fascinating aout mosasaurs is that they are honest to god Squamates, actual lizards that ecame fully marine giants. not only are they squamates ut grouping close to the snake and monitor lizard side of the lizard tree. i.e monitors are closer to mosasaurs than they are to many living lizards. the other famous large mesozoic marine reptiles are some flavour of non-archosaur reptile group not represented today, so its a fun thought that the mosasaurs are definite lizards. edit: forgot there was fully marine crocodyliforms too, so its not the only extant group that had fully marine memers in the mesozoic. we had marine turtles ack then too, though are sill dependent on land for egg-laying, most of the other ones had live irth, as do the much more recently derived marine snakes today..
I mean, do all mammals have a single ancestor? The answer is yes, but it would not have been a mammal yet. So I'm pretty sure the same stands for today's birds.
@@ImVeryOriginal I’m not sure on that, cause the common ancestor wouldn’t have developed milk yet, I think, so it wouldn’t yet be called a mammal. The first actual mammal would’ve been simmilar to a platypus, cause this group is the most ancient living mammal group.
Yes, all birds have a common ancestor (that is how a family of organisms is defined in the first place). However, it wasn't only one group of birds that survived the asteroid impact. We know that some bird lineages split out long before that, like waterfowl (ancestors of ducks, geese, etc.) and ratites (ancestors of ostriches and emus), so there was already diversity among the avian dinosaurs that survived the extinction.
After about 6.8 million years all base pairs of DNA has decayed. So, we would need a miracle of science to get DNA from dinosaurs. At this time, it's not likely but who knows what science will do in the distant future.
The real Velociraptors were way smaller than the ones from Jurassic Park. In fact, the ones we see in the movie were based on the Utahraptor, or the Deinonychus. I think they used bigger dinos but chose the name of the smaller cousin just cause it is so much cooler to say Velociraptor.
@@joaomarcosjunqueira4965 my mind is blown.. I knew about feathered dinosaurs and general name changes but I didn’t know about this Jurassic Park fact! 🤯
Not a platypus bill, it had a narrow snout full of sharp teeth. I don't know where did you get the platybus bill idea? Perhaps you're mistaking it with a hadrosaur skull? But yeah, it basically looked like a toothed, long-tailed ground eagle with a giant sickle claw.
@@joaomarcosjunqueira4965 The JP raptors weren't based on Utahraptor, which was named and described only after the movie already came out, and actually much bigger. They were based on an upscaled Deinonychus, but named Velociraptor because the book Crichton used as reference lumped both into one genus (which most paleontologists didn't agree with). And he probably thought it's a more dramatic name anyway.
@@ImVeryOriginal well, the name velociraptor is indeed waaay cooler, don’t you agree? And yeah, the timeline for Utahraptor doesn’t match that much. But I did say Deinonychus too. Some people even claim a Dakotaraptor referencr too.
Probably not, it was way too heavy to twitch like that. We don't know how it sounded exactly, but it might've been something like a vastly amplified crocodile's bellow (it's a pants-shittingly scary sound that you feel through your body). Definitely not a chirp (iirc that requires a syrinx, which the vast majority of dinosaurs didn't have).
Hair is not what make 'mammal'. Mammals are group of synapsids that developed ability to produce milk 🍼 to feed their youngs. Mammals are also the only living synapsids. (Honey bees 🐝 also have "fine hair" and they even produce their own milk for young 🍼 but they are not synapsids, hence they are not mammals.) Pterosaurs and some dinosaurs had hair, but just like hair and milk of honey bees, it is example of convergent evolution, not being related. Pterosaurs and dinosaurs are not synapsids, but reptiles. Synapsids and reptiles are not closely related. Even if we discovered one day dinosaur who produced milk, it would still not be a mammal, because it came from different clade of animals. 😉
Classify dinosaur as 'mammal' because having hair, would be like saying boy called X is his grand-uncle descendant because they both have blond hair... except not because grand-uncle was not X's parent or grandparent, so X couldn't took his blond hair after him.
@pendragonsxskywalkers9518 Ahh got you! 🙌🏻 This was a better reply (didn't need the second comment!!) thank you 👍🏻 nicely detailed, much appreciated 🐝 🥛 👌🏻
Steve, if not for the meteor would some of those dinosaurs, and I’m talking about the large dinosaurs still be around today? Assuming they weren’t killed off by humans.
They've been around for 150 million years before that, so there's probably no reason they couldn't push for another 66 million. Not like there's been any other extinction events as dramatic since then.
Prof Steve has the rare ability to explain complex ideas in easily-understood words. His enthusiasm is also very catching! One of my all-time favourite scientists. (And his book is brilliant!)
Yeah, he talks to his audience instead of talking down to his audience. This was pretty cool.
He has two amazing books, "The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs" & "The Rise and Reign of the Mammals"
However it's not history, it's prehistory
The dinosaurs slowly accumulating on the table is excellent - just a 10/10 video 🎉🎉
They are not real, only models ;-)
A crocodile with hooves that can run fast is bloody terrifying!!!
Crocs can already move pretty fast and are terrifying😂
Gators, I'd totally jump on one or feed one.
A croc? I'm keeping my distance, I want a goooooood head start
Yes but some had no teeth also. Maybe the hooved ones were herbivores 🎉
fuck that volcano that killed the little sleeping dinosaur. he slept just like a cat... so cute
Its scary that in all that we've uncovered and discovered, its only a tiny fraction of all the life that lived in that era, thousands of creatures that didn't fossilize will forever remain unknown to us.
That's actually absolutely wild to ponder
Is that scary? I find it exciting. I guess it's sad to think of the things we'll never find but it's awesome to know that there's still a lot out there that we might one day find.
he looks like a really cool teacher has not lost his enthusiasm for his subject
I spend way too many hours on RUclips and this is still up there as an amazing piece of educational entertainment.
For the last 10 years I've lived in the desert Southwest Tucson area and every time I see a roadrunner I think of a dinosaur...
Technically speaking, they are.
I think of a coyote
Having lived in Phoenix for 30 years I've only ever seen 3 or 4 in the wild, but that makes sense. 😂 Roadrunners are bigger than most people realize.
Aaaaaaand now I can't help but picture a T Rex going "Meep meep."
Thanks to your comment I found out roadrunners are a real animal and not just a cartoon character. They look so cute!
This is legitamately my favourite video ive ever watched
History Hit please bring back Mr Steve I have to say that was a lot of fun to watch and it was very informative video
The most incredible thing I know about T Rex is that it was just one species from a very large family of Tyrannosaurs.
Yup. About 30ish of them
As some people who was fascinated by dinosaurs in childhood but did not follow up since then (which means since the 1970s) I'm totally intrigued... feathers!?! Gorgeous! Thank you!
What a wonderful presentation on paleontology with such heartwarming narration. Steve, your vitality and enthusiasm for your specialty field of study shines through with many smiles and much warmth. Thank you!
There's no way way three velociraptors could take out a T Rex.
And neither could 3 children take out Mike Tyson xD
So I think he answered the question, whether he intended to or not
The question was missing a piece. It meant “like in Jurassic Park/World” because in those movies it’s 2-3 raptors fighting a Rex. With that context, you just need to replace “Velociraptor” with Deinonychus since that was the actual animal the JP raptors were based on(even though the films made them almost twice the size of an average individual). Or to be more accurate, use a larger North American dromeosaur like Dakotaraptor, that coexisted with Rex, and which was bigger than Deinonychus and closer to JP raptor proportions.
3 Dakotaraptors would be formidable against a weakened Rex. They still wouldn’t be able to kill it outright, but just like wolves they can just start eating the Rex from the flanks once it is tired out. After enough damage, the Rex would die from the injuries and blood loss.
Steve Brusatte, when the camera is off: "Yes...yes...This is a fertile land, and we will thrive. We will rule over all this land, and we will call it...This Land."
Arrhgg curse your sudden but inevitable betrayal
Didn’t expect a firefly reference….
I was talking about Firefly today, funny that I came across something about it.
I can remember watching a program where paleontologists were involved in performing an autopsy on a dead cassowary because they said it was so close to a dinosaur and they could learn a lot from it.
i could listen to this dude about dinos forever! nice video!
Thanks Steve, nice to see the face and voice behind your work . "The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs" is a fantastic thing. 👍
Wow! I absolutely loved that book! Easy recommendation for anybody even remotely interested by dinosaurs! 🦕🦖
I love whether I'm 7 or 37, I'm still fascinated by these creatures. Always a child at heart.
Got your book, didn't get around to reading yet, but fan of all things dinosaur, keep up the good work! And well done HH for having him.
This man is amazing! I could listen to him for hours 🤩🤩 definitely want to watch him more!!
I love the dinosaurs slowly taking over his desk throughout the video!
27:44 "nothing in evolution is inevitable"
Crabs: I'm going to pretend i didnt hear that
This was a true joy to watch! I admire those who show genuine love and dedication to their work ❤
one of my favorite videos by History Hit! Professor Brusatte is so obviously passionate about his subject and it was so fun to watch!
Sir Richard Owen comes from my home town, Lancaster in the Uk, their is a pub named after him. A fascinating video thanks.
We should mention that most of the birds of the time died out as well at the K/T boundary - for instance all toothed birds died out.
Thank god
I’d love to tour a massive museum with him.
This guy is awesome I need to hear more dinosaur facts from him
Excellent speaker, very engaging! Really enjoyed this video. Thank you.
As an upcoming Paleoartist i knew almost every question.keep up with paleontology content ❤
So far my favorite episode in his series. Thank you so much…
Hope you will inv this man again. He was very funny.
Nicest paleontologist on RUclips! I enjoyed so much this video! 😃
16:00 There are videos out there of an enraged elephant throwing around a grown rhinoceros like it was a rag-doll. Taking into account the relatively small difference in size between those two and the fact that a rhino on its own is probably insanely strong and heavy (just not as strong or heavy as an elephant), I'd say that even if a small group of Raptors attacked a T-Rex, that "fight" would end very quickly and violently and with all the Raptors very dead. Even those super-sized Raptors from the Jurassic Park movies wouldn't stand much of a chance and, IIRC, most RL-Velociraptors were a lot smaller than those guys.
Oh wow! I’m a super fan of Steve Brusatte 😊
the study of dinos is a field that is still undergoing much research and discovery, and there is much that we still don't know about these amazing creatures! who want to learn more abt dinos here 🖐
Loving Steve’s Rise and Reign of Mammals for anyone looking for a decent read…
No need to dither on the T-Rex vs 3 velociraptors question. It's like asking if 3 jackals could take down a polar bear... Of course not
That astroid is now 66 million years ago already? I still remember when I was a kid I was told an astroid killed off the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, time really flies faster than I realised these days……
Science becomes more and more exact over time.
Rounding up, rounding down...
Well done, sir.
Yes, very interesting and fascinating.
Aww, I wanted to hear about the Thagomizer
Brilliant episode. Very entertaining and informative presenter. Thank you.
Very engaging and fun to watch
Nico Robin supporting all kinds of archeological discoveries. From the one piece to lost USA dinos
“Did humans live with dinosaurs” ffs who needed to ask that?!
Either a child, or a someone raised in a fundamentalist household.
Ironically, fringe Christians are divided on the subject of dinosaurs. Something think dinosaurs existed alongside humans, but were wiped out in the Great Flood (Noah didn't save them). Others think dinosaurs never existed at all, and that all the fossil evidence are either fakes by humans or deliberate deception by Satan.
I know, it's like they haven't seen jurassic park!
I'm willing to bet someone beginning to question their young earth creationist upbringing.
(Alternatively, someone fact checking The Flintstones)
Kids probably. Google isn't just for adults
We did, and still do. I saw some little brown dinosaurs fluttering around catching bugs just this morning.
this triggered my childhood thoughts about dinosaurs. i love it.
Really entertaining. You have a nice nature, and a way of conveying your love of science that would be great for your students. Thank you.
We don't have evidence about, and of, them not laying eggs or for them giving live birth, but there are genus of modern animals that contain both kinds of birth. The ray and shark families have both kinds.
Well presented and interesting- thanks
Absolutely fascinating. Brilliant presenter. More from him please.
Just a point, that view of Earth and the asteroid at 10.06, that is NOT where the asteroid hit. That is Egypt. The asteroid hit in what is now Mexico.
The graphics were so bad at times. The asteroid also wasn't nearly as big as the illustration at 19:15 implies.
thank you Prof Steve 😀
My last name is Rex, so obviously T-Rex is my favorite as well; great choice 👍 😊 ❤
4:46 'the worst single disaster to ever befall the earth'
The Great Dying: am I a joke to you?
Heh, yep that's a pretty egregious error. There are several earlier extinction events that were even more severe than the K-Pg
@@wbbartlett the impact might be the single worst day in history at least though.
@@wbbartlett Permian Triassic extinction had multiple causes though, it wasn't just an impact event that set things off. So he's not wrong, in terms of the fallout of one single event, the KPG extinction wins.
@@seanmckelvey6618 Yeah, he clearly meant a singular disastrous event. The Great Dying and the other extinctions were more gradual, as far as we know.
Nice vid. Although, using nukes as a scale or measurement always seems kinda weird. Are we talking little boy or the tzar bomb. That is different of 15kt of TNT vs 50000kt of TNT.
crocodiles being as old as dinosaurs always blows my mind
This is my newly favourite channel love the videos
My father kept a pet dinosaur in our backyard! Well, it was made of chickenwire and plaster, but it was fun. 😊
15:15 The guy was probably thinking of the velociraptors from the Jurassic Park movies. It’s still silly, but it might have been more fun to factor that in and give an opinion on a bigger species, like Utahraptor.
A more appropriate contemporary species to Rex would be Dakotaraptor, which is as big as a JP raptor.
@@ADTillion The turtle?
@@marcustulliuscicero5443 Excuse me? You replying to a different comment thread, friend?😅
@@ADTillion Dakotaraptor was actually significantly bigger than JP raptors, but yeah. Even they were puny compared to T. rex, a Velociraptor was like a mouse compared to it.
closest analogue i can think of is like 3 wolves against a full-grown african elephant, with the JP-sized raptors. would still putt my money on the elephant
2 questions I have never heard answered.
1: Amphibians are ecologically sensitive. How did they survive the asteroid strick if it was a deadly as stated by out current understanding?
2: Given that the Asteroid strike is the cause of death for the dinosaurs. How come there are no dinosauids in the KT boundary?
Correction, modern amphibians are ecologically sensitive, I am by no means an expert on amphibians, but they certainly have traits that would be good in such an event as the kt extinction. Being small is a good example of such a trait, and living in and around water is another. But either way, a huge amount of amphibians did go extinct. Besides, it's mostly about luck, if a group of animals is diverse enough at the time of the impact, the chances of at least some of the animals in that group surviving becomes greater. Dinosaurs are a great example, most died, but parts of the avian line made it.
As for dinosaurs in and around the kt boundary, fossilization is rare, but I do think I heard about a discovery where they basically found dinosaurs that died because of the tsunamis following the impact. So literally dinosaurs from the same day as the extinction event. Not sure if this has been confirmed though. Either way it is very clear that before the kt line there are dinosaurs, and after the kt line they are all gone except for birds. So I highly doubt that is a coincidence.
Probably not really easy to permineralize the bones during a global catastrophe.
1. Amphibians could easily hide thanks to small size and were also able to remain in brumation fro long time.
2. This question makes no sense. KT boundary in basically line in ground formations. No dinosuars except Aves were find above this line, meaning all non avian dinosuars went extinct in time when KT boundary formed.
In Australia some frogs burrow into mud and soil and go " dormant" ( can't remember the term) for years.
They re- emerge when conditions are more suitable for them.
Enjoyed this
Thanks Prof. Steve and team! I really enjoyed this. 🌟👍
That Mike Tyson part got me 😂
Well done. I really enjoyed this!
Of course a large sauropod, that is solid muscle and bone, is going to weigh more than a hollow jet airplane that is specifically engineered to be light.
Except they think sauropods had hollow bones like birds.
I just read your book, good stuff! But there's an important question you didn't address, why in your photo in the back of the book, do you look like Hide the Pain Harold?
this guy is a great explainer :) i hope he gets invited back!
I wonder how sudden the extinction event was. Like i understand on a specific day a meteor struck the earth but did all the dinosaurs die off overnight? or was it a more gradual extinction event (1,5,10 years)? and if so, how long did some hold on after the meteor struck?
It could take hundred years, it could take milennia. We don't know. What we know there is that crater has 66 million years and no confirmed non-avian dinosaur lived after this time. So extinction took less than 1 million years.
The ones closer to the impact propably died pretty soon, and the same goes for the ones hit by tsunamis or severe earthquakes that followed. But the big extinction event most likely took a few hundreds (or thousands) years to wipe out most of life.
I've seen estimates anywhere between a couple of hours and thousands of years (either way the blink of an eye in the fossil record). The truth is we just don't know and might never know.
@@joaomarcosjunqueira4965 yeah and some major clades survived for several million years though emerged very depauperate and just didnt recover as well as the competition and eventually went extinct anyway, like a dead man walking clade on a evoluionary scale. first that comes to mind is the Multituerculates, the mammal clade that esides the monotremes, marsupials and placentals were the only mammals to make it through the K-Pg extinction. Once the most diverse mammal group during the mesozoic, only a sliver of them (some of the allotherians) made it through but managed to linger until the last ones died out in the Miocene about 17 million years ago. they were more derived than the still extant monotremes (closer to us placentals and marsupials than the monotremes).
and then there is a unch of extant clades with us today that used to e very diverse and widespread efore the event ut limitted to a few species or just much less dominant as the extinction creates new winners. Like the Tuatara of the Rhyncocephalians, or the ginkgo, or the cycads. though these were already on the decline throughout the cretaceous efore the asteroid ever hit, unlike the non-avian dinosaurs or among the mammals the multituberculates. or the toothed birds
Great video! My Dino’s loved it 😅🦖
Did humans exist with Dinosaurs is a common question? We are doomed as a species…
yes they did
@@Dr.Ian-Plect uh huh…
@@PharaohMan007 Do you disagree?
As a creationist, I 100% believe they did. There's plenty of evidence for it.
@@Bob_Bobson47Such as?
Hi Steve, I promise I’m still working on publishing the paper even though it’s been 2 years!
Great video!
When discussing skeletons not put together correctly, apatosaurus and brontosaurus come to mind.
There are tons of incorrect mounts in the past. The question was about the present.
@@skepticalbadger I understood it to be all inclusive. In the case of the two I mentioned, it caused a misnaming of one.
@@johnslaughter5475the Camarasaurus head being put on Brontosaurus/Apatosaurus mounts had nothing to with the naming confusion between the two. That’s an an issue that arose decades afterwards.
My favourite dinosaurs are the armoured herbivores with the strong tail to defend itself.
Everybody loves dinosaurs!
Very cool.
Totally adorable!
Im guessing they wanted to know about 3 Utah raptors tbh movies did em dirty on that one
Why are you waffling? You know T-Rex would have won! ❤
Loved it
26:17 Considering we have found an Archeulean hand axe with a Cretacious bivalve fossil on the surface of one face of the blade - made by an Homo erectus individual - I think it's fair to say we will never be able to answer the question of who found the first fossil.
Also depends on what "found" means. Does a dinosaur in the Triassic stumbling on some rock jutting out of the ground that turns out to be some even more ancient mollusc fossil count?
You said that a Jumbo Jet (747) weighs are 60 tonnes whereas it actually weighs between 335 and 400 tonnes depending on which model we are discussing.
He said 737.
@@boreopithecus The Jumbo Jet 737-700 weights 70 tonnes. Close enough I guess.
My chickens act like raptors 😅
Mine hunted mice by waiting outside a mouse hole and swallowed them whole.
I used to sit on a milk crate and watch my chooks for hours.
Mine also hunted and killed doves that got into the chook pen.
I've got a question. How do we actually know what dinosaurs look like?
If we took a hippo skeleton and recreated it like we do dinosaurs, they would look completely different. Who's to say we're even close to what they look like? (see an old episode of QI for reference to my question).
Just got to the bit about the feathers, but I kinda meant it more like how it's portrayed (not by Spielberg) in most images today.
The muscle and soft tissue leaves imprint on the bone, so we have a decent grasp of their shape. And some structures are very simmilar to today's animals, so the final touch we do is a bit of comparison. We can get a pretty accurate image of how the dinos looked like with this method. That hippo skeleton recreated is not accurate cause it was not made by a scientist who knew what they were doing. I've seen the bit and seen some real paleontologists correcting it.
The hippo thing is just a meme, and it's meant to poke fun at "shrinkwrapping", which is the tendency of some paleoartists to underestimate the amount of soft tissue on top of extinct animal skeletons. Paleontologists themselves are much better at this - you can tell where soft tissues and muscles attach to bone in most cases. We also have skin imprints, feather outlines and quill attachment points in bone for some dinosaur species. There is still debate over details like lips on theropods, the exact placement and amount of feathering on some dinosaur groups, or speculative but plausible features like external air sacs. So there is some guessing involved and some things we'll never know, but it's not all guessing like you believe.
For clarification, what is the difference between dinosaurs and large marine reptiles? What makes a dinosaur a dinosaur?
Dinosuars evolved from different ancestors than marine reptiles (plesiosuars, mosasurs, ichtiosaurs). Anatomy of dinosuars is different.
To add to that, all dinosaurs had a common Archosaur ancestor in the Triassic. Which one it was in particular is unknown but it split from other archosaurs that lead to other groups like pterosaurs and all crcodylomorphs.
Marine reptiles on the other hand, are varied groups with ancestors that adapted to water at very different times. They don’t form a single related family. Their similarities are due to convergent evolution, no different from how some look like modern dolphins despite not sharing any genetic relation. The earliest forms would have had some relationship to archosaurs but later ones, especially the youngest one to go extinct- Mosasaurs evolved long after dinosaurs had already been dominating the land, and shared no relation to other contemporary marine reptiles. As far as we know, after dinosaurs established themselves, not a single one branched off into a fully aquatic lineage that survived until the KPG extinction. So essentially you’d only find dinosaur fossils in areas that weren’t fully submerged by ocean at the time.
@@ADTillion i think the most fascinating aout mosasaurs is that they are honest to god Squamates, actual lizards that ecame fully marine giants. not only are they squamates ut grouping close to the snake and monitor lizard side of the lizard tree. i.e monitors are closer to mosasaurs than they are to many living lizards. the other famous large mesozoic marine reptiles are some flavour of non-archosaur reptile group not represented today, so its a fun thought that the mosasaurs are definite lizards. edit: forgot there was fully marine crocodyliforms too, so its not the only extant group that had fully marine memers in the mesozoic. we had marine turtles ack then too, though are sill dependent on land for egg-laying, most of the other ones had live irth, as do the much more recently derived marine snakes today..
Well features wise, all dinosaurs have feet under their body. Not on the sides so they don't crawl like crocs do. That's what separates them.
I like this guy
Do all birds have a single bird ancestor?
Now that is a good question. I wonder if anyone has found any clue about it.
I mean, do all mammals have a single ancestor? The answer is yes, but it would not have been a mammal yet. So I'm pretty sure the same stands for today's birds.
@@joaomarcosjunqueira4965 Actually, the last common ancestor of all mammals would have been the first mammal.
@@ImVeryOriginal I’m not sure on that, cause the common ancestor wouldn’t have developed milk yet, I think, so it wouldn’t yet be called a mammal. The first actual mammal would’ve been simmilar to a platypus, cause this group is the most ancient living mammal group.
Yes, all birds have a common ancestor (that is how a family of organisms is defined in the first place). However, it wasn't only one group of birds that survived the asteroid impact. We know that some bird lineages split out long before that, like waterfowl (ancestors of ducks, geese, etc.) and ratites (ancestors of ostriches and emus), so there was already diversity among the avian dinosaurs that survived the extinction.
Cool ❤
How are dinosaurs classified? Is there any chance of finding parts of DNA in old fossils?
After about 6.8 million years all base pairs of DNA has decayed. So, we would need a miracle of science to get DNA from dinosaurs. At this time, it's not likely but who knows what science will do in the distant future.
They're archosaurs, and no. Definitely no DNA.
Classification is made on basis of anatomy.
Argentina is a treasure for dinosaurs
Well presented and interesting- thanks what a terrible thumbnail pic of someone who was engaging and smiley !!!
No way humans would evolve with dinosaurs around. We'd be the one to go extinct 💀
Wait.. a velociraptor looks like a small bird with a platypus bill?
The real Velociraptors were way smaller than the ones from Jurassic Park. In fact, the ones we see in the movie were based on the Utahraptor, or the Deinonychus. I think they used bigger dinos but chose the name of the smaller cousin just cause it is so much cooler to say Velociraptor.
@@joaomarcosjunqueira4965 my mind is blown.. I knew about feathered dinosaurs and general name changes but I didn’t know about this Jurassic Park fact! 🤯
Not a platypus bill, it had a narrow snout full of sharp teeth. I don't know where did you get the platybus bill idea? Perhaps you're mistaking it with a hadrosaur skull? But yeah, it basically looked like a toothed, long-tailed ground eagle with a giant sickle claw.
@@joaomarcosjunqueira4965 The JP raptors weren't based on Utahraptor, which was named and described only after the movie already came out, and actually much bigger. They were based on an upscaled Deinonychus, but named Velociraptor because the book Crichton used as reference lumped both into one genus (which most paleontologists didn't agree with). And he probably thought it's a more dramatic name anyway.
@@ImVeryOriginal well, the name velociraptor is indeed waaay cooler, don’t you agree? And yeah, the timeline for Utahraptor doesn’t match that much. But I did say Deinonychus too. Some people even claim a Dakotaraptor referencr too.
Why is the music so intense. lol.
Fun fact we can learn alot about dinosaurs from what birds and crocodilians have in common
So T-Rex moved like a bird,twitchy and cocking its head like a chicken.Do they know how its 'chirp' sounded?
Probably not, it was way too heavy to twitch like that. We don't know how it sounded exactly, but it might've been something like a vastly amplified crocodile's bellow (it's a pants-shittingly scary sound that you feel through your body). Definitely not a chirp (iirc that requires a syrinx, which the vast majority of dinosaurs didn't have).
That was very interesting, a great watch but sorry to ask.....are the fine haired dinosaurs he mentioned classed as reptiles or mammals? 🤔
Hair is not what make 'mammal'. Mammals are group of synapsids that developed ability to produce milk 🍼 to feed their youngs. Mammals are also the only living synapsids. (Honey bees 🐝 also have "fine hair" and they even produce their own milk for young 🍼 but they are not synapsids, hence they are not mammals.) Pterosaurs and some dinosaurs had hair, but just like hair and milk of honey bees, it is example of convergent evolution, not being related. Pterosaurs and dinosaurs are not synapsids, but reptiles. Synapsids and reptiles are not closely related. Even if we discovered one day dinosaur who produced milk, it would still not be a mammal, because it came from different clade of animals. 😉
Classify dinosaur as 'mammal' because having hair, would be like saying boy called X is his grand-uncle descendant because they both have blond hair... except not because grand-uncle was not X's parent or grandparent, so X couldn't took his blond hair after him.
@pendragonsxskywalkers9518 Ahh got you! 🙌🏻 This was a better reply (didn't need the second comment!!) thank you 👍🏻 nicely detailed, much appreciated 🐝 🥛 👌🏻
@@mocmonster You're welcome ❤ - I thought maybe it was too scientific, so that is why I wrote second comment! 😅
@pendragonsxskywalkers9518 Ha! No, it was perfect 👍🏻 I guess I could have 'Googled it' so thanks for the explanation 😁🙌🏻
Steve, if not for the meteor would some of those dinosaurs, and I’m talking about the large dinosaurs still be around today? Assuming they weren’t killed off by humans.
They've been around for 150 million years before that, so there's probably no reason they couldn't push for another 66 million. Not like there's been any other extinction events as dramatic since then.