Largest Vehicle-To-Grid Charging Project On The Planet?
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- Опубликовано: 8 дек 2021
- Utrecht is working towards becoming the first bi-directional city in the world and in his recent trip Robert visited a huge solar powered car park and charging station to see how EVs and Vehicle-To-Grid charging are being integrated together.
In the next of our series of Dutch episodes Robert explores fossil free homes and drives his Nissan Leaf back home with its brand new battery.
Catch up with his first episode here: • A 'Fully Charged' City...
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#ElectricVehicles #EVs #EVCharging #BidirectionalCharging #Solar #V2G #VehicleToGrid #Netherlands #Europe #Utrecht #Holland 
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I'm very proud of my father! This project took a great deal of time and effort. It's an awesome piece of innovation and the result speaks volumes!
What a great rolemodel he is.
He should get von der Leyen's job!
Absolutely, your father is working on something important that will change the style of energy generation, storage and use for us all, in the near future.
Great work guys, keep it up!
So great!!
I am doing my master thesis about V2G's potential at car dealerships. This video is gold to me, now people will take me more seriously when asking for interviews.
talk to Fully Charged Podcast when you are finished, I would love to listen to your findings
Willy, were you aware the Nissan Plant in Sunderland has a V2G facility, as does Nissan's R & D HQ in Bedfordshire? Maybe they'll be happy to provide details if contacted?
Really good idea, but: ”Dubarry et al., 2017c) presented the results of an experimental study on the impact of V2G operations on Lithium-ion battery degradation. Their results show that additional cycling to discharge EV batteries to the power grid, even at constant power, is detrimental to battery performance.”
Look up Fully Charged Orkney from 3 years ago. 3 Part series of what will be the future.
@@hessulipoika13 Point well taken. It will be interesting to see what comparable studies determine.
This should be mandatory at long term airport parking lots! You go for a 2 week holiday, park your car, tell them you want the car charged to 95% by 3pm a week on Sunday. You get a free charge, maybe even free parking, and in return the car park uses your battery for energy storage.
Sure there are some use cases for Gatwicks Gridserve EV forecourt... But for 99% of ev drivers this would be much better. No waiting to charge up, no additional cost of charging up, and the knowledge that you are helping more solar energy get into the grid!
My longest time connected to a charger was at the long term parking at the airport. Great suggestion, that's a perfect use case!
Genius idea
And in car storage yards/garage lots waiting sale?
@@MsDmcclymont if garages were really switched on they could be doing this already.
You are 100% spot on. There are hundreds of perfect use cases for this tech, airport car parks are a perfect example
Better yet rental car fleets having all EVs could be used while waiting for new renters.
The German state of Baden-Württemberg has just introduced a new building code that requires PV on the roofs of all new commercial buildings and their carparks.
It will be those with houses in 10 years with solar roofs and 2 ecars in the drive that will cover the storage decentralisation. Those with cars in the city cannot be used as they will not be attached to the grid most of the time.
It’s about time, our, know all governments did the same 🇬🇧. Whilst travelling in Southern Europe I notice some supermarket parking lots had sun shading for cars with solar panels. This helped run the refrigeration in the supermarkets saving them money and the planet CO2. Doesn’t that made huge sense too ?
In Finland, our biggest supermarket chains S and K are both slowly building solar panels on their supermarkets. And are partners in new non-subsidised windmill parks. (Finland now has 2600MW wind, and 21300MW are planned, but maybe not all will realize)
@@harrikoskinen5933 its such no brainer one should think
A lot of fake-jobs in Baden-Württemberg so that people do not whine. Most of them already can be replaced by automats, robots and self-learning code.
Need to get the Australian government to cover there parking aeras with this and stop fighting the change that will happen with or without them. Great video. Keep smiling everyone
Totally agree mate. Our local shopping centre just covered the car park with sail cloth. Why on earth didn't they cover it with solar panels? Power the whole shopping centre and put power to the grid. Have EV charging as well. I thought it would have been an easy choice to make.
@@stephensimpson5283 Australia had a massive head start on the world when it introduced a price on carbon to incentivise transition to electric. Then they elected Tony Abbott. lol
To be fair, Australia isn't really used to leading the world, much more comfortable following America, UK but more importantly Rupert's lead. More is the pitty : (
The Australian government loves oil taxes.
@@victorsvoice7978 No, not oil taxes; fossil fuel industries' electoral campaign contributions.
@@stephensimpson5283 And relatively easy & inexpensive to retrofit. Just need to make it tall enough to allow a fire engine easy access in emergencies.
Who was also unreasonably scared that Bobby would hit his head on a cross-beam during the opening scene
We have one for the 2021 blooper reel
Scrapheap challenge territory. I was so afraid he'd be iced, I found myself ducking MY head.😅😂🤣
2:10 When the Construction Engineer said they’d lost four panels to the escape roof, he kindly omitted that Robert had just taken out those four panels with his head sticking out of the sunroof!
@@fullychargedshow The Bobby head bonk preproduction test. Hopefully somebody had had the foresight to bring Kryten's spare head just in case Bobby's head had gone flying; just blue tack it on & keep filming. 🤪😅
Was expecting "spare head two" to be called to active duty after the first scene.
And THIS is exactly the type of carparking I've been banging on about for years. Best utilisation of preexisting built infrastructure by utilisation of full volumetric space - i. e. airspace above.
Brilliant idea and so obvious to use the Type 2 socket for V2G as few would wish their car to donate any more than 32A at any one time. All it should require is that the onboard AC charger is replaced on existing cars. Hardly an overly expensive item when built in quantity and virtually no extra when installed from new.
Type 2 can already deliver about 30 kW in DC without the extra pins. The combo digital communication is also delivered by the type 2 pins.
The challenge is between the type of current delivered with V2G, AC (controlled and inverted by the car itself like Hyundai Ioniq 5) or DC (controlled by the ground station with inverter like Nissan Leaf).
Another great episode. I'm really enjoying this series on Utrecht. Car revews are fun but this other episodes about renewable energy and sustainability are super interesting. Keep up the good work.
Wow, once this project breaks even in record time, EVERYONE will want to copy its model. Now all we have to do is sit and wait! Great episode. Please cover another similar project.
2:10 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER: “We have 2,160 solar panels, minus four that ROBERT took out with his head sticking out of the car’s sunroof.” 🤣
I like Utrecht, lots of canals, I feel right at home :-)
Yes yes and yes. A V2G type two project finally up and running, this is what Robert has been talking about for ages. Such a shame we have to wait a few years until the cars hit production but at least it's now coming.
Super interesting. Thanks for this peek into the future. Follow up videos detailing the grid- charger- and vehicle setup / side of things would be great.
Another excellent, interesting and informative video Mr L.
I think what is being done in Utrecht is very impressive and could easily be replicated around the world. It made me wonder just how many millions of cars sit in car parks for 7 to 10 hours, 5-days a week doing nothing useful. Turn those into EV's doing this and the planet may stand a chance!
It's clear Utrecht is well ahead of the game here. It's very refreshing to see a nation simply committed to getting on with this. So many other countries seem to get bogged down in all manner of debate, wasting valuable time. As pretty much all of the scientists at COP 26 agreed, the time for action is NOW.
This is so encouraging! For years I’ve thought the combination of car parking & vehicle charging was a good idea, with the added benefit of using the shade provided by the collectors to keep the cars cooler. Thanks for making a dream come true.
I agree - every suitable car park should have solar panels over it - to shade the cars, to help charge the EVs, to provide power to nearby buildings, and to export to the grid. And this is certainly a beautiful structure. The separate cells on the solar panels let the perfect amount of light through - the car park has a really nice feel and visibility. Awesome work by the designers ! Please come to Australia and build something similar over every suitable carpark you find. Once the car parks are done, there's plenty of other walk ways, foot paths, buildings, and other structures to do.
Awesome project. And fantastic to see cities think outside the box and into the future. 👍👍
Wonderful to see the Netherlands leading the way.
So nice to watch you again Robert. You are the heart & soul of Fully Charged. I know you need a break. However you really are the best. 🥰
Fantastic video FC team. Great to see what can be done, this is real innovation with numerous practical uses. Good to see organisations getting on with it instead of just talking about it. Happy holiday season everyone!
So many big box store parking lots can install solar canopies with charge points.
Walmart, Target, Home Depot, Ikea, grocery stores and strip malls all can add solar canopies.
So true, just think how much electricity could be generated using solar panels on all those warehouse etc roofs. Then if you did V2G with employees cars offering them a chance to maybe make some money for grid balancing everybody would win. I love a bit of joined up thinking.
This is the sort of stuff that gives me so much hope for the future. Can’t wait to see more of these, everywhere!
Hope for what?
Thanks Ryan, wonderful new news video.
I could do V2G at home right now with my existing equipment. My solar inverter could be directly connected across an EV's battery, and there you go; 5 kW into the grid. Just need the connectors and to control it. Not hard at all!
Fantastic camera work!
excellent video - very inspiring
Fantastic! Thank you for modeling the way for the world!
Here in germany we do endless dicussions about "fool cells" and"efuels". Now i see the dutch just do it. Great! Keep on, make it happen!
Fantastic development, and thanks Robert for featuring it. I think you missed a trick by not really mentioning the other major benefit of car sharing which must play a big part in their business model. At the end of the day car sharing stands to take thousands of privately owned cars out of our cities if we can just get our act together and do something on this scale.
Brilliant episode Robert 👏 we're looking at a similar set up here in Orkney !
I love the earlier episodes done years ago on this channel about Orkney! I hope they go back to see how you guys are getting on and what is new!
@@dr-k1667 Robert is eager to get back to Orkney ! Watch this space !
Standing up through the sun roof.! I'm glad you didn't have an accident but not a very good idea.
7:09 love this shot where that Volvo diesel is leaving the building.
Another great episode
So very interesting and so ahead of the game compared to many cities/countries.
Brilliant idea! Can’t wait to see this embraced by more countries around the world. Sign me up!
Brilliant episode Robert & FC team. Thank you for sharing Utrecht. Getting real information (not FUD propaganda) out there for all to see is unfortunately an essential service nowdays.
Nice one Lew. I love Holland and intend to spend more time in Europe after I retire. By then I will have likely purchased a P2V motor with onboard solar to boot. Cars, trucks and potentially even bikes could utilise this technology once the protocols have been worked out. Three years back at Silverstone FCLive, I attended a few of your presentations and one guy with a hat was asking a lot of pointed questions to the panel on P2V. Now I know why.
Fantastic! 👍⚡🤟
Amazing! The future looks good
Went to the gridserve at Braintree today very posh couple of chargers under repair (fenced off) very impressive couple of new cars upstairs for sale I assume office rooms to rent also upstairs post office and coffee downstairs so all good another one in pipe line in Norfolk as well
Good show, next time you're in Utrecht i'll buy you a beer! 👍
Great to see the type-2 v2g technology working. The technology clearly works and it seems like an economic win too as well as environmental one. We need government authorities to get on with it!
And stop being under the influence of oil industry companies.
Its actually pretty easy. You just need standarased protocol and bidirectional obc(onboard charger) tech to do so already on the market for at least over 10 -15 yrs. We also need to upgrade our grid to smart grid. Every car owner should have a vin-app assosation with a grid operators. like you sell energy and you buy energy from them. And also, i think we need more powerfull and obc, at least 10, better about 20 kw. They will not gonna take much space inside of car.
@@pashko90 We had standards for plug and charge for years, but it's still not implemented in most cars. There are just a few outlier cars that support it on Ionity in Europe and Electrify America.
As mentioned in the video, the biggest technical problem is communications - a CHAdeMO system just tells the battery to discharge and handles the DC-to-AC conversion off-board, whereas a type 2 system requires more complex instructions between station and car. I know that the comms. standard CCS uses (ISO 15118) is soon going to update with bidirectional commands for both CCS DC and type 2 AC and I would love to know whether Renault, Sono and Hyundai are using a draft version of this command set or something else.
The other thing that's needed is for the on-board charger itself to be redesigned as bidirectional. The theory of this and the basic circuit architecture have been fairly well researched. I work in power electronics and the power chip makers like Wolfspeed and Rohm are very keen to get their new SiC MOSFETs into bidirectional chargers. The automakers (particularly the Germans, from what I hear) are dragging their feet, with no-one wanting to be the first one to take on the warranty risk of extra charging/discharging time (even if the research and trials all say it's fine). Once someone actually pulls the trigger and builds it, the extra hardware cost will be negligible; just swapping 2-6 chips for slightly more expensive ones. I wish they'd bloody well hurry up with it - we need V2G as soon as possible!
@@gigabyte2248 Yep, actually, ford f150 lightning are very interesting to see how did they handle AC output, but 22kw chager sounds really promising.
This is something that can and should be implemented in America as well, there are many shopping centers that would benefit from a solar canopy to shade the cars and promote more electric vehicles
Exactly - USA has probably most parking space per capita of any country, which is a massive opportunity.
Great idea ... you get to your car to go home from work and your battery is dead ... I'm looking forward to that.
@@r.lindoncoutts1897 You do realize this is totally opt-in, you can just not opt in, or you can set an acceptable partition according to your desire.
I.E. set my car to allow a 20% discharge then shut off.
@@r.lindoncoutts1897 @Sam Spencer while I agree that it would be stupid if the parking area was not connected to the grid and did not have its own energy storage outside of relying on cars connected, and there was not a lower limit for pulling power out of a car, I would also hope that there was an small horizontal wind turbine under the canopy to provide a small boost of power with the average prevailing winds that could extend a bit of power throughout the night if your scenario was based on a person parked overnight.
@@r.lindoncoutts1897 you're funny 🤔😂😂😂😂😂. You have a great sense of humour. Do you work for an oil company?? 🤣🤣🤣
In some parts of the U.S. a tornado or hurricane would disassemble and shred that solar shelter and use the larger pieces to pound the cars to scrap. But good for the Netherlands, and good for hail shelters anywhere else.
Much as I admire all the other great presenters of Fully Charged, you can't beat it when Robert is back in the Helm!!
Anyway, one thing I fail to understand about these new EV Service Stations, is why they are solar powered only. Would it not be perfectly feasible to have such Service Stations using (small scale) wind turbines in addition to their solar power ? So as to have a kind of Hybrid power system using both wind & solar together. Or is it a matter of Planning permission - at least in the UK anyway ?
But thanks again Fully Charged Folks, for another great video.
Because small scale wind turbines are horribly inefficient and just not worth it in such a location. Wind turbines scale massively with size.
@@R3dox66 That's interesting to know. Something I didn't realise before. Thanks for taking the trouble to reply Pascal.
@@paulc96 In addition to what pascal said, Wind mills also require continuous maintenance, and unless it's a dedicated energy park, it's not feasible for normal office buildings or parking place like these to keep invested in operational cost and man hour. Solar panels are awesome (at least in the day light) in this regard as they are the only reliable solid state(and hence close to zero maintenance) energy generating source humans currently have.
@@R3dox66 As well as working better at large scales, wind turbines also really need a clear air space around them for smooth air flow with decent wind average speeds, neither of which are usually found in towns and cities. The ones that were installed on the sides of buildings and roofs 5-10 years ago were either greenwash or people falling for very overly optimistic manufacturer data/scams.
.... at...
Great video. Perhaps in the next 24-36 months, what we are seeing in this video will be common knowledge. Many folks don't realize that we are living in exciting times!
Brilliant project. The future is coming fast. Are there any similar projects in the UK?
Amazing! I want to live there. 😍
Looks amazing, though I'm hoping in the future such buildings could be based around timber construction rather than concrete and steel.
Fascinating vision of how the energy generation, storage and distribution is likely to work now and in the very near future.
Three years delay before Renault includes the tech in cars? So impressive :P
@)0:54 I thought Bobby was the new "Pope". 😀
Remarkable 👏👏👏👏
Amazing
This is a brilliant signal for the future.
We've gone for our prefered route of Powerwall and Octopus/Tesla Virtual Grid option. It's always there charging to 100% via solar and low rate/demand electricity, ready to pump 13.5 kWh into the Grid...often between 4 and 8pm. Lovely.
It's complemented with a Mixergy tank (impetus to buy care of Fully Charged Show), ready and waiting to alleviate the Grid in times of excess electricity production...they can dump it in the car as well if they like.;)
So lot's of good solutions, happening now. As Bjorn N would say, 'renewables for the win!'
So glad to see someone actively developing the Type 2 AC V2G system standard.
Once this standard is established it will open up so many more opportunities, not just for carparks like that, but also as an affordable option for V2G being used within the home at an affordable level (chademo just isn't cost effective), hopefully once Hyundai puts it in their cars we'll see Tesla follow suit aswell. 🤞
Great show as always
Great but when your battery goes will the rest share your expensive bill for a new one
More of these types of episodes, please. Yes, we know EVs will make up over 50% of car sales in 18 months. But, what does it all mean? Where are we going with all this? GREAT episode. Well done. More please.
AC bidirectional - that‘s a revolution. 👍
An episode like in the good old days of FCS.
very impressive
Great for the company fleet, not so much for private vehicles. Off the grid is still the best for the rest of us, you can bet at the end the consumer will just keep paying higher and higher energy prices regardless of source. Batteries def last a lot better when not constantly cycling, esp in cold countries.
Hi, I doubt you'll ever see this Robert, but you know my father (His initials are R.N.F). You've met him a few times at various green energy conventions.
If I could get a reply I'd be very happy as I'm a huge Red Dwarf fan!
Gave this a "heart" in Patreon!
Probably not. Last thing I heard at battery day was that they didn't belive in V2G. But that might have changed.
V2G would be great at home too, as then instead of a Powerwall, I could use the car for backup and to store cheap rate electricity
Great EV progress in the Netherlands, even with all the antique laws and regulations around EV's.
Specially around the developement of the smaller leightweight electric vehicles like the Xbus. (also a bidrirectional car with solar panels)
By law, the real heavy 2 or 3 ton EV's can have huge and 400kw plus motors to propell those tons.
But light weight vehicles, in the L7e category, are restricted to silly low 15kw peak performance per wheel. And these leight weight are way more envromentally friendly than the 2 ton Tesla super cars. Apparently the auto industry leaders dont want any competition.
Well said Griz, I've been calling for EV manufacturers to stop their obsession with acceleration & range.
Like you say, make smaller, lighter cars which won't demand large expensive batteries & they immediately become far more affordable.
Not everyone needs a large car either, there's huge market potential in producing the 2nd car which basically only needs to shuttle kids for school, grocery shopping, or the 2nd income earner transport for work.
Unfortunately, Americans still believe bigger & faster is best & Elon's ego-tripping isn't helping. Rather than deliver on his promise to crush the ICE industry, he seems more intent on making it difficult for other EV start-ups by buying up every resource.
We have so much catching up to do(UK). We can’t get our council to fix a charge point after a year! So V2G is like a pipe dream. I’d be happy if I could charge under cover, that would be a start, but having solar panels too, would be the cherry on top🚗🔋😀
Think about simultaneously stop, charge, shopping at supermarkets etc.
Been intrigued by V2H/V2G for a while, have been wanting to go solar for a while but due to working shifts my usage pattern is unpredictable and difficult to make effective use of the power generated with out a battery. However the cost of batteries makes the initial setup unaffordable aswell as longer payback, plus I just don't like the idea of wasting more resources for an extra battery when the car could pull double duty, not to mention that if your home has a grid tied isolator to cut off when the grid fails it could also work as back up power.
Been looking at an ENV200 as ChaDemo seemed to be the most promising in this regard (as well as cheapest most availed 2nd electric van), but this new with type2 would hopefully open up some options with great range/size.
this is so cool hooking up with a rental car company
I built a 46 square metre carport in 14. The roof was on the south side a 3.5 kWh solar power system. 80 % of the construction was made of wood ( reuse) which was very cheap 300 pounds.
Brilliant. So suitable for the thousands of covered car parks in Spain etc. Howard the panels fixed, when there is no normal roof structure ?
A no-brainer talked about for such a long time and finally the tech is here so that naysayers can be proven wrong. I 💚 🇳🇱
Except the tech isn't in the cars...
For seeing that it has a Cadillac escalade ESV Electric like the 2020
That's incredible, I say let's develop better solar panels and better efficient energy bidirectional projects and make it an industry standard. love your show...keep making great content.
This is interesting and therefore I would like a written version to quickly scan to get the salient points instead of sitting for 16.5 minutes. But that is just me I am sure.
I just realized the charger across the street from my appartement (Rotterdam) is similar to the one in the video, wonder if it's bidirectional as well...
From the opening scene I thought it was going to be a review of the new e-Popemobile.
If a privately owned car I would want to have active control over the level of discharge (presumably through an app). Some days I might want to keep the car at 100% for example, other days I might be happy to drop to 50%. I'd need active notification via a phone app of the status of the battery.
They also should be capturing the rain and purification of it for use.
If you put solar panels over agricultural fields, you lose productivity. But if you put them over the millions of square miles of parking lots in the world, you generate electricity and improve the parking lots! Parking in the shade with protection from the elements is premium!
Not true in all cases. Some plants benefit from the shade and grow better. There is a video about that here on this channel I think but there is one on RUclips that talks about how it can work well with farmers so if you look into ago framing and solar you will come across the video I am talking about. This in addition is just another great use of solar and the benefits are immense for grid stability and the creation of true abundance.
@@dr-k1667 what solar farm grows plants as well?
Every one I have ever seen is grass, because they have to maintain the panels.
Does anybody know which kind of protocol they implemented here? Is this based on the ISO15118-20 Draft? Did they implement something parallel to the ongoing standardization or did they already implement a first version of that?
What is the discharging rate for V2G mode of operation in this parking station?
This technology should be in Australia. There is abundant sunlight for energy use.
Not a abundant of EVs though.
@@Robert-cu9bm I wonder how long until our solar inverters are also the Vehicle 2 Grid EV charger too, all integrated in 1 package.
Ie: we come home & plug our car into the solar inverter & walk away, simple.
Afterall we have a gigantic amount of solar on roofs in Australia, so we all are already used to buying those inverters, it's not a big change. Then every new EV that gets plugged in makes the grid better. It won't take much before we start noticing the improvement# , until it finally becomes enough that the problem becomes entirely solved.
# eg: Utrecht only needed 10,000 EVs to entirely solve the problem, but it makes a big improvement to the grid even while the numbers are below that level.
I believe this is the answer to power outrages , if every house had the facility, with back up butteries etc , no more power cuts like last week , of course you can’t at the moment do it all at once , but things will improve.
Cheap reliable base load power is the answer. Not intermittent renewables.
The Netherlands and Belgium have been streets ahead of the UK for decades.
I wonder if a Chademo car with portable v2g equipment will be compatible
What about the snow issue on those panels, from the aspect of both weight and sun reduction?
I think there are ways to melt snow very rapidly from solar panels if the grid reversed directions to warm the panels up. Not sure if this has ever been used at scale before
How do you do bi-directional on type 2?
Dubarry et al., 2017c) presented the results of an experimental study on the impact of V2G operations on Lithium-ion battery degradation. Their results show that additional cycling to discharge EV batteries to the power grid, even at constant power, is detrimental to battery performance.
7:35 - Sort of... A bit... Perhaps... Don't ask... No... Yes... Slightly... It's just like driving...
Well, as driving definitely DOES affect the battery, the answer has to be "Yes."
Kinda... To some extent... Maybe not too much... But you can afford it, right? 🤔
If I owned a precious EV I'd be far too mean to want to share my battery's life with an uncaring, unappreciative neighbourhood. Because I'm nasty.
@@EleanorPeterson What if you get free parking in the city while plugged into a v2g charger or get paid for every kwh stored if you are plugged in at home?
@@EleanorPeterson
So you will only charge at home then ? as you won't be able to charge at all those nasty companies who have chargers.
"detrimental"? --> may be so, but i need a source ,or some concrete numbers behind this, to say either way.
Fascinating. This sounds like a very important step forward, and great to hear that car manufacturers are on-board.
the more you use the batteries the shorter they last! They seem to not mention this!
ISO 15118-20 for V2G was approved this april. I really would like to see it get to market this year, but I'm afraid it will take years to get to customers.
Meanwhile I'm here in Texas hoping the power stays on for this upcoming winter. Bravo Europe!
Cost / kWh of domestic electricity in Austin…. 11cents. Cost in uk 30cents
You are lucky to have shale gas and not part of the EU energy market.
@@michaelviney3737 Ya but didn't yall screw up your ability to negotiate prices b/c of Brexit?
@@michaelviney3737 All the more reason for green energy.
... and in the UK we have .... a few pilot projects, with no info for consumers yet. Come on UK!
This should be law everywhere!!
I have been wondering why hospital parking lots and grocery store lots have not started building things like this. Maybe not to this scale, but just rows of southern facing panels used like a carport covers.
Interesting
What brand of charger are they using?
How does bi dorectional charging work with type2 AC connector?
The auto's electronics are modified to be able to produce 240V AC current, as well as convert the AC current to DC for the battery like it does now. Then you need data communications to identify cars, chargers, and set the output levels.