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I kinda love how half of this channel’s videos are dedicated to the LBAC. That’s amazing too seeing how that’s one of the most fascinating periods in the history of human civilization, in my opinion.
Thank you for your outstanding content I really enjoyed watching this. This is extremely informative and very helpful with my own personal research much appreciated
Really great series of lectures you offer here. I wonder if wood was a traded commodity around 1200 BC. If forests were as sparse in the Eastern Mediterranean then as now. Wood for ship building in Egypt. Good trunks for masts. Long hard sticks to put the bronze spear tips on. Whatever, good wood is useful.
@@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449 I suppose that means that my question is too stupid to be answered. But I'm a Swede, Sweden began its industrialization about 1850 (after Christ, perhaps i should make clear here...) by exporting wood. But I never hear about wood as a trade good in your lectures, although I would think that wood was more important the further back one goes in history. And the less of it there were locally.
Björn Larsson being a novice I can’t accurately answer your question but as a novice I’d say that wood realistically was being traded. In the Old Testament we have reports of wood being brought in to construct buildings in the Kingdom of Israel in the Early Iron Age and so I would personally guess and say it surely would have been used in trade in the Bronze Age as well.
@@Johnnycdrums The Trojan War would be Bronze Age. So, here are some films about that war: 1. Helen of Troy (1956), featuring Stanley Baker as Achilles. 2. La Guerra di Troia (The Trojan War) (1961), by Giorgio Ferroni. 3. Doctor Faustus (1967), by Richard Burton and Nevill Coghill, stars Elizabeth Taylor as Helen of Troy and Richard Burton as Doctor Faustus. 4. Iphigenia is a 1977 rendering of the prologue to the Trojan War where Agamemnon sacrifices his daughter to appease the Goddess Artemis before sailing to Troy. 5. The Trojan Women (1971), an adaptation of Euripides' play directed by Michael Cacoyannis and starring Katharine Hepburn as Hecuba, Vanessa Redgrave as Andromache, Geneviève Bujold as Cassandra and Irene Papas as Helen. 6. Troy (2004), by Wolfgang Petersen, starring Brad Pitt as Achilles, Sean Bean as Odysseus, Eric Bana as Hector, Orlando Bloom as Paris, and Diane Kruger as Helen. Also, do a Google search for this phrase "Most Popular Bronze Age Movies and TV Shows" and check the IMDB link in the results.
Bronze Age copper mining in the Great Lakes gives a sense of the advanced seaborne transportation and navigation skills these folks possessed. Oceans and rivers were highways, not barriers to them
I wonder if there was market manipulation back then, perhaps by powerful merchant houses, which purposely created shortages to drive up prices. Maybe one of them went too far during a time of weak a ruler that may have triggered a social uprising... just a thought...
The sinking of the Uluburun followed by the Cape Gelidonya ship wreck would have certainly caused shortages. There was also hoarding of metals in the 12th c
What if the Odyssey is actually an account of the Sea Peoples after they were hired to take Troy? They could have come from all over as long as they could sail, then dismissed after sacking Troy they could have decided to keep sacking cities. It'd explain why they were called multiple names, multiple peoples, they were used to working together from their days at Troy.
The Odyssey is extremely fantastic, more like Jason's adventures than anything with a historical semblance, except maybe in two details: the conspiracy to get the throne of Ithaca and the "Cretan lie", when Ulysses claims to have been all those seven years merely stranded in Egypt. The "Cretan lie" is a plausible truth if we imagine Ulysses being part of the c. 1175 Sea Peoples' foiled invasion attempt (which again include the Denesh = Danaoi = Greeks, IMO the leaders of the Sea Peoples in the 1178-75 period) and remained prisoner there until he somehow managed to escape (or was pardoned or ransomed). IMO the 1178-75 Sea Peoples' wave, led by the Greeks (Denesh) and involving largely Aegean peoples such as Teresh (Tyrsenoi, Tauresi), Tjekker (Teucrians or Trojans), Peleset (Pelasgoi), Lukka (Lycians), etc. was probably aftermath of the real Trojan War, probably not well explained in the Illiad (má, si no é vero, é ben trovatto) and when the Ugaritians say their ships and troops are in the West, they mean that exactly: that they were facing the Greeks (and allies) in Western Asia Minor, and that they were so utterly defeated that not even notice of their defeat reached them before the enemy was upon their cities. It was a true blitz! Another thing was conquering Egypt, where they failed miserably twice, but they did try.
@@LuisAldamiz Thanks for the intelligent reply. Never seen or read the theory in my limited knowledge of the Sea Peoples. Was thinking if the Iliad has truths, then why not the Odyssey? Long ago saw a theoretical map of the journey sailing the Med. Hiring mercenaries would be a logical reason to have Sardinians/Sicilians/Shekelesh (Sherden) from the Western Med. showing up to raid in the East.
@@LuisAldamiz Very interesting ideas. I think there's definitely a link between The Odyssey/Ulysses and Egypt as some of the details of his story seem to be taken from older Egyptian stories. The exact nature of this link is not known. The "Cretan lie" you advanced could indeed be that link.
@@NorthernXY Why not the Odyssey? Because the story of the Illiad is plausible and its details helped to uncover Troy's location, so, barring divine interference and magic, all the rest is if not true at least possible. On the other hand, the story of the Odyssey is monsters and marvels that are not credible on the sightest. Let's see: 1. Lotus-eaters? Maybe. 2. Single-eyed giants? Mythological. 3. Horny witch-goddesses? Most unlikely. 4. Spirit apparitions? I personally have never seen one but may signal PTSD, as corresponds to a warrior. So plausible as psychiatric disorder only. 5. Sirens? Mythological. 6. Horny nymphs? Again?! 7. Ships steered by thought? Worse than magical or legendary, utter science fiction! So you may have seen a map, but seems as unlikely as the story it tells.
@@LuisAldamiz I think the map "tried" to be realistic. Explaining Charybdis as the Strait of Messina, etc. upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Strait_of_Messina.jpg
With respect to trade at this time, that celts came south from “France” and overtook the eastern/ southern portion of Iberia, it severely interrupted the Iberian Tin exportation and May also have caused a refugee migration to occur. Such an interruption and migration would have caused a domino type effect as the resources of the “ Safe havens” would have become easily depleted as foodstuffs were a major part of this trade network. It is even more of a consideration as the eastern portion of Iberia was called Levante possibly due to the original explatory trading partners setting up “Trade Missions” within the area. With such a militaristic incursion by the Celts, the flow of trade trust would have been broken. In using “Trade Trust” I am referring to a system of advance barter wherein it is not necessary to have the bartered goods present for a transaction to occur. It is 5he trust that say food stuffs are aboard a. vessel on the sea, when a another vessel departs from the port with Tin. With a militaristic expansion, such arriving foodstuffs would have been seized and the entire economy would. Have broken down as normally such goods would have gone through the trading agent contracts and locally disbursed to the Tin providers. Even with the possibility of a; extended trade source on the Atlantic coast of Iberia, it would have caused a distinct increase Tin prices to accommodate the longer ventures. Such possibilities then can explain the finding if Tin from as far away as Cornwall in the galleys of vessels in Cyprus.
The Celts did not conquer that much (not with the Urnfields culture expansion, which is what you mean): they conquered what is now Catalonia and what used to be Languedoc (now coastal "Occitania" after the weird regional reorganization of Macron), plus a narrow strip at the west bank of thr Rhône River. They did probably raid further south based on some isolated findings and may have been involved (or not) in the destruction of El Argar civilization c. 1300 BCE. This destruction led to a new more fragmented civilization (post-Argaric culture) and might have cut or made more difficult the overland trade with the tin mines of the Northwest, however the sea route was still open if you had the right connection: VNSP civilization, which only collapsed c. 1100 BCE (probably because of a tsunami). I personally suspect that rather than Celts it may have been VNSP or even the Greeks who destroyed El Argar (kingdom), in any case it would not have meant by itself the collapse of Greco-Iberian trade unless there was a Greco-Iberian war, which IMO is possible (Hercules in the Far West was not exactly making friends). The area of control of the Celts (Urnfields) or even of incursions does not see large enough to cut trade, which could still proceed via the sea, however the destruction of El Argar, whichever the exact cause should have made the overland route via the Plateau much less safe, because the "motilla" (nuraghe style motte-and-bailey) fortifications that defended its last legs were also abandoned at that date of c. 1300 BCE. Their synchronous penetration in Italy (Italo-Celts) also seems rather irrelevant when the routes were via North Africa but that renders Greco-Iberian trade probably dependent on the good will of coastal Berbers, Berbers who were in some cases taking part in the Sea Peoples' invasion waves again and again (also Sherden pirates' complicity may have been required). So I would not blame the Italo-Celts, honestly, but rather whatever kind of relation Greeks had with Iberia (strongly attested in El Argar B), which possibly turned sour at some point. If they lost Iberian tin, they could still maybe rely on Afghan tin, which arrived via Assyrians and Hittites but... ouch!, they also destroyed the Hittites. Maybe the Greeks caused their own catastrophe?
Luis Aldamiz, from what I have read, the urnfield invasion covered an area as far south as Gibraltar or in other words, the entire east coast of Iberia and more importantly , the two major Tin export centers to the rest of the Mediterranean. As to the type of administration they used, so far has not been ascertained, however one point of a populace control method is to seize the food supply. Such a method would be highly advantageous to a military force as a method of procuring the wealth of an area. As of this point I do not have any data regarding things like sedimentary pollen deposits from the central agricultural area of Iberia, so what the climactic or meteorological conditions that were prevailing then cannot be considered although my considerations would be even more prevalent during a time of famine. There are modern examples of what can occur by a governmental power ( military) to its own populace during a drought/ famine even with outside assistance. And such methods must equally be considered for the Bronze Age as well, especially with having no surviving direct sources to guide such inquires.
@@walterulasinksi7031 - That's wrong. Urnfields 1 conquered ONLY Catalonia and Languedoc (plus a narrow trail leading to Alsace along the Rhône, plus much more in Italy East of the Ligures, who become isolated against the Alps and the coast). Later on, in the Iron Age, (Urnfields 2), they move up the Ebro River and into hilly areas near their original conquest. There are a couple of isolated Urnfields findings in the SE but, while that could talk of a destructive single-impact invasion or raid, it does not speak of any consolidation at all. The opposite is true instead: post-Argar civilization and related Bronze of Levante converge to form the Iberian civilization that would later, c. 590 BCE, expel the Celts from the NE and make Iberian Celts (who had expanded to the Northern Plateau and Atlantic Coast in the Hallstatt period) isolated from continental (and insular) ones (and thus no La Téne and no druidism). This map seems quite accurate at least for SW Europe: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UrnfieldCulture.jpg This one in Spanish is a bit naif but is OK for "Campos de Urnas" in the late or Iron Age expansion (and before Hallsttat influences and expansion to the Plateau): conocerespanablog.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/peninsula_iberica-bronce_final.png In any event there is full continuity Los Millares > El Argar A > El Argar B > post-Argar > Iberians (Iron Age's "Iberian culture", with expansion northwards after the arrival of the Greeks to Marseille). And we know now they had Basque-like genetics, genetics that are the basis of the modern Iberian genetic pool. All the rest you say is very speculative and I cannot understand your logic: I know that there was drought in late Argarian culture but it doesn't seem to have been enough to cause radical changes other than (maybe) the collapse of the kingdom (but not of most cities).
Louise A. Hitchcock totally as did Majorca.the trade routes were in many ways ,Island hopping routes. Some of which might only be between two islands. In this manner, everyone could limit their risk, goods would still trade over long distances and everyone prospered. Even if. There were various middlemen. This could Be part of a trade trust. A shipment of ore from Iberia could have. A portion for each Island on the route and as long as the final trade amount reached say Egypt, the grain grain be sent. It was in this manner that even early on,goods from. Mycenae might be found in Egypt. Things break down when the trust is broken at some point, be it from raw supply or anywhere along the chain.
Really interesting to think of what trade must have been like back then. Great video.
I really like her, she presents academic knowledge in a understandable way
Thanks! I do my best. It’s so important
Dr. Hitchcock! Awesomeness.
Thank you!
What are your thoughts on this episode? Check out Dr. Hitchcock and her work above!Get your SEA PEOPLES Mediterranean Tour Shirt Today!
teespring.com/sea-peoples-mediterranean-tour
Check out our new store! teespring.com/stores/the-history-shop
Hittite Coffee Mug: teespring.com/HittiteEmpireMug
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I kinda love how half of this channel’s videos are dedicated to the LBAC. That’s amazing too seeing how that’s one of the most fascinating periods in the history of human civilization, in my opinion.
Thank you for your outstanding content I really enjoyed watching this. This is extremely informative and very helpful with my own personal research much appreciated
Dr. Hitchcock really knows what she is talking about, it’s fascinating to hear her speak
Thanks! You can access many of my articles for free on academia.edu
Love this content
Thank you for showing your support!!
Brief and informative. Thank you
Really great series of lectures you offer here.
I wonder if wood was a traded commodity around 1200 BC. If forests were as sparse in the Eastern Mediterranean then as now. Wood for ship building in Egypt. Good trunks for masts. Long hard sticks to put the bronze spear tips on. Whatever, good wood is useful.
Hey, thanks for commenting and for enjoying the series!
@@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449
I suppose that means that my question is too stupid to be answered. But I'm a Swede, Sweden began its industrialization about 1850 (after Christ, perhaps i should make clear here...) by exporting wood. But I never hear about wood as a trade good in your lectures, although I would think that wood was more important the further back one goes in history. And the less of it there were locally.
Björn Larsson being a novice I can’t accurately answer your question but as a novice I’d say that wood realistically was being traded.
In the Old Testament we have reports of wood being brought in to construct buildings in the Kingdom of Israel in the Early Iron Age and so I would personally guess and say it surely would have been used in trade in the Bronze Age as well.
Absolutely, Lebanese cedar was used in Egyptian boats from at least the 4th Dynasty
Gee whiz Nick, you sure love that Bronze Age Collapse haha.
Good video BTW as always!
What can I say! Next to ancient Mesopotamia it is my next favorite, haha.
He's just trying to use historical data to predict the next stock market crash ;-)
What is your favorite cinematic depiction of the Bronze Age?
I can't think of any.
Could you name a few Period Films that go back that far.
@@Johnnycdrums The Trojan War would be Bronze Age. So, here are some films about that war:
1. Helen of Troy (1956), featuring Stanley Baker as Achilles.
2. La Guerra di Troia (The Trojan War) (1961), by Giorgio Ferroni.
3. Doctor Faustus (1967), by Richard Burton and Nevill Coghill, stars Elizabeth Taylor as Helen of Troy and Richard Burton as Doctor Faustus.
4. Iphigenia is a 1977 rendering of the prologue to the Trojan War where Agamemnon sacrifices his daughter to appease the Goddess Artemis before sailing to Troy.
5. The Trojan Women (1971), an adaptation of Euripides' play directed by Michael Cacoyannis and starring Katharine Hepburn as Hecuba, Vanessa Redgrave as Andromache, Geneviève Bujold as Cassandra and Irene Papas as Helen.
6. Troy (2004), by Wolfgang Petersen, starring Brad Pitt as Achilles, Sean Bean as Odysseus, Eric Bana as Hector, Orlando Bloom as Paris, and Diane Kruger as Helen.
Also, do a Google search for this phrase "Most Popular Bronze Age Movies and TV Shows" and check the IMDB link in the results.
Most of it is painful to watch but as a child I loved Jason & the Argonauts
Bronze Age copper mining in the Great Lakes gives a sense of the advanced seaborne transportation and navigation skills these folks possessed. Oceans and rivers were highways, not barriers to them
I wonder if there was market manipulation back then, perhaps by powerful merchant houses, which purposely created shortages to drive up prices. Maybe one of them went too far during a time of weak a ruler that may have triggered a social uprising... just
a thought...
There was inflation, but I’m not sure if it got more clever. Definitely something to think about
The sinking of the Uluburun followed by the Cape Gelidonya ship wreck would have certainly caused shortages. There was also hoarding of metals in the 12th c
What ceilings is she talking about that become unsafe?
This video was too short. I for one could have listened to her for hours.
What if the Odyssey is actually an account of the Sea Peoples after they were hired to take Troy? They could have come from all over as long as they could sail, then dismissed after sacking Troy they could have decided to keep sacking cities. It'd explain why they were called multiple names, multiple peoples, they were used to working together from their days at Troy.
The Odyssey is extremely fantastic, more like Jason's adventures than anything with a historical semblance, except maybe in two details: the conspiracy to get the throne of Ithaca and the "Cretan lie", when Ulysses claims to have been all those seven years merely stranded in Egypt.
The "Cretan lie" is a plausible truth if we imagine Ulysses being part of the c. 1175 Sea Peoples' foiled invasion attempt (which again include the Denesh = Danaoi = Greeks, IMO the leaders of the Sea Peoples in the 1178-75 period) and remained prisoner there until he somehow managed to escape (or was pardoned or ransomed).
IMO the 1178-75 Sea Peoples' wave, led by the Greeks (Denesh) and involving largely Aegean peoples such as Teresh (Tyrsenoi, Tauresi), Tjekker (Teucrians or Trojans), Peleset (Pelasgoi), Lukka (Lycians), etc. was probably aftermath of the real Trojan War, probably not well explained in the Illiad (má, si no é vero, é ben trovatto) and when the Ugaritians say their ships and troops are in the West, they mean that exactly: that they were facing the Greeks (and allies) in Western Asia Minor, and that they were so utterly defeated that not even notice of their defeat reached them before the enemy was upon their cities. It was a true blitz!
Another thing was conquering Egypt, where they failed miserably twice, but they did try.
@@LuisAldamiz Thanks for the intelligent reply. Never seen or read the theory in my limited knowledge of the Sea Peoples. Was thinking if the Iliad has truths, then why not the Odyssey? Long ago saw a theoretical map of the journey sailing the Med.
Hiring mercenaries would be a logical reason to have Sardinians/Sicilians/Shekelesh (Sherden) from the Western Med. showing up to raid in the East.
@@LuisAldamiz Very interesting ideas. I think there's definitely a link between The Odyssey/Ulysses and Egypt as some of the details of his story seem to be taken from older Egyptian stories. The exact nature of this link is not known. The "Cretan lie" you advanced could indeed be that link.
@@NorthernXY Why not the Odyssey? Because the story of the Illiad is plausible and its details helped to uncover Troy's location, so, barring divine interference and magic, all the rest is if not true at least possible. On the other hand, the story of the Odyssey is monsters and marvels that are not credible on the sightest. Let's see:
1. Lotus-eaters? Maybe.
2. Single-eyed giants? Mythological.
3. Horny witch-goddesses? Most unlikely.
4. Spirit apparitions? I personally have never seen one but may signal PTSD, as corresponds to a warrior. So plausible as psychiatric disorder only.
5. Sirens? Mythological.
6. Horny nymphs? Again?!
7. Ships steered by thought? Worse than magical or legendary, utter science fiction!
So you may have seen a map, but seems as unlikely as the story it tells.
@@LuisAldamiz I think the map "tried" to be realistic. Explaining Charybdis as the Strait of Messina, etc.
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Strait_of_Messina.jpg
With respect to trade at this time, that celts came south from “France” and overtook the eastern/ southern portion of Iberia, it severely interrupted the Iberian Tin exportation and May also have caused a refugee migration to occur. Such an interruption and migration would have caused a domino type effect as the resources of the “ Safe havens” would have become easily depleted as foodstuffs were a major part of this trade network. It is even more of a consideration as the eastern portion of Iberia was called Levante possibly due to the original explatory trading partners setting up “Trade Missions” within the area. With such a militaristic incursion by the Celts, the flow of trade trust would have been broken.
In using “Trade Trust” I am referring to a system of advance barter wherein it is not necessary to have the bartered goods present for a transaction to occur. It is 5he trust that say food stuffs are aboard a. vessel on the sea, when a another vessel departs from the port with Tin.
With a militaristic expansion, such arriving foodstuffs would have been seized and the entire economy would. Have broken down as normally such goods would have gone through the trading agent contracts and locally disbursed to the Tin providers.
Even with the possibility of a; extended trade source on the Atlantic coast of Iberia, it would have caused a distinct increase Tin prices to accommodate the longer ventures. Such possibilities then can explain the finding if Tin from as far away as Cornwall in the galleys of vessels in Cyprus.
The Celts did not conquer that much (not with the Urnfields culture expansion, which is what you mean): they conquered what is now Catalonia and what used to be Languedoc (now coastal "Occitania" after the weird regional reorganization of Macron), plus a narrow strip at the west bank of thr Rhône River. They did probably raid further south based on some isolated findings and may have been involved (or not) in the destruction of El Argar civilization c. 1300 BCE. This destruction led to a new more fragmented civilization (post-Argaric culture) and might have cut or made more difficult the overland trade with the tin mines of the Northwest, however the sea route was still open if you had the right connection: VNSP civilization, which only collapsed c. 1100 BCE (probably because of a tsunami). I personally suspect that rather than Celts it may have been VNSP or even the Greeks who destroyed El Argar (kingdom), in any case it would not have meant by itself the collapse of Greco-Iberian trade unless there was a Greco-Iberian war, which IMO is possible (Hercules in the Far West was not exactly making friends).
The area of control of the Celts (Urnfields) or even of incursions does not see large enough to cut trade, which could still proceed via the sea, however the destruction of El Argar, whichever the exact cause should have made the overland route via the Plateau much less safe, because the "motilla" (nuraghe style motte-and-bailey) fortifications that defended its last legs were also abandoned at that date of c. 1300 BCE.
Their synchronous penetration in Italy (Italo-Celts) also seems rather irrelevant when the routes were via North Africa but that renders Greco-Iberian trade probably dependent on the good will of coastal Berbers, Berbers who were in some cases taking part in the Sea Peoples' invasion waves again and again (also Sherden pirates' complicity may have been required). So I would not blame the Italo-Celts, honestly, but rather whatever kind of relation Greeks had with Iberia (strongly attested in El Argar B), which possibly turned sour at some point.
If they lost Iberian tin, they could still maybe rely on Afghan tin, which arrived via Assyrians and Hittites but... ouch!, they also destroyed the Hittites. Maybe the Greeks caused their own catastrophe?
Luis Aldamiz, from what I have read, the urnfield invasion covered an area as far south as Gibraltar or in other words, the entire east coast of Iberia and more importantly , the two major Tin export centers to the rest of the Mediterranean. As to the type of administration they used, so far has not been ascertained, however one point of a populace control method is to seize the food supply. Such a method would be highly advantageous to a military force as a method of procuring the wealth of an area. As of this point I do not have any data regarding things like sedimentary pollen deposits from the central agricultural area of Iberia, so what the climactic or meteorological conditions that were prevailing then cannot be considered although my considerations would be even more prevalent during a time of famine. There are modern examples of what can occur by a governmental power ( military) to its own populace during a drought/ famine even with outside assistance. And such methods must equally be considered for the Bronze Age as well, especially with having no surviving direct sources to guide such inquires.
@@walterulasinksi7031 - That's wrong. Urnfields 1 conquered ONLY Catalonia and Languedoc (plus a narrow trail leading to Alsace along the Rhône, plus much more in Italy East of the Ligures, who become isolated against the Alps and the coast). Later on, in the Iron Age, (Urnfields 2), they move up the Ebro River and into hilly areas near their original conquest. There are a couple of isolated Urnfields findings in the SE but, while that could talk of a destructive single-impact invasion or raid, it does not speak of any consolidation at all.
The opposite is true instead: post-Argar civilization and related Bronze of Levante converge to form the Iberian civilization that would later, c. 590 BCE, expel the Celts from the NE and make Iberian Celts (who had expanded to the Northern Plateau and Atlantic Coast in the Hallstatt period) isolated from continental (and insular) ones (and thus no La Téne and no druidism).
This map seems quite accurate at least for SW Europe: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UrnfieldCulture.jpg
This one in Spanish is a bit naif but is OK for "Campos de Urnas" in the late or Iron Age expansion (and before Hallsttat influences and expansion to the Plateau): conocerespanablog.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/peninsula_iberica-bronce_final.png
In any event there is full continuity Los Millares > El Argar A > El Argar B > post-Argar > Iberians (Iron Age's "Iberian culture", with expansion northwards after the arrival of the Greeks to Marseille). And we know now they had Basque-like genetics, genetics that are the basis of the modern Iberian genetic pool.
All the rest you say is very speculative and I cannot understand your logic: I know that there was drought in late Argarian culture but it doesn't seem to have been enough to cause radical changes other than (maybe) the collapse of the kingdom (but not of most cities).
There are Cypriot objects including copper ingots in Sardinia, Sardinia had contact with Iberia.
Louise A. Hitchcock totally as did Majorca.the trade routes were in many ways ,Island hopping routes. Some of which might only be between two islands. In this manner, everyone could limit their risk, goods would still trade over long distances and everyone prospered. Even if. There were various middlemen. This could Be part of a trade trust. A shipment of ore from Iberia could have. A portion for each Island on the route and as long as the final trade amount reached say Egypt, the grain grain be sent. It was in this manner that even early on,goods from. Mycenae might be found in Egypt. Things break down when the trust is broken at some point, be it from raw supply or anywhere along the chain.
This was abysmal.
Do you want to say why?