The Science of Camera Sensors
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- Опубликовано: 1 дек 2015
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Take the full Filmmaker IQ course on the Science of Camera Sensors with sauce and bonus material at: filmmakeriq.com/courses/scien...
A lot goes on under the hood when you press “REC” - check out the fascinating science behind film and electronic camera sensors.
If you have any further questions be sure to check out our questions page on Filmmaker IQ:
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Errata
The chemical symbol for Phosphorus is P - not Ph...
When we say "Photoelectric effect" we're really describing the "Photovoltaic effect"
John Hess deserves some kind of an award for his articulate, accurate and very long description of a very complex set of terms and concepts without messing up. Very impressive!
+MichaelTheMentor Best thing is that he doesn't mix there analogies, and he doesn't invent new things but stick to the points and the correct technical terms.
Like how many would have already made the mistake and started to talk about "buckets", "rain" "total surface area" etc?
He simply explained the technology to the point that the video can be shown even to non-tech savvy person and get understood.
+MichaelTheMentor send him a trophy?
I wholeheartedly agree. I have a msee degree and haven't seen a more to-the-point explanation of these topics. The details can put the average student to sleep in a nanosecond but he ties it all together rather nicely. Great job. Makes me want to dust off some books I have on the topics.
The video was "meh." It didn't really explained the concept, but just gave a bunch of facts, trivia, and a motivational speech at the end. I give it an "A+" for it's cohesive explanation of random facts and trivia about film and digital camera sensors, and a *"F-"* for explaining the _science of camera sensors._
Michael The Maven well said
I'm an electrical engineer (and a photographer) and I enjoyed this throughly. It's not often I see the phrase "P-N Junction Diode" outside of my work. Thank you for a job well done.
+Jim Julian My hat is off to you!
My grandfather was a civil engineer. My Dad grew up in the 40s and wanted to become an electrical engineer but my grandfather persuaded him not to because there's no future in electronics. So he became a mechanical engineer.
+Filmmaker IQ I am also a photographer and an electrical engineer and everything Jim Julian said rings true. All your vids are good, this one is great. The explanation of the silver gelatin film alone is worth it.
+Jim Julian
This video was really rudimentary and glossed over MANY important details. But only one... that I could mention is, the cartesian layout of photo cells. In the video they are shown as similar to grid paper, that perfectly rectilinear set of XY points connected by linear functions made popular as 'Cartesian paper'. But in actuality, a lot of the operations of modern photo sensitive arrays is not in those perfectly square shapes and not in the lines shown. Do a patent search on each companies' products who make these chips, and you'll each one has a different architectural topology and in fact, a number of newer implementations have left two dimensional surfaces behind, moving their architectures into the realm of 3D lattice spaces, multi-layers, and multi-functional overlapping systems.
NOW... add to that, the lens caps themselves. Not the lens cap you know of where you snap, bayonet or screw a cover on a lens to protect it from the outside environment, but a lens cap that is actually built on top of the semiconductor bulk which affects the paths of the photons before they strike the semiconductor top surface. Imagine being able to sample a pattern of areas and determine illuminances or to move parts of the image from one space to another to compensate for movement, de-focusing, lighting differences, low contrast, and more.
NOW... consider being able to do all these pre-semiconductor manipulations on the impinging light field, in real time, and apply artificial intelligence to the patterns in such a way that operations are both determined and carried out 'on the fly'. Think then of these lens caps as pre-processors, successfully modeling YOUR 'retinal ganglion pre-processors' that each of you didn't even know you had, and you can see that we are moving into a state of technologies, where an intelligent camera is far beyond what you thought could be achieved through microprocessor post processing systems, alone.
THAT gets you closer to what 2015 is all about. Everything covered in this video is more like the 90's.
My current state of the art is 4K x 4K by 256 processing layers, in a 20 um layer, so that's 256 vectors, I can affect across every pixel of a photosensitive device, on a whim. And that 'whim', is not human.
i like the first concept being a diod, instead being cmos and ccd manufacture
those still run on semiconductur principle
leaving that aside, why not use more wires to read out the "eV or voltage"
syncron or with other words all at once
if its a question to a electric circuit there are
electric circuits that can do this
a example would be the a-syncron adder, that electric circuit read out the status in more steps
while a synchron adder electric unit reads out all the status´s (eV or voltages) syncron or with others word all at once
but coming from year 2021 that is a very old and passed problem
why relay on a dinosaur electric unit (such as the a-syncron adder)
if the waver has to be turned
around grind could be the answer
if the bus (thats the amount of transer wires) is a problem then just increase the bus
if a other electric unit is the problem a cache would be a solution (what is for example used on HDD´s)
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/CCD_charge_transfer_animation.gif
in the video for the CCD semiconductur
the shift_register is talked about
they call it parallel(syncron) and serial (a-syncron)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_register
that serial or parallel are just other words for syncron and a-syncron or all at once
semiconductors is a high-school topic, being an engineer has nothing to do with it.
Very talented speaker. I can't even explain how to make an omelette this clearly.
Omelette is hard just start with scrambled eggs
Don't worry. I can't even make an omelette.
Totally professional, articulate and erudite. What a tour-de-force. This is the bench mark for anybody intending to record an explanatory video on any subject whatsoever, especially a difficult one like this. I'm not sure whether he was reading a prepared text or improvising as he went along, but either way his faultless delivery without ums and ers, together with the injection of contrast and variation in tone, made this a joy to listen to instead of the usual boring trials imposed upon us by the vast majority of public speakers. Bravo. And sincere thanks.
Of course it is prepared. Improvisation is never so structured, balanced and to the point.
I was pleasantly surprised by how good this vid was. I’m an electronic engineer who has made digital cameras. Apart some a few insignificant details this was bang on and very informative!
i enjoy how you dont really say any obvious misinformation in your videos. you do your fact checking well!
This channel is and always has been amazing.. I wish you would get overexposed just as much as my photos do.
polarlarve good one
😂😂😂
Great stuff as always John. Really points out the science and engineering that go into this technology, which I think is under appreciated. Thanks for what you do here on this channel!
You just explained basic p-n junctions and camera sensors better than any professor I had in engineering school. Good job.
That little speech at the very end gave me the chills!! Thank you for this great video.
LITERALLY ONE OF THE BEST VIDEOS EVER ON RUclips.
The way you kept the pace of the video and the explanations thorough, going in as deep as the very basic of composition of the diodes and their working, just made this video for me!
Man I know all these transistor and diode stuff but the way you explained it is better than most of the tutorials online. That was really great.
As a mechanical engineering student who does photography this was reallyyyyyy good :D Its good to see the physics I learn being applied to other things I loved!
That was something I did not know I needed to know. Seriously, I had no interest in knowing this but you somehow got me to watch the entire video and now I'm glad I did.... Thanks.
+Steve Potgieter Makes you think of all the brilliant stuff that happens when you take a selfie ;)
Magic!
OMG. This is one of the best videos I've seen. I'm 54 years old and you make me want to enroll in a chemistry and physics class. I'll be rewatching this video because I really would like a better understanding of camera sensors. Thank you for your intelligent and articulate explanation!
I just want to say to John Hess that I really appreciate all his work on this series and it has been a great help to me and my film making. I think it is the best film making series on RUclips. Thanks John!!
I have taught this material for many years at an undergraduate photography program in Israel. This video is great, visualising and simplifying a complex subject. Great work John! Thanks.
This is one of the best explanations on camera sensors. It accurately got to the core functions of each technology without going too deep or shallow. As an engineer with a physics background I enjoyed it, and anyone who has an interest in understanding the technology of devices they use everyday can understand it. It is such an accessible explanation of camera sensors it enhances the magic of the technology rather than diminish it.
I've watched many videos to try to grasp the concept but nothing was as clear, articulate, well explained as this. Sir, thank you from the bottom of my heart !
This is one of the most Comprehensive and best videos i've EVER seen! You basically explained everything we need to know about this sensor WITHOUT over complicating things!
Science, magic, and inspiration? As a studying new photographer/film-maker who only came across this video for (and only expecting) technical info, I say, Yes please and thank you so much!
In a electronics major and having a passion for photography, I enjoy seeing how both can come together and provide the essence of digital photography in today's technological time. Excellent video and thank you for making this!
I adore these explainers. They are at the exact technical level I am seeking.
A complicated science explained very succinctly. I love these videos. Anybody who hasn’t watched their videos about how camera lenses work should check those out. Keep doing what you’re doing, John! Loving it.
Another of your best! And, the best part is this video in the end transcends the level of being an educational video and become a story! Salute!
Mr Hess.
This video presented very complex concepts in such a clear and concise manor that it has floored me! Great work!
Your inspirational closing comments complement the video!
BRAVO !
SBF
You are absolutely great at explaining things and contributing to our field in a very comprehensive, fun and exciting way. Congratulations John. Serously, you are making great stuff. You deserve a lot!!
I'm glad someone can pull together the important facts and then deliver them to a non technical observer. Great lecture.
Nice to see someone break down the basics of something a lot of people have no idea.
Been a photographer for over 30 years. Also, around the 10:28 mark, if you have the understanding of crosstalk (noise) you'll understand why stuffing more pixels on your cell phone camera sensor, does not equate to a better photo image, ESPECIALLY in low light situations.
this is, by far, the most accomplished and yet fairly easy to understand deep dive into this topic I've seen...appreciated
Damn, so this is why smartphones cameras always record strange motion when it comes to simple travelling motion! It's just so distinguishable that you just always know it's that type of "camera" one person uses! Thanks John for yet another great video :)
Honestly a good bit of this went over my head but from the amazing speaker to the helpful post work to make the video, awesome work.
excellent video, the narrating is very well done and comprehensive. Haven't seen that for a while. Thanks a lot !
This video was nothing short of magic! I loved how well you explained the process and the visuals were so very helpful. This was informative and entertaining!
These videos are actually quite underrated. Well done!
This is one of he best channel on youtube.
This is the first video of yours which I came accros accidently. At the begining I was concerned about the length of the video, but until the it is very interesting and fun to watch. This a very informative and impressive video. Thank you very much for sharing this knowledge with us.
Greetings, Mr. John Hess! First off, I sincerely, from the bottom of my heart, thank you for this video as my son had a project on camera sensors and this video helped him A TON !! Very skillfully and expertly explained!! Hats off !!
I love the inspiration at the new. As always, great video! Keep it up! 😎
Its incredible how John Hess breaks down the science part of film making, i just wonder why i have not started watching his videos until now
Impressive! You nailed this:) Thank you
This video deserves a place in the Smithsonian permanent collection. Hess would be conferred a title of sensei in Japan for being such a brilliant teacher. Thank you.
I'm impressed with all the theory that comes back the image formation at image sensor. Now I'm aware about the physics that involves camera sensor and how it works at an electronic level. Thanks!
Couldn't have hoped for a more perfect closing statement. Thank you John.
Great info as always. Thanks for all of the hard work you do putting this show together.
Great video!
How does the Rolling shutter effect work in very high shutter speeds, lets say 1/4000? Is it even noticeable at such short duration? And is the rate at which the sensor scans a frame related to the exposure duration per frame?
+Shutter Authority This is great question!
Shutter speed is not same as readout speed. Shutter speed is how long the pixel is allowed to measure photons. The readout speed stays the same regardless of the shutter speed - so whether a pixel is allowed to sample photons for 1/48 or 1/480 makes no difference to how fast the data is transferred to memory.
So the readout speed is the time difference between the topmost row of pixels and the lower most? Doesn't the readout speed have to be higher than the shutter speed? Because if not, the point where the shutter speed exceeds the readout speed we'll start seeing incomplete exposures. Right?
+Shutter Authority No, what happens is the camera staggers the exposure of each line. Not only is the data read line by line but so is the exposure.
Cool. Thanks!
People always confuse TRUE shutter speed, the speed at which the shutter moves from the top to the bottom of the frame, with exposure time, the time the sensor, whether chemical or electronic, is allowed to gather light.
[EDITED: to clarify some terminology]
The faster the speed of shutter, the less rolling shutter issues one has. This is not affected by exposure time. If the speed of the shutter is 1/60th of a second from top to bottom, (the same as the “flash synchronization speed,” or flash sync speed), then at 1/250 second exposure will have the same amount of rolling shutter as 1/8000 second exposure. However, a camera with a 1/250 second flash sync speed, will have much less rolling shutter issues on a magnitude of about 0.25.
That is to say, if an object had moved across 80% of the frame at a nominal speed of shutter of 1/60 second, it would have moved across 20% of the frame at a nominal speed of shutter of 1/250 second, whether at an exposure time of 1/250 second or 1/8000 second.
Most people have a hard time de-linking true shutter speeds from exposure time, but think of it this way; speed is distance over time, such as the time it takes for the shutter to go from point ‘A’, the top of the frame, to point ‘B’, the bottom of the frame, while time is simply the passage of time, and unaffected by motion, (assuming we are speaking of motion at magnitudes of less than 0.01% the speed of light). If a pixel was exposed for a time of only 1/8000 seconds, the exposure time, it matters not how fast or slow the shutter was moving over that pixel, the true shutter speed, but it does matter, in terms of rolling shutter, the difference in time between exposure of the first pixel at the top of the frame, and the last pixel at the bottom of the frame.
In short, the speed at which the shutter moves determines how much rolling shutter problem one has, but the time of exposure of any one pixel does not. This is why CCD with electronic shutters, do not have a rolling shutter issue, as the entire sensor, top to bottom, is exposed at the same time. Two things which this video failed to explain; the difference between electronic shutters on a CCD vs a CMOS sensor, and the difference between a mechanical shutter vs an electronic shutter.
Also, between a mechanical leaf shutter (not really a cinema thing) and a focal plane shutter (again, not really cinema), and a rotating shutter. Yes, rolling shutter affects photography also, not just cinema.
this channel is absolutely fantastic, it should have really more subscribers than it has!
AWESOME explanation, Thank You Thank You for sharing!
Thank you for this, I came here after wondering about stars and how their light travels into our view through time. Had no interest in photography but will now have a deeper and profound appreciation for this technology every time I take a "Photo". Cheers
Really really great video John, thank you very much for creating and sharing
Great stuff. I always wanted to know the advantages and disadvantages of CMOS vs. CCD, and you made it clear in this video. Thank you.
This is so well explained. I was wondering how this magical technology worked, and now I feel like I have a good working knowledge, and even more appreciation for the raw science and history (for decades) that made it possible for this to happen!
Interesting video as always thanks!
Hi John, really enjoy your videos!
Could you please make a video on film title sequences!
Thank you and keep up the good work.
Fabulous! Incredibly comprehensible.
wow how complete and beautifully animated video, thank you, sir.
one of the most informative videos on youtube.
This video is both high level, super detailed, yet totally understandable
Thank you, I have been looking for at least a decent explanation of how sensors work for months and this video just blew away my expectations.
Very informative! You delivered well too! Very inspiring at the end!
Well done. Thoroughly enjoyed the explanation. Keep up the good work. Subscribed and liked! :)
Amazing! Love this John Hess!
Thanks for a well made video! Very informative.
wow , he explains a complex thing with such ease and understandable, subscribed
John P. Hess! not king enough sir! Hahaha. Once you started you personal feelings in the beauty of it all I looked down at the counter and was like, "No! it's over already!?" Loved it so much it went by in two seconds. Thank you so much. Well done.
This is a fantastically presented video, that really makes you understand the subject. Thank you.
man loved it loved it ...... u are true teacher every child deserves thank you for being so articulate and patient...
Thanks for this valuable work!!
Excellent. John Hess you did a marvelous job explaining a very complex technology.
Exactly the kind of knowledge I enjoy! thanks well presented :)
Thanks for a highly informative video! I definitely learned a lot. The rolling shutter effect explanation made perfect sense.
Amazing. Best explanation i ve had the chance to learn to so far
Wow that's a most simplest explanation for CCD and CMOS sensor ❤️❤️ beautifully presented and displayed.
Great, concise explanations. Thanks.
This perfectly explains everything I needed to know. Thank You.
This is the content of extraordinary quality! As a theoretical physicist I'm definitely gonna support You on the Patreon, Sir!
Very interesting and informative. Thank you so much.
Incredibly thorough, great job.
The best explanation on sensor technology ever. I wish I'd had this in film school.
Good job dude.. more is needed on any science
A clear and thorough explanation , Thank you very much.
Thank you for the great videos like this!
It was a wonderful video to watch. Thank you very much sir.
Amazing explantion!
Amazing and interesting video! Makes you think a bit more every time you press the shutter.
Wow, that was an amazingly well explained video. Thank you!
Awesome explanation. Cheers!
Nicely done. Thanks for this informative video!
So much of this went way over my head, but by the end I think I learned something. How dare you teach me things!
Its always a treat coming to coming to this channel, Every video has something new and great to learn. It's awesome for a young filmmaker like me to have this type of information at my disposal. I've been making short films since I was around 10, always experimenting with different types of filmmaking and photography throughout my life. I have some of my work on my channel if anyone would like to take a look and leave a comment; keep up the great work guys, thanks for another great video!
-Luca
Great presentation. Thanks a lot
Beautifully Explained! Loved it.
absolutely great explanation and video overall.
You do a very good job John! Keep it up.
Yep everything i just learned in my engineering materials course was just mentioned... p-type... n-type, etc...and i thought i would never use that information again. Thank you for teaching me about how CMOS works.
Very Well Done! Keep 'em coming!
Great explanation. Brilliant video.
hey John I truly enjoyed the way you closed up your tutorial... by trying to reinforce the confidence within the people
Excellent video! Thanks!
Probably the most interesting video I have ever watched!!! So well done.