Genotypes and Phenotypes

033 - Genotypes and Phenotypes
Paul Andersen explains how changes in the genotype of an individual can affect the phenotype. He begins with genotype:phenotype::letters:story analogy. He explains how mutations can be neutral, beneficial or harmful. He also explains how mistakes in the cell cycle can lead to disorder, sterility or new species.
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All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
Air Pollution, n.d. openclipart.org....
Allison, Anthony. English: Comparison of the Distribution of Malaria (left) and Sickle-Cell Trait (right)., [object HTMLTableCellElement]. Original work by Anthony Allison. commons.wikimed....
Clock, n.d. openclipart.org....
DNA, n.d. openclipart.org....
"File:Down Syndrome Karyotype.png." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 1, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:HIV Entry into T Cell Schematic.png." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 1, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Meiosis Overview.svg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 1, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Phenylketonuria Testing.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 1, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Sicklecells.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 1, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Wheat Close-up.JPG." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 1, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
Foto, Vanellus. 8-Year-Old Boy with Down Syndrome, September 2008. Own work. commons.wikimed....
Jsan92. Español: Globina S, June 12, 2011. Own work. commons.wikimed....
Lascorz, Juan R. English: Mule in Moriles, Córdoba (Spain)., July 2009. Own work. commons.wikimed....
Madprime. Diagram of the Central Dogma, DNA to RNA to Protein, Illustrating the Genetic Code. This Happens to Be the First Few Amino Acids for the Alpha Subunit of Hemoglobin. The Sixth Amino Acid Here (glutamic Acid, "E") Is Mutated in Sickle Cell Anemia Versions of the Molecule. The mRNA Does Have a "Start Codon" Preceding This Sequence, but I Decided Not to Include It Because That Residue Is Later Removed from the Protein., May 6, 2006. Own work. commons.wikimed....
Radioactive Warning, n.d. openclipart.org....
Intro Music Atribution
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Artist: CosmicD
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[@timwitt94]

I gotta say, your videos really do a great job at breaking down these topics. Saved me on MANY exams haha!

[@sanstheskull354]

Fair and square, no Punnet intended

[@coramyre7561]

😂

[@Bozemanscience1]

I am on a Mac and so I use Screenflow. If you would like to see a walkthrough of my method in a video called: How to Make and Educational Screencast.

[@GeorgeIsEpic]

this man jaw is like the crimson chin

[@GamsVB]

Love the way you explain everything in your videos. You make it so easy to understand. You give many examples that are easy to follow and break it down with such ease.

[@summerunique2244]

I'm so glad I found you!
I have my genetics exam in few days and i was completley lost, you are a true savior!

[@mehadi1000]

you sir are a boss! I've got a great biology teacher @ Horsham college in Victoria, Australia, and combining with you, i'm killing biology at this moment, it's an honor to hear from you!

[@thevideosthatyoulove]

Oh my gosh this teacher is amazing, way better then any professors I had in college. This is like Khanacademy but better.

[@whizking5856]

Everyone in the comments be in college up at 12 am studying for some exam while I’m just trying to finish my middle school worksheets about bikini bottom genetics

[@siriusthegreyhound]

These videos make me consider moving to Bozeman, MT to have him as a teacher.

[@Revoluus]

You deserve far more views. You are brilliant my friend, and have helped many. Thank you!

[@TheDangor786]

You would be such a good biology tutor !

[@derek-n-nichollegreenhalgh1060]

Mr. Andersen, your videos are excellent and I really appreciate your ability to clearly explain terms and ideas. I sincerely thank you! - Derek

[@emilyshaddix123]

This is probably the easiest I have ever been able to understand this! Thank you!!!

[@anarahimi4948]

You are the best at teaching and making it all sound CLEAR!!! THANK YOU

[@samhitabanerjee6967]

Thanks Mr. Anderson... I'm saved from my pathetic bio test the very last moment!

[@pranavpanyamvuppu8672]

felt this on a spiritual level

[@halosimbolic9527]

You actually know how to educate People. I applaud you.

[@elainesmyth68]

thanks for that, you made it sound so easy to understand, when I get my degree its nice to know you had a hand in it, much appreciated x

[@FedzMafia]

Your students must love you! Thanks for the help.

[@coramyre7561]

Everyone's all like, I'm in college and I'm over here like. I'm in middle school 😂

[@wonderstruckaj]

I'm in high school lol

[@Bmth201]

You're like my ap bio teacher at the moment, you're better than my ap bio teacher so to say.

[@montazrhussein7889]

You are making a difference in this world . Thank you

[@rmavlog]

whahaha I need more Knowlegde for Science .. Sometimes I really don't understand Biology... but this was helpful .. Thank you..

[@rachnasrivastava9213]

WOW ! Awesomely explained deletion and duplication. THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT !

[@theTdawgYo]

thank you! Biotechnology exam tomorrow, love the inputs and fluid teaching. Good work!

[@mr.goodgamer9986]

theTdawgYo did you do well on the exam?

[@juleysisantiago7283]

Love science I love learning new things every single day!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

[@pranavpanyamvuppu8672]

o

[@fnaf_warriors_hazbin]

o

[@Dinkleplush]

I can't thank you enough for these videos. I'm an online student with independent study = no teacher to ask.. your videos make it so much easier to learn. thank you :)

[@coramyre7561]

Same! I use LUOA {Liberty University Online Academy} What do you use?

[@edwardaguilar6322]

I am doing a dna of ancestors ,can you tell me of which I know little biology of how we are not clones and I may be more like my grand or great grandfather than my parents ,so interested brought back memories when The fat cat eat the rat ( 35 years ago , high school) thank you

[@mimiolivera75]

Very helpful thank you! Very kind of you to post this.

[@TheJackDaniel95]

Thank s man!!!!
Thats a very good Video short and coherent also for a swiss. :)

[@emagnex937]

your analogies are great and you're fun to watch.

[@kiminonawaidk440]

thank you for this, it was so precise, it was like u were teaching directly from my igcse textbook

[@ernaferizovic1562]

you have taught me so much ! best teacher oath to you !!!!

[@BrotherHenry243]

IM SO GREATFUL THAT YOU MAKE THESE VIDEOS. THANKS!!!

[@loveremain4ever]

wow!! that was so helpful I was lost in this topic but i am really good at it now.. I would love to have any way to contact you if I have any question regarding this subject!! thanks in advance

[@useurcamera]

Thanks! i'm just on 9th grade bio and i learned a lot from this. i can't wait for ap bio on my senior year tho

[@Jack-jf6yb]

excellent video, Thankyou

[@m.j.coleman8701]

Very helpful with simple explanations.

[@MariaAguilar-cj1su]

M

[@jmystoganxo3137]

best bio youtuber

[@TheLearnE]

Thanks! I will make sure to watch it.

[@thusharsuresh4686]

Thank you soooo much, Mr.Anderson your videos are really helpful!!

[@AliMayali]

Thank you, your lessons are helpful.

[@TheBrianEffect101]

there is a lot more to this than meets the eye. people are still baffled by dna. i promise you this will change in the near future.

[@jennytellez2994]

Thank you!! I'm learning a lot from your videos. :)

[@aniqamunawar9447]

A diploid cell contain four chromosomes (2n = 4). If the cell divides by mitosis, and there is no mutation, how many genotypes exist among the daughter cells? Please tell me answer

[@m28907]

you really are amzinggggg. hats-off man!

[@Appalan]

thank you so much, my professor explain this way too fast
this is more of my speed!

[@alexwhb122]

excellent video! thank you very much.

[@RockAristote]

Could you give your opinion on the book The Revolutionary Phenotype? It’s about the fact that AI could become the genotype of human’s DNA…

[@girlfriendly1]

great explanation

[@imcintyre01]

Fascinating, isn't it? The Human being's design is so intricate, so purposeful that it's astounding people believe it originated from single celled organisms and we just won the jack pot for the right combination of things a googolplex times. were so lucky that we are the dominate species. were so lucky that the right chemicals formed. were also lucky we weren't wiped out by a giant hunk of space rock. our star being just far enough away. our moon being where it needs to be. either we ourselves are the luckiest SOBs to have ever existed in the cosmos, throughout all time and space, or there has to be a higher power. Honestly just looking at the facts, my money is on the one and only God.

[@nanosciencebyjalal3793]

Thanks a million.

[@dianaalfonso6746]

OMG, you are simply great!!

[@lauriehunter3235]

thank you so much for this video

[@alherihassan7432]

Thats excellent

[@whitneyxox4u]

you helped me out sooooo much! i thank you!

[@lawyerdoctor]

thank you, great video!

[@paritoshshrivatsa9668]

Superb.... :)

[@imcrazyasfuck]

Thank you so much! it really helped alot!

[@TalalAlKhateeb]

Yes its helpful. Thank you so much

[@TheLearnE]

What program are you using?

[@rgudduu]

4:50 "change in one letter in DNA changes the nature of protein (called hemoglobin)" and "causes sickle-shaped redBloodCell, instead of normal round redBloodCell". How does the first fact lead to the second fact?
Second question:. if same DNA is present in every cell of the body, why does this protein (called hemoglobin) gets formed only in redBloodCells and not in other cells of the body?

[@plasmasheep4098]

Question 1: This has to do with how genes are transcribed and translated into proteins. If there is a change in 1 letter of the DNA, and mRNA is produced from that mutated DNA, that part of the mRNA will code for a different amino acid instead of the normal one. Now remember protein structure, as the order of amino acids determines the protein structure. Due to the amino acid being switched with a wrong one, protein structure is changed.
Question 2: This has to do with a gene regulation, as not every cell is producing the proteins that their DNA codes for. This gene regulation allows for cell specialization. I would watch some videos on gene regulation to get a better understanding of the topic.

[@rgudduu]

@@plasmasheep4098 , Question1 wasn't- how protein structure is changed. It was, how that fact leads to fact2.
Thanks for those pointers on question2. "gene regulation"

[@plasmasheep4098]

@@rgudduu ohhh, you want to know how exactly that change in structure led to the sickle-shape? I don't know the answer to that

[@rgudduu]

@@plasmasheep4098 , sadly not many teachers explaining this aspect. Everyone seems to stop at 'thus protein is formed'. What after that? Where does it go and how the cell is affected?

[@plasmasheep4098]

rgudduu That’s because it’s specific to the cell and the role that protein plays. Maybe it was a structural protein and a deformity causes the shape of the cell to become abnormal. You’d have to read more into hemoglobin’s role in a red blood cell. but idk u r right that most people don’t consider this

[@thefamvousmikeyy]

what if they genotype and phenotype are both like Ff or Bb

[@pritti1992]

excellent video!! keep up the g8 work :)

[@FringeCarmen]

so much better than the khan academy.

[@julius9356]

Nice one

[@mahamkhan8035]

So helpful :)

[@DrRameshIVRI088]

nice video..

[@evahagen335]

you are amazing

[@aleksanderorzechowski5580]

Thanks

[@jernellelouis3432]

thank u so much

[@caribaez5711]

this guy is better than crash course:v

[@SSRL19]

He is

[@19785881]

Good

[@rittenbrake1613]

CCR5-Δ32 is good

[@hatemaltaay9882]

thank u man

[@Sweetcupcakes23]

thank u :)

[@aadeshadhikari6314]

I just watch the intro lel lol lel 😂 😂

[@ohhminion]

This was very useful for my revision

[@antwinehurst9546]

Are you suggesting Europeans are immune to HIV?🤔

[@casandraphelps9986]

If you saw a girl with a cleft chin, wat c you tell with the greatest accuracy?

[@ac11dc110]

if Ive understood stress and strain Id understand genotypes and phenotypes

[@sonalsanjanwala7211]

The cat needs to jog.
1 like = 1 good morning jog

[@cIick_bait]

anything here for Dr. Flynn's biology class

[@mclbelen]

You should get paid good money for helping

[@zes3813]

ts not a story, no such thing as a story, say anyx. ts not mistake, they can all be perfect. ts not interestinx. would not. no pressure from anyx

[@micahbraun8160]

that's like spider man

[@Jai-jn7te]

god i hate biology