@@bellarobaf.2623 ciao vorrei trasferirmi per una questione di opportunità di lavoro, mi sto formando nel settore di design di interni e esterni arredamento, ho un diploma tecnico specifico riconosciuto in Europa. Sono l'ultimo anno ho anche fatto stage circa 900h presso aziende italiane non mi convincono .
@@bellarobaf.2623 mi è sfuggita la notifica! Io lavoro nel settore d'automazione industriale 4.0 sono un junior ho 1 anno di esperienze nel settore, vorrei trasfermi per una qualità di maggiore e perché non mi piace la situazione politica e lavorativa in Italia
Important info to the tickets, theres a subscription for 49€ as she mentioned in the video that's live, which allows for unlimited traveling in local public transport. This includes every bus, subway and regional train, which are (RB, RE, IRE) Basically if you see a white train with a fat red line, don't use it and you're fine.
@@avanyfilimsies-iv8zv White with a red stripe across the length of the train is the standard design for intercity services (IC and ICE) which are not included in the Deutschlandticket, neither are services by private operators like Flixtrain. Basically, you’re only allowed to use RB-, RE- or S trains, but those make up the majority anyway
Hallo :) I'm an international living in Germany for about 4 years. Just wanted to say that your videos are very well made! I feel your channel is very underrated but pretty sure it is going to blow up soon with the amount of quality videos you have! The videos are fun to watch and also giving useful information. Almost has an "Emma Chamberlain" vibes to them! :D I subscribed! Keep it up!
I'm from a Dutch border town and during the summer of 21 I visited a lot of Ruhr cities with the 5 euro ticket. My city also got leveled during WW2 so I feel right at home visiting the Ruhr area 😁
Yeah the amount of dutchies who visit us here is insane. Especially here in Bottrop/Oberhausen. Seeing Dutch Cops patrolling together with their German counterparts on the Weihnachtsmarkt in Oberhausen was so weird.
@@BlueJayy1904 Yes I visited multiple weihnachtsmarkten by train in NRW (And I didn't had a SINGLE delay it's a miracle), I heard more Dutch speakers than Germans sometimes
The language barrier can hinder job seekers in Germany, as many employers require proficiency in the German language for most positions. This can limit job opportunities and make it difficult for non-German speakers to secure employment. Additionally, low salaries and high taxes can further compound the challenges faced by job. Apart from language barriers, cultural patterns of behavior can also pose challenges for individuals entering the German job market. Differences in communication styles and cultural norms can impact workplace dynamics and hinder effective collaboration. Germany's unique system of dual vocational training and bureaucratic processes can add to the difficulties faced by job seekers and students. The combination of language barriers, cultural differences, and complex systems can make it challenging to navigate and integrate into German society.
@ThePoisonedReapertransportation is not that good tho. Its okay and im thankful but the Deutsche Bahn needs to step up his game, people here are mad asf
Thank you Erika for taking the time to make these videos with so much information and perspective. I'm looking to move to Germany where my family is originally from and your videos have really helped me more understand of what to expect.
Thank you for making this! I'm looking to moving to Germany to start university and for a fresh start and actually gives me expectations on pricing so I know how to save up! That's super important to me as someone who is working an entry level position at a job that doesn't pay much trying to save up not only for the move but to have extra money to fall back on :)
Why your videos are so pleasing to watch😆? So fun and also educative! i don't plan on living in Germany but i'd love to stay on it for months Keep making these, i can't stop watching cause they are so well made haha
i love the groceries part, specifically the cigarette part, "i dont smoke, but this one is expensive!" i live in The Netherlands, and a small pack (20 cigs) costs about 10,50~. so i was absolutely stunned when u said it was expensive!
I lived in Germany in the 80s, really loved it. Hada good standard of living. The prices haven't really gone up that much. In England the cost of living seems to rise weekly. Wish I had stayed in Germany to be honest.
They do have those crazy square pillows nice homes in Ludwigshafen Rhein good food and hospitality I loved it and I am American metro and the deals store were popular
I haven't seen 1L of milk costing less that 1,20 EUR or so for around 10 years or so now. Lived both in BW and currently in BB. The eggs - at least 2,30 EUR. LOL Fun fact about the Pfand (returning a bottle for money) - standard sized jars (thing a jar of fruity yoghurt but not a jar of Nutella) and bottles out of glass also count but they cost 0.15 EUR (last time I checked). If you shop from Turkish, Arabic, Indonesian, Indian, Chinese and so on shop, unless you are buying standard products (which doesn't make sense if you go to such shops), you are out of luck since most products are imports and (almost) no one outside of Germany offers Pfand (not even its neighbours LOL).
2:24 A Bucket?! I never had the luck to experience a kitchen with a bucket. Normally there is a bad smell in the room and you go and find a sponge to push into the pipe. If you are well equipped you can secure it and make it even less smelly with a latex glove. 😂
planning on moving to germany (from finland) with my best friend in 2 years ^-^ found your channel a few months ago and have enjoyed your content a lot! just wanted to comment on the cigarette prices.. they are extremely low compared to the prices in finland, one pack here is 9.50-15€ :DD a bit random thing to comment on but why not ^-^
On a lighter note it isn't that hard and actually relatively easy for english speakers. Plus you don't have to be perfect most germans will understand you broken deutsch
i recently came across your channel but it is sooooo calm and refreshing and peaceful and fun and just... perfect the way you share information is just perfecctt
this video was beautiful and amazing the story telling was good and covered most of the things, thanks you for you hard work and time that you invested in making this video
groceries for 180-200€ mhh you would really have to save every penny to get around with that. average cost 2023 was 402€ p/month with drinking. 2021 was 401€ grociers increased average 9% per year but poeple like to save more in food than vacation in germany.
I love the place being mostly of German heritage, English, Irish, Scotch and Comanche. An aunt was stolen by the Comanche back in the 1800s. Too long of a story to get into. Been there at least 5 X, would like to live there 6 months out of the year. Something I may work on some day. They may be able to use me there because I was a Broadcast Engineer in TV.
About car: how is calculated that I spend 520 per month? Does it mean if I have a car I use it only and don't use public transport and bicycle? I'm living in Belgium (in Leuven) which supposed to be even more expensive. But I spent for the car not more that 100 euro per month for diesel. Yes, insurance and taxes per yer is about 1000 + technical service lets say 200 once a year. Ok lets even say 2000 per year. Then 2000/12 = 166 plus 100 for diesel => 266 per month. PS: I park on the street, don't have the garage. And what is more interesting (idk about Germany, but this is about Belgium) - for more or less long distances the public transport is more expensive than a car! Even FlixBus. Even trains. And much faster.
I'm also around €100 per month on average for three decades in Germany (gas prices + maintenance costs have gone up over the years, but my insurance costs have gone down a lot for accident-free driving). Gas, insurance (Vollkasko), taxes, "TÜV", small repairs, seasonal tire changes and seasonal checkups at my car workshop included. If I include the costs of the two used cars I bought within the last 30 years, I'm still below €200 per month. Admittedly I drive much less than the average (only 3000 - 4000 km per year) and have a small car, which keeps the insurance costs, gas costs and the "wear and tear" very low.
My god as an American the housing and internet/mobile costs sound amazing. I pay 2k in a small town for a townhouse. And internet here is $70. That’s not even with my phone bill. I probably pay less in taxes or something but still. Living in a city for the sake of less I pay now sounds great.
Our internet (not including cell phone service) in Southern Germany was around €70+ a month, it fluctuates. Never was there consistent billing per month, it was always a guess. It was more expensive overall, eating out occasionally with a family was very expensive as well.
Short addition: University isnt completely free. Every (!) student has to pay between 300-350 euros (depends on the university) every six months (sog. Semesterbeitrag). This fee then includes your allowence to attend to university as well as the train ticket :) And this only applies to the public universities. The private unis require a fee often around 500-600 euros per MONTH (sometimes even more). Thats why most of the people want to study at public schools :P
@@PickyZ1 Well i dont know how its in the US, but in germany (as far as i know) the public schools are more accepted than private ones. People are like: Why would you pay for a private school, when you can get the same education for way less? Its seen like a pay-to-win thing: People who arent accepted to public unis usually go to private ones, becauseyou dont particularly need talent to get in, you only need enough money (: I hope my explanation makes sense haha
@@darionskye4203 I definetly am glad to be able to study in germany! I didnt want to offend anyone, i just wanted to point out, that its not FREE to study here. But yes, i know, its still very little compared to other countries :)
People have to install their own kitchens?! I'm glad that's not a thing in Canada or the US!! I really like Germany though. I remember there being bike lanes & dedicated lights all over, and people of all ages riding. I felt teh public transportation systems were pretty great especially compared to Canada.
Yes. Google minijob. You can earn up to 530 €/month tax free. A lot of students do that. You can also work and earn more during lesson free months. It is important that at the end of the year you don't have more than these 530 as the average.
welcome to germany, erika :) i hope you do well! it's hard to find living space these days, not even talking affordable ones. can i ask in which part of germany you made your new life here?
![The TRUE cost of LIVING in Germany 2023 [Real Life EXAMPLE]](/img/1.gif)
As an Italian living in Germany i have to say this is the best video that i see so far about the cost of living. Keep doing that
Ciao come ti trovi vorrei trasferirmi anche io, livello di qualità di vita e stipendio come ti trovi?
@@userRyuru5 ciao, dipende molto dalla zona e da quello che vorresti fare, se mi dai più info ti posso comunicare il mio punto di vista.
@@bellarobaf.2623 ciao vorrei trasferirmi per una questione di opportunità di lavoro, mi sto formando nel settore di design di interni e esterni arredamento, ho un diploma tecnico specifico riconosciuto in Europa. Sono l'ultimo anno ho anche fatto stage circa 900h presso aziende italiane non mi convincono .
@@bellarobaf.2623 mi è sfuggita la notifica! Io lavoro nel settore d'automazione industriale 4.0 sono un junior ho 1 anno di esperienze nel settore, vorrei trasfermi per una qualità di maggiore e perché non mi piace la situazione politica e lavorativa in Italia
Important info to the tickets,
theres a subscription for 49€ as she mentioned in the video that's live, which allows for unlimited traveling in local public transport.
This includes every bus, subway and regional train, which are (RB, RE, IRE)
Basically if you see a white train with a fat red line, don't use it and you're fine.
why cant we use that white train? sorry im new to this
@@avanyfilimsies-iv8zv White with a red stripe across the length of the train is the standard design for intercity services (IC and ICE) which are not included in the Deutschlandticket, neither are services by private operators like Flixtrain.
Basically, you’re only allowed to use RB-, RE- or S trains, but those make up the majority anyway
@@maaax1173 oo cool
@@maaax1173Also wie in Österreich, städlicher Zugverkehr, für den Bundesland eins und private Firmen, die überall hinfahren wie Flixbus
Can you send me the link to see the 49 subscription?
Hallo :) I'm an international living in Germany for about 4 years. Just wanted to say that your videos are very well made! I feel your channel is very underrated but pretty sure it is going to blow up soon with the amount of quality videos you have! The videos are fun to watch and also giving useful information. Almost has an "Emma Chamberlain" vibes to them! :D I subscribed! Keep it up!
Federal Republic of Germany = F.R.O.G.
😂
Awwwwww 😂
USA = United States of Amnesia
@@jotsingh8917😂😂😂
@@jotsingh8917JFC 😭😭
Your sense of humor is on another league. I love your videos😁😁😁
I'm from a Dutch border town and during the summer of 21 I visited a lot of Ruhr cities with the 5 euro ticket. My city also got leveled during WW2 so I feel right at home visiting the Ruhr area 😁
Yeah the amount of dutchies who visit us here is insane. Especially here in Bottrop/Oberhausen. Seeing Dutch Cops patrolling together with their German counterparts on the Weihnachtsmarkt in Oberhausen was so weird.
@@BlueJayy1904 Yes I visited multiple weihnachtsmarkten by train in NRW (And I didn't had a SINGLE delay it's a miracle), I heard more Dutch speakers than Germans sometimes
The language barrier can hinder job seekers in Germany, as many employers require proficiency in the German language for most positions. This can limit job opportunities and make it difficult for non-German speakers to secure employment. Additionally, low salaries and high taxes can further compound the challenges faced by job. Apart from language barriers, cultural patterns of behavior can also pose challenges for individuals entering the German job market. Differences in communication styles and cultural norms can impact workplace dynamics and hinder effective collaboration. Germany's unique system of dual vocational training and bureaucratic processes can add to the difficulties faced by job seekers and students. The combination of language barriers, cultural differences, and complex systems can make it challenging to navigate and integrate into German society.
😊
Thank you! Would actually love to know/hear about the differences you feel after living in the Netherlands compared to Germany
Yes plz
Please 😊
@ThePoisonedReapertransportation is not that good tho. Its okay and im thankful but the Deutsche Bahn needs to step up his game, people here are mad asf
Thank you ! I’m looking for a university to study in Germany
This is a great video. Thanks for taking the time to make things so clear and straight forward. Well done, Erika!
Thank you Erika for taking the time to make these videos with so much information and perspective. I'm looking to move to Germany where my family is originally from and your videos have really helped me more understand of what to expect.
Thank you for making this! I'm looking to moving to Germany to start university and for a fresh start and actually gives me expectations on pricing so I know how to save up! That's super important to me as someone who is working an entry level position at a job that doesn't pay much trying to save up not only for the move but to have extra money to fall back on :)
Thank you Erika for such a great detailed video! you are such a life saver
Why your videos are so pleasing to watch😆? So fun and also educative! i don't plan on living in Germany but i'd love to stay on it for months
Keep making these, i can't stop watching cause they are so well made haha
I swear she is so good at it , u can clearly see the talent at the details
This is the most accurate video I have seen on this topic. I can confirm with precision, as a person living in Germany for 6 years.
Between Germany and uk. Which is better for one looking for a better standard of living and job
How much money can you save per month with a minimum wage?
Depends on your lifestyle and expenses.
Very expensive. Thank you but no
Watching your video from Switzerland. Very important information
Thank You
Very interesting, I once lived for several days in the city of Hamburg. Hopefully I can visit other cities in Germany again
Your vlogs are truly a comfort zone for me 🤗 Keep up the good work & greetings from Hanover 🙌
Hello beautiful how are you and where are you from.
i loved this video!! erika, you were so nice to listen to and you were concise and got to the point. thank you for this insightful video :)
it's a wonderful video!!! thank you very much!
This is premium content! Very thorough!
Wow such an instructive and helpful video . Tnx so much
Please make more videos by this way😍
i love the groceries part, specifically the cigarette part, "i dont smoke, but this one is expensive!" i live in The Netherlands, and a small pack (20 cigs) costs about 10,50~. so i was absolutely stunned when u said it was expensive!
I lived in Germany in the 80s, really loved it. Hada good standard of living. The prices haven't really gone up that much. In England the cost of living seems to rise weekly. Wish I had stayed in Germany to be honest.
My family was stationed in Germany in the mid 70's and an America there felt like a rich man then, everything was so cheap,and great food.
God, I need to get to Germany 🇩🇪 ❤
With my bike ❤
Well, the curency changed from Mark to Euro so while the number on the pricetags is the same as 40 years ago it has actualy doubled.
Germany is much too expensive, rent an appartment for 1200 euro per month thank you no
Prices have skyrocketed. Lived there for almost 18 years. Everything has tripled in price.
They do have those crazy square pillows nice homes in Ludwigshafen Rhein good food and hospitality I loved it and I am American metro and the deals store were popular
You won't see public transport delayed in Taiwan, by bus, the basic ticket is 50 cent us$. It's very friendly for traveler.
Your videos are really enjoyable to watch and you do such a great job making them. I like your footage & I look forward to the next one 🇩🇪
I haven't seen 1L of milk costing less that 1,20 EUR or so for around 10 years or so now. Lived both in BW and currently in BB. The eggs - at least 2,30 EUR. LOL
Fun fact about the Pfand (returning a bottle for money) - standard sized jars (thing a jar of fruity yoghurt but not a jar of Nutella) and bottles out of glass also count but they cost 0.15 EUR (last time I checked). If you shop from Turkish, Arabic, Indonesian, Indian, Chinese and so on shop, unless you are buying standard products (which doesn't make sense if you go to such shops), you are out of luck since most products are imports and (almost) no one outside of Germany offers Pfand (not even its neighbours LOL).
Danke sehr viel, watching from Oceania, I found this video is very useful and helpful for me as I am preparing to go to Germany 🇩🇪 ❤❤❤❤
my grandparents use to live in Munich Germany when they were in there 20s back in the 1950s and lived there for about 3 years.
2:24 A Bucket?! I never had the luck to experience a kitchen with a bucket. Normally there is a bad smell in the room and you go and find a sponge to push into the pipe. If you are well equipped you can secure it and make it even less smelly with a latex glove. 😂
planning on moving to germany (from finland) with my best friend in 2 years ^-^ found your channel a few months ago and have enjoyed your content a lot! just wanted to comment on the cigarette prices.. they are extremely low compared to the prices in finland, one pack here is 9.50-15€ :DD a bit random thing to comment on but why not ^-^
What a lovely video Erika. You rock. 💌
This is a really great video. Well done.
I just came over from Natasha and Debbie to subscribe! 😊 Love your content!
Das ist sehr helpful. 🤟
Thank You Soo Much for the video it really gave a slightly clearity while planning to come to Germany. 😅
nice and very useful information.
Dieses Denglisch macht mich fertig, Uban 😂😂😂
Hey Erika, thanks for the information. This was helpful. Love the break down
👍
You forgot the psychological cost of learning german 😭
That might put Germany in debt again just like after the ww1
(We all know how that ended)
On a lighter note it isn't that hard and actually relatively easy for english speakers. Plus you don't have to be perfect most germans will understand you broken deutsch
😂😂😂 German is easy to learn! I've taught my own self! Don't be lazy !
@@Montanez823 True man. I learned thru Duolingo.
Deutsch zu lernen ist nicht SO schwer
Loved it! that is the most sarcastic video i've ever seen, god bless you , big thanks!
i recently came across your channel but it is sooooo calm and refreshing and peaceful and fun and just... perfect
the way you share information is just perfecctt
this video was beautiful and amazing the story telling was good and covered most of the things, thanks you for you hard work and time that you invested in making this video
Such a great job, this is top tier content
Thank you!! Super helpful
thank you so much. I found this video very helpful. big hug💙
I live in the American midwest and shop at Walmart. And my grocery costs are way higher! I truly wish I had your cost of living
Very informative.danke schön
groceries for 180-200€ mhh you would really have to save every penny to get around with that. average cost 2023 was 402€ p/month with drinking. 2021 was 401€ grociers increased average 9% per year but poeple like to save more in food than vacation in germany.
Do you mind doing an update? Are the costs similar or has inflation hit since then?
Your videos are extremely fun , and you are so cute 🥹 . Keep it up 😊👌
I love the place being mostly of German heritage, English, Irish, Scotch and Comanche. An aunt was stolen by the Comanche back in the 1800s. Too long of a story to get into. Been there at least 5 X, would like to live there 6 months out of the year. Something I may work on some day. They may be able to use me there because I was a Broadcast Engineer in TV.
i will escape germany and start learning English with this Channel...
No Kindding, the Prices right now are rediculous', none of these here mentioned come even close,
Thank you, I find this video really useful!
About car: how is calculated that I spend 520 per month? Does it mean if I have a car I use it only and don't use public transport and bicycle? I'm living in Belgium (in Leuven) which supposed to be even more expensive. But I spent for the car not more that 100 euro per month for diesel. Yes, insurance and taxes per yer is about 1000 + technical service lets say 200 once a year. Ok lets even say 2000 per year. Then 2000/12 = 166 plus 100 for diesel => 266 per month. PS: I park on the street, don't have the garage.
And what is more interesting (idk about Germany, but this is about Belgium) - for more or less long distances the public transport is more expensive than a car! Even FlixBus. Even trains. And much faster.
I'm also around €100 per month on average for three decades in Germany (gas prices + maintenance costs have gone up over the years, but my insurance costs have gone down a lot for accident-free driving). Gas, insurance (Vollkasko), taxes, "TÜV", small repairs, seasonal tire changes and seasonal checkups at my car workshop included. If I include the costs of the two used cars I bought within the last 30 years, I'm still below €200 per month.
Admittedly I drive much less than the average (only 3000 - 4000 km per year) and have a small car, which keeps the insurance costs, gas costs and the "wear and tear" very low.
As an american, I thoroughly enjoyed your day to day living expenses explainations
My god as an American the housing and internet/mobile costs sound amazing. I pay 2k in a small town for a townhouse. And internet here is $70. That’s not even with my phone bill.
I probably pay less in taxes or something but still. Living in a city for the sake of less I pay now sounds great.
Our internet (not including cell phone service) in Southern Germany was around €70+ a month, it fluctuates. Never was there consistent billing per month, it was always a guess. It was more expensive overall, eating out occasionally with a family was very expensive as well.
I love germany and ive always been interested in living in germany it looks safer and cleaner than usa here ive been learning german
thank you very much, it's useful 🥺
I am watching this video a bit more than a year later and a lot of things are now even 30 - 40% more expensive. This last year has been hard...
what about in 2025, especially for international students?
I loved your sense of humor :D Also very good information, subscribed!
Always the best Erika😇
It´s not a "cable bill>" - It´s a fee each household has to cough up money for to finance public btoadcasting services. Cable fees are extra!
I thoroughly enjoyed myself watching this video. Thanks for making it.
I found the video very informative. It gave me all the information in a simple way.
Short addition: University isnt completely free. Every (!) student has to pay between 300-350 euros (depends on the university) every six months (sog. Semesterbeitrag). This fee then includes your allowence to attend to university as well as the train ticket :) And this only applies to the public universities. The private unis require a fee often around 500-600 euros per MONTH (sometimes even more). Thats why most of the people want to study at public schools :P
To give some context, there are some universities here in the States that charge 500-600 dollars per CREDIT HOUR, so definitely count your blessings
whats the difference between public and private school in Germany? Is it the same as in us?
@@PickyZ1 Well i dont know how its in the US, but in germany (as far as i know) the public schools are more accepted than private ones. People are like: Why would you pay for a private school, when you can get the same education for way less? Its seen like a pay-to-win thing: People who arent accepted to public unis usually go to private ones, becauseyou dont particularly need talent to get in, you only need enough money (: I hope my explanation makes sense haha
@@darionskye4203 I definetly am glad to be able to study in germany! I didnt want to offend anyone, i just wanted to point out, that its not FREE to study here. But yes, i know, its still very little compared to other countries :)
@@florencelina9303 not offended, just jealous!
People have to install their own kitchens?! I'm glad that's not a thing in Canada or the US!!
I really like Germany though. I remember there being bike lanes & dedicated lights all over, and people of all ages riding. I felt teh public transportation systems were pretty great especially compared to Canada.
You can find some flats with kitchen though, but most of them not have one.
So informative🎉
Thanks for the information
OMG, I didn't expect to be the second viewer or so :)
Great video. Love the Frankfurt images reminds me of some good times spent out there.
What about working in Germany as a student ? Is it possible to work just during the weekends and finance yourself?
Yes. Google minijob. You can earn up to 530 €/month tax free. A lot of students do that. You can also work and earn more during lesson free months. It is important that at the end of the year you don't have more than these 530 as the average.
thanks so much for the vid!
Thank you .Great video
The most shocking and disturbingly pricey thing in Germany is Miete (flat rent). Seriously.
Germany, tipping is obscene - pay ur workers properly.
How would you tip a TAXI? Just curious.
Thanks.
Good day greetings!
Heating your home staying warm is huge now in Germany
Great video!!
Great Video
Love from germany
Wow the food prices r surprisingly reasonable
Nice info, thank you for the video.
Thanks for the help!
How do you know where and what kitchen appliances that would fit in that particular apartment?
Nice video. Thank you
I miss the Costs for insurance other then health insurance, local tax , internet, energy.
Your videos are amazing.
Thank you very much and please continue. You are natural. 👍🙏
i like your humor
Ja moin einfach amerikanischen content über deutschland, sehr stramm brudi
How about the Agusburg renting prize?
I just love you for this video its what I was looking for
Still much more sane prices than in the US and Canada.
Utilities are very expensive, especially oil and electricity.
Pipe and Bucket looking like a 5 Star kitchen
Es hängt davon ab, welche Art von Flüssigkeit Sie im Eimer haben🧐...
I wonder how a peanut butter pudding pretzel would taste?
How about 1/2 peanut butter pudding and 1/2 strawberry jam pretzel?
i always had to laugh when telling people how much a packet of smokes were here in Aus ranging from $45 up to $70
Nice video!
Nice content ❤
I really enjoyed your narration & style of vlogging. Just subscribed! Keep shining ✨️ and watching from the UK 🇬🇧
Actually making sense
@@d.cleftcomedy853, a lot of sense. Informative videos are the best!
welcome to germany, erika :) i hope you do well! it's hard to find living space these days, not even talking affordable ones. can i ask in which part of germany you made your new life here?