Jorge Ramos and María Elena Salinas on the Rise of Hispanic America
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- Опубликовано: 4 окт 2012
- According to the 2010 census, the number of American Hispanics grew 43% in the last decade to over 50 million. By 2050, Hispanics are projected to number 132 million and represent 30% of the population. As that population evolves, so does their political power. A new report by the Pew Hispanic Center shows that since 2008, America's Latino voting population has grown 22% since 2008. But what are the cultural and political implications of these now well-understood statistics?
Bill goes beyond the numbers with two of our nation's most popular and influential journalists: Univision's Jorge Ramos and María Elena Salinas. A Spanish-language U.S. television network, Univision has the largest audience of Spanish-language television viewers, according to Nielsen ratings.
Ramos, says The Washington Monthly, is "the broadcaster who will most determine the 2012 elections," while The New York Times calls Salinas "the voice of Hispanic America." In a candid and comprehensive discussion, Ramos and Salinas discuss their responsibilities both as reporters and representatives of their culture, their aggressive journalistic approaches to both President Obama and Governor Romney, and their strong takes on immigration issues that mean so much to a potentially-decisive voting bloc in 2012.
"We are changing the face of America. It's not black and white anymore. We're changing the way we eat. We're changing the way people dance, the way people speak. And we're changing the way people vote." Ramos tells Bill. "No one can make it the White House now without the Hispanic vote -- that's completely new."
This dude making me feel like im watching a 90's documentary ...........sheds tear
i sat in through the whole interview!! I feel inspired too!!!
4:33 I also agree with analyzing Bill and his choice of words.
I AM A HUMAN BEING PERIOD.
As journalist student and Latino these two people inspired me and want to be like them in a future.
Univision con su influencia liberal afro al estar en miami, quiere a webo imponer las costumbres liberales y afro de esa gente como parte de la identidad del hispano/latino, lo cual es absurdo, y aunque si existen raices entrelazadas, univision no sabe como manejarlo con clase y cultura. Se van a lo popular como el regeton y eso los deja ver mal, porque ese ruido espeluznante nada tiene que ver con nosortros los mexicanos. Estamos juntos pero no revueltos.
You sir, should be wearing a helmet everywhere you go. There are 20 OTHER Spanish speaking countries, Mexico isn't the center of the universe. There are more blacks in Latin America than all of North America. I know, you Mexicans don't like "mayates"
***** LOL Keep telling yourself that. A report published by Human Rights Watch estimates MORE THAN 60,000 people KILLED in drug-related VIOLENCE in Mexico from 2006 to 2012. That's the DOCUMENTED deaths, not including DISAPPEARANCES AND KIDNAPPINGS, and is not even including these last 2 years. Perhaps you should focus on resolving those issues before claiming to be the "center of the Hispanic world". While the number of Mexicans in America is large, the number is NOT 80%, the number's closer to 60. Furthermore, the number of Mexicans in America is completely IRELLEVANT. If Mexico was in such great shape, then surely thousands of Mexicans wouldn't be risking their lives to hop the border for a better life. Bottom line, Mexico is sporting one of the highest murder rates IN THE WORLD. In 2013 alone, there were 16,736 murders in Mexico. That's a bigger number then some places in the Middle East. LOL CASE CLOSED.
***** All that means nothing when innocent women and children are dying in the streets by the numbers. I've actually BEEN to Mexico, the good parts and the not so good parts. I've seen first hand how bad "half" of Mexico can actually be. Aerospace companies and high skilled intensive markets are fantastic and everything, but what about the people living in low income areas? They don't see any of that nice fluffy stuff. The government abandons them and leaves them at the mercy of the drug cartels, who have essentially taken over multiple parts of Mexico and have created their own law to abide by. That's progress? LOL I doubt it. More than a third of the police force is corrupt and paid off by the cartels and there are well over THOUSANDS of unsolved "disappearance" cases each year that are swept under the rug. There's nothing progressive about that. If you think their fantastic economy is compromised of nothing but clean, legitimate money, you are horribly mistaken. Life isn't all flowers and sprinkles for your typical Mexican, perhaps you should take a trip to Mexico and find out for yourself. I hear what you're saying, I really do. But truth be told, the stuff you mentioned means nothing when you have an all out DRUG WAR happening on your door step. Here's a nice little video to help put some imagery to the reality of things happening out there -
news.asiantown.net/r/20999/mexican-drugcartel-post-chainsaw-execution-video-online
Manny Fresh
Mexico has the strongest economy in latin america and is the most important spanish speaking country in the world
Markinho Barbarosa Over 90,000 people have been MURDERED in Mexico's drug war, spare me the bullshit. Here's a nice little video for you to enjoy of a 15 YEAR OLD teenager being beheaded by a cartel - vidmax.com/video/83282-15-Year-Old-Honduran-Kid-Gets-Beheaded-by-Mexican-Drug-Cartel - Come back to me when this is not happening in Mexico. The End.
Eres sumamente admirable, respetado y adorado Jorge!
Y que gusto me da que tengas una íntima relación con la RAZÓN - LA REALIDAD - Y LA VERDAD. Pero sobre todo sin amigos y "evidencias" invisibles...
I'm not even going to try to have a heated educated debate over all the pure hate of ignorant comments I just browse and read. Because that would deviate from the acknowledge of the video. As a human, I'm proud that other humans like Jorge Ramos and Maria utilized there knowledge, travels, passion, research and education to be a voice that when they started in this country was HUGE for ALL LATINOS an they are the vehicle to communicate in our language, topics , issues and matters that happened around the world. Remember, when they started there was no Facebook, Twitter, youtube. ... and Latinos voice was not as powerful as it is now.....if, you remember the history of this land !!! Over all, MANY of the people writing this fucked up comments cannot and will not be able with proof, narrate you how they try to change the mentality of president's, communicate masses when catastrophic events happened and impact communities in there language about issues, topics that matter the latinos. So sad that mortals cannot praise and be happy of there own. I stand next to Jorge Ramos because it showed me that if he can do It in America, I too can make my dreams come true.
Latinos are of most of South America. Just because the U.S. isn't a majority latino country doesn't mean latinos aren't represented. In fact latinos are highly represented in American politics, media and entertainment industry. The immigration debate has been perverted and manipulated by latino immigration groups in the U.S. to extort and threaten both Democrat and Republican politicians into granting them amnesty. Most Americans oppose amnesty by huge majorities though. Latinos are NOT victims and are treated equally in the U.S., in fact latinos are treated better in the U.S. than in most of Latin America.
Thanks to Jorge Ramos and Maria Elena Salinas for being our voice.
Jorge Ramos Thank you for being such a great inspiration! to my young generation :)
Game king; I am a Hispanic and English is my second language I have naturalized myself USA Citizen, I have lived 36 years in USA and had Two beautiful Daughters whom their first language was Spanish; When they became four years old I would speak one day spanish the next day English and so on. At present they graduated from University and they hardly are fluent in Spanish; therefore the answer is USA will not become a spanish speaking country. When it comes to culture I believe USA will become a multicultural Country; I actually believe it allready is.
God bless your family !!👍👍
@PC games Gratis the roman empire lasted 1000 years
Peter, are you Mexican?
Grandes periodistas! These people here, including Moyers, are REAL journalists
They are both, samples to follow. Great Books.
I get email from the Afro Latino website and you might ask yourself why is there a website dedicated to Afro Latino and not just Latin America. From what I have read and come to understand on their website ,it is because they are not representative on programs like Univision which they feel are dedicated to only white looking latinos. The majority of African Slaves did not come to the United States which only got three percent of the Slaves ,with the majority going to Mostly Latin America, but you never hear that mention on Spanish-speaking program in The United States.Why is that?
I recognize the voice of Teresa Rodriguez in the background.
In an interview with Luis Gutierrez (D-IL), Jorge Ramos discussed Mitt Romney's selection of Paul Ryan as his running mate. What is most significant is that that Mr. Ramos did not ask if Mr. Ryan would be a good vice president for the nation, but he reduced the discussion, ad verbatim, to the single question of: "is he good or bad for Hispanics." Nor did he discuss Ryan's positions on debt, entitlements, employment, public health and national security; the only concern he expressed was how a Ryan vice-presidency would effect undocumented immigrants. If a "white journalist" were to express such blatant ethnocentrism, they would justifiably be pilloried for their lack of objectivity, yet Mr. Ramos has won 8 Emmy Awards!
But the question is how will the rise in hispanics change the U.S? That's what remains to be seen. With hispanics being so diverse and spread out across the country with different Latino groups it'll be interesting to see what their impact will be across the country. I mean how will the Mexican impact be in the southwest compared to the Cuban impact in Florida vs the Puerto Rican impact in the northeast? You may see a different "impact" coming from these different groups where they live.
My dad liked Ramos because he said the he was strong, straight forward and he didn't need to be disrespectful to get his point cross.
My opinion with the rise of Hispanic influence will be a more accepting country as far as color and race obstacles. You see we Hispanics come in so many colors white, brown, and black. I think discrimination and racism will vastly diminish, we are more inclusive and understand the struggles of the black and whites very well.
VIVA los Hispanos!
I am from the UK and have an interest in the history of the Americas, I want to ask any Hispanic Americans or Americans in general if you think that the US will turn into a Latin American country in terms of culture etc and do you think that Spanish will replace English as the official language? I hope these questions don't offend anybody, I come with respect and genuine curiousity
I'm Hispanic American or American lol but our country is a melting pot so no not really
I think in the southwest there's a necessity to be bilingual, even the culture is very influenced by Mexico. I mean it use to be Mexico, people need to realize that so many of us have been here for many years way before this was the US
***** Many of those native Americans intermingled with them and created this culture. That's true, I don't see what point you're trying to make.
***** I'm sorry but what is white culture in the southwest?
This question was not regarding "the preservation of white race." Might want to post that in a nazi video or something.
@@ibnfu You sound a bit like a racist yourself.
Univision would have a greater rating if they remove all novelas
No matter what ppl say about them. I truly think we have achieved a lot and they work for us (hispanic community)
I've visited America twice, LA and New York. The rudest communities I encountered were the Mexicans in LA and Puerto Ricans in NY. The Anglos and African Americans were the most friendly.
Viva MEXICO & BRASIL !!
Viva BRASIL!! Muerte a Mexico
@FireInside fah-q
Luis Garcia Eres Gay or Mexijoto?
i see how he has learned lots from Oriana Fallaci.
i have learned more about being a Mexican-American from Italians than mexicans.
like Italian-American movies and literature. it so closely resembles what we or at least i see us going through. although we have had a bigger impact in the English language and cuisine..lol
i guess i could say we are the new Italians,every time i see one of those movies i could easily replaces those characters ethnic background with my own.
en canada hasta los imigrantes de sir lanka tienen aceptacion que los latino en usa,esto refleja el progreso de canada los ultimos 30 anos ,gracias
They have novellas because they are popular, often their novelas are better than American soap operas.
Arab music 23; Latin America has Portugues descendants, Spanish descendants, Italian descendants, French descendants among others.
That's like when Americans say I'm Irish or Italian German etc.
Are you implying that it's a bother to you?
@8:58 - I'm watching y'all! I'm 18. NOOOOO, don't go English. There is no other Spanish channel :'(
I think they want to have English speaking news targeting the Hispanic demographic who feels more comfortable in the English realm. A lot of these people are US American born and have a much stronger English base.
Eventually, within a few generations the Spanish dies in our families. That's inevitable as per all statistics. I'm fluent in a few languages. Language attrition due to lack of usage is common. Not everyone finds retaining or learning languages an attractive pursuit.
Latinos are a very important for ghe country the english question is just fear from haters of the nativist
This is a suppose to be a free country no forced English, learning English is smart to learn because you won't succeed without it.
keep in mind it so Latin America not Latino America or in Spanish it's Latino Americano
Have you noticed that Spain keeps out of this controversy? Its folks dodged the bullet by not traveling in great numbers to the U.S. but rather to the countries to the south of the border.
That's because all of the gold and sugar were mostly in Central and Southern America and the Caribbean. North America had few natural riches and that's why they weren't bothered by it.
@@ronniep9272, Spain actually explored much of the land that is now in the U.S. Coronado found the Grand Canyon. Missions line the areas near the California coastline. Nevertheless, you have a point about the places to the south.
@@valuecalc yes they conquered those areas and also Florida, probably due to the resources. Even the vikings who made it to Canada centuries before Columbus had no interest in staying there due to lack of natural resources. But now colder places tend to be more well off 😜
@@ronniep9272, right again you are. I recall a history book in school about the Vikings heading to Greenland, but the impact was minimal. The just didn't build big places. Spain and England got tough.
Que viva el rock and roooooooooooooooolllll!!!!!!!
Jorge Ramos aka C3PO as well his colleague Maria Elena Salinas have represented the all diverse hispanic color-wheel for decades but one might wonder what tune will they be singing if they both where on the American side of the coin like straightfirward Marco rubio or Ted cruz who unapologetically have embraced the GOP ways of doing business.
all I understood from this is interview, is keep the Spanish language alive or were gonna lose viewers
Guess "Jorge" was right about the election and the percentage of Hispanic votes needed to get into the white house.
Can you stop saying the word "hispanic" What ever happened to Mexican American, PuertoRican American, etc.? Do you even know how the word "hispanic" came into existence? A group of politicians in 1969 made up that term in some meeting to recategorize Mexican people in the U.S. I am not going to get rid of my ethnicity/heritage (MexicanAmerican) and replace it with "hispanic" just because these politicians said so. It is sad that not many people know about this. They need to stop asking us on applications what we are. It shouldn't make a difference what ethnicity you are. And as far as race, there is only one and that's the human race.
Maco Atl nixon coined the term
You really are KRAKO
We're all God's children! I am an American, I'm Hispanic, the way some treat immigrants in this country is a sin! Love is what this country needs more of! Jesus died for all of us not just white Americans! Most white Americans are God fearing, good people! What this country needs is Jesus!
These journalist are mainstream media, like fox and msnbc.
Why didn't Europeans assimilate to the Native Americans?
If you are born here, you are a native. You mean American Indians. Why didn't Spain assimilate in Central and South America? If not for the USA, millions and millions of people would have never existed.
All I got out of this video was: "Hispanics are growing in numbers and you need to start doing what we tell you to do."
Latino immigration activists are making threats and extorting politicians. I have yet to hear or read a latino immigration activist ever talk about the problems in the asian community or black community. And yes it is fair to say that latino immigration activists are very selfish and self centered.
Most latino immigration activists are Mexican Americans aka Chicanos. There are millions of latino born U.S. citizens who oppose amnesty and who want the borders secure. In every single poll in the U.S. the vast vast majority of Americans oppose amnesty and want the borders secure. Immigration activists who want amnesty are a small minority in the U.S.
I'm sick and tired of latino immigration activists saying: "We're a growing community and you need to listen to us."
I hate this shit about generalizations , I'm not Latino ....I'm Mexican
Jorge Ramos Y Maria Elena Salinas, a favor de Obama y Hillary Clinton,cuando ambos deportaron millones de mexicanos.creo que Hillary Clinton perdio el voto hispano.
This matter is only about hispanic people from The Caribean and Mexico areas . That was it about hispanics in The US unfortunately. CHILE-URUGUAY-ARGENTINA-PERU-COLOMBIA are just the best hispanic-latino in the World who do not need The US at all.
CHILE, URUGUAY, ARGENTINA,PERU, AND COLOMBIA do need America and also want to be in America they're just too far and is too expensive for them to get there. I know states like Florida and New Jersey have a very large population of Colombians living there, and even Mexico City has a large population of Colombians and Argentinians.
stockbroker2000
What are you talking about superior qualification? What are you trying to prove? That Mexicans are stupid and the rest of South America is superior? I say why don't you just live your life in your country? Good for you that you have everything you need in South America. Now stop talking crap about Mexicans and people from the Caribbean and start enjoying your life.
stockbroker2000"Superior qualifications" what are you talking about? Colombia and Peru have one highest levels of poverty in South America along with Bolivia, Ecuador and Brazil . The "Hispanic issues" in the U.S that you talk about also affect Colombians and Peruvians that live there. Granted many poor Mexicans immigrate to the U.S for work but most of them are from rural areas, Mexico has a large middle class of about 35 to 45 million. Don't believe me? Check out videos titled "EMERGENCE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS IN MEXICO 2011"
"SIEMENS MEXICO: OVER A CENTURY OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS DOING BUSINESS IN MEXICO
"DOING BUSINESS IN MEXICO: DRIVING THE AMERICAS FORWARD"
"MEXICO'S ECONOMIC GROWTH- ONE OF THE MANY REASONS GOOGLE DOES BUSINESS IN MEXICO"
"GE MEXICO- JOHN RICE AND BUSINESS IN MEXICO"
"MEXICO A LAND OF OPPORTUNITIES"
Oh and did I mention there are an estimated 1 million Americans along with some Canadians living in Mexico. Also check out " LIVE, WORK AND RETIRE IN MEXICO"
stockbroker2000 You sir, should be wearing a helmet everywhere you go. You say they don't need America, while typing on a American-made site, good job. I'll give you an "A" for effort.
I don't like narrow ethno-centric policies, whether one promotes "Hispanic Power" or "White Power".
usa and canada ; money fron drug trade is legal tender.....
Why should Hispanics leave their language and culture behind? Italians didn't leave their pizza and pasta behind, the Irish didn't leave their culture behind. Lets not forget that the Irish couldn't even get a job in this country because of discrimination as well as Italians Jews etc. The USA is made up of different foods and cultures.As a matter a fact this country speaks a language that's not even indigenous to this continent, why didn't Europeans assimilate to the Native Americans?
. .
The narrator said it herself:"They are advocates." why do ppl still take them as journalists is beyond me.
Plus UNIVISION is a liberal pile of crap,these 3 on the video have several things in common.
This Jorge Ramos character refers to "them" who the hell is "them",this is shameful,that ppl want to separate themselves in their own category AND remain there...UGH!!! I can t watch this crap,byebye.
Donald Trump's biggest nightmare
Jorge Ramos? lmao.
An interview from a white person to two other white people who happen to speak Spanish. They are as Latino as Europeans.
They may be from Latin America but they made it big because they are white. What difference are they making for the Latino community when they are white, they do not know what we go through all they know is they put on a costume known as a Latino last name, speak in Spanish and work for media co watched by black and brown Latinos all over the US.
They compete for ratings as mainstream media because of us brown and black Latinos who watch them, sure there are white Latinos but still there is not that many of them as there are Brown and Black latinos.
What's your point? Latinos come in all shades & colors, who gives a damn about the color of a person's skin? This is the exact mentality that keeps Latinos divided instead of united. By your logic, if someone's skin white, they aren't a "real Latino".....lol whatever you say.
No you idiots, Manny Fresh ***** most of the opportunities and those who speak for the Latino community are white..this is exactly what is wrong with America. Brown people should speak for themselves not other white Latinos. Have you seen pics of this reporter and the other reporter they are the whitest looking Latinos so called. If they were brown they would not have won as many Emmy's nor had the opportunity to be speak out about injustices.
It's that kind of thinking that has Latin America where it is..I mean just look at Lat/Am politics most of them are white yet all Latinos come in different color so let's just look past that and let white latinos be in control great logic. With that kind of thinking we will all be just where they intend us to be beneath them. But your probably a white latino so what would you know.
***** Culturally all most Latin american Countries can be painted with the same brush. There are only a few exceptions to this. Chile, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay. Brazil sees itself as simply itself. The other said countries are 60%-90% white. Then there are the pockets of whites through Latin America. Puerto Rico is actually 75% white. One would think otherwise with the Puerto Ricans that move to the main land. Those are more often then not nonwhite. My father is from that Island, my mother is from Colombia and were white. Would not want it any other way. If you take the whole of the Latin American world then it would probably be around 55% white. The reason why white Latinos(Hispanics) are heavily portrayed in Spanish programming is because often our Spanish is more elegant and refined. As well as to how we conduct ourselves. Our black-brown counterparts(Latinos) are often the ones portrayed in crime, broken Spanish, and "Spanglish". Also, the definition of a "white latino" is easy. It's anyone of the subculture that has 1 or more European ancestry without the Native American or Black admixture. Those are easy to distinguish from the rest. Also your wrong on the most developed regions of Latina America. Chile, Brazil, Uruguay and especially Argentina(whitest regions of L.A) are the most developed. Puerto Rico does not count as it is the U.S.A.
Aeros802 LOL Sorry, I'm FROM Puerto Rico, born and raised, and it is NOT 75% white. That number only comes from Puerto Ricans who suffer from self hatred and deny their Taino and African roots, so they identify with being white to avoid racism and bigotry, especially since we became an American common wealth. No, Latin American countries cannot be painted with the same brush, because each country has its own culture, music, and heritage that's exclusive to that particular region. Even Colombia has a large black population, and Brazil has the 2nd LARGEST black population in the world (and also one of the HIGHEST murder rates). All that extra shit you're spouting about white Latinos being more articulate and brown/black being criminals and how you conduct yourselves is a bunch of nonsense. Here in PR, there are just as many white Latinos in the hood as black/brown. PR being an American common wealth does NOT take away from the fact that it is still considered part of Latin America. Frankly speaking, WHO GIVES A FUCK about the color of your skin. Having lighter skin does NOT make you superior to ANYONE, nor does the color of your skin dictate how Latino you are. Period. All this talk about skin color makes me feel like I'm back in 5th grade.
The real latin people!!!
Jay DomCon something like that but he is a real latin, he looks like roman emperor, by the way Americans can be brazilians , colombians , canadians so be more explicit what country!!
I'm so beyond semantics. To me this is such a petty, trivial issue. Latin America for whatever reason has come to be attributable to South America and Central America and Mexico (which is technically part of North America, but whatever). I am also curious, which terms are acceptable to you?
tanktruck1
We are amricans too, is like call you british american, or anglo saxon american! right?
María Elena Salinas seems like a very nice and generally knowledgeable woman, but her comment of rounding up all the blue eyed Germans who are here illegally wouldn't fill one of the trucks that brings over illegal Mexicans ever week. C'mon ma'am. Softball thrower Moyers lets that ridiculous comparison go or he has no idea of the facts, but think about what you said. And plenty of Germans were rounded up during WWII, so don't try to make it a race issue. The fact is, illegal immigration for Europeans in the US today is a non-issue. A 100000 to 1 comparison.
The problem many have vs other immigrants is that so many of this group is illegal. None of the others virtually were. That is the main reason. Different language spoken on such a large scale also plays a part as well.
do you how they look, if jorje ramos get a anglo saxon name like george flowers there is no gonna be problem for you pal!, you do this racial and has to be racial most of the people that emigrate legaly to usa like these persons in the interview and look like them are agree to close the border, you are so ignorant about the real issue here! you need to live in mexico or argentina or colombia or bolivia to undertand it! those amerindians that you call in a wrong way latinos are asking for their lands and that is right america is their land but continent before to have the name america! america is continent! respect that! for me these idiots here are ignorants too or they are playing the paternalismo over those amerindians latinos wanna be because i see that they want to be involve in the politic of USAss! jorje ramos is very racist! a real Latino but!
@@cogeunlibro9312 anglo saxon??? You mean European American. That is so 1950's. I have lived in Nicaragua and Guatemala pal. You misjudged me, so your anti-white racism is showing just a bit. Hard to really follow your points in you letter sentences.
22 million drogadictos
White latinos jajajaja. We the brown are latino.
Latinos come in ALL shades. Welcome to the real world........
Thanks
You're a racist.
Thats sad to call yourself Latino when your born in Mexico, I thought Mexicans were indigenous to America.. Mexicans are not Europeans.
The founding fathers would have never considered you equal my friend stop being delusional, they owned hundreds of slaves.
Jorge Ramos = Trash.
I do have respect to Maria Elena Salinas, but I don't respect Jorge Ramos at all. He is just an ignorant reporter that supports ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION. I mean don't get me wrong, I admire people coming from other counties, but coming illegally is a bad way to go. It's like you're trespassing somebody else's house or property without his/her permission. Do you not think the owner would get mad by seeing someone trespassing?
Another point, I don't understand why some Hispanics, specially mexicans, diss the American immigration system, when mexicans themselves treat illegal people coming from Central America even worse. I mean if you claim your rights and justice, you have to respect somebody else's rights and provide justice as well.
miguelitomania you really have to reevaluate what you are asking here.
Miguelito, where did you parets came from???
miguelitomania
So what you're saying is since Mexico treats their immigrants like shit then we should treat our immigrants like shit too? I get what you're saying. Their hypocrisy maligns their credibility but it's not the Mexican people who support the exploitation of illegal immigrants but rather the Mexican officials and politicians that do or who at least look the other way. The Mexican government is extremely conservative, business friendly and much more authoritarian and centralized than ours... the Mexican population though tend to align their ideas more with progressive ideas. Mexico's authoritarian oligarchy does not represent the interests of the people of Mexico.